OcT. 24, 186:2.
THE ROLLING OF SHIPS.
ABoUT a year ago (in November, 1861) we published a
couple of articles upon this subject, setting forth the nature
of a new and most important theory which bad recently
been broached by l.\It-. \V. Froude, an engineer of great
scientific attainments, and stating the grounds upon which
we accepted some of his lending views, while we felt bound
t o reject some others. Since that tim~ the subject has
undergone careful and elaborate disc u~sion, especially nt
the Institution of Naval Architects-to which body the
original paper w as communicated-and has passed into a
new phase that now demands consideration. l\Iost of the
papers and speeches to which we ha Ye to refer were made
public orally in 1\Inr ch lost; but t he notes which '"'i'e were
able to take at the time were too incomplete t o fumish r eliable grounds for public comment. We have lately, however, succeeded in putting ourselves in possession ot' materials which al'e amply sufficient to enable u~ now to rc,·ert
to the subject with proper confidence. As the question is
not only one of extreme interest in these days of iron-cased
ships, but also one of the most profound that has ever
been opened up in the progress of naval architecture, we
propose to deYote our best efforts to its present <:'lucidation.
It will be remembered by many of our readers, probably,
that Mr. Froude's fundamental notion was, and is, that
if a surface particle of water, or a small g roup of such pa.rticlcs, is replaced by a. small floating body, and if that body
is of such form that it would float with a giv~n axis,
(which we may call the" axis of equilibrium ") upright in
still 'vater, then, when floating on t he slope of a wave, it
will, in like manner, plnce that axis at right angles to the
wave slope. To this fundamental proposition we, of com·sc,
assented. But this was by no means tho whole of the
theory. A new step was tnken, and the conditions of submerged particle~>, situated at various distances from the
surface, were considered, l\'I r. Froude contending thnt the
movements to which such particles were subjecled were so
nearly analogous to those of surface particles that, for the
small depth to which ships usually penetrate the sea, the
doctrine deduced fr om the consideration of the latter held
good. In other words, Mr. Froude contended that the
circumstances of a ship afloat upon waves con esponded
pretty nearly to those of the small floating body, which was
in tho first place supposed to replace only a surface particle,
or a small ~roup of such particles. In confirmation of this
view be adduced certain statements t ending to show that
the ' 'ertical oscillations of wave particles remained considerable down even to great depths, the chief of which
statements was to the effect that Atlantic storm waves
become sensibly modified in form on striking Channel
soundings. Against these opinions we arr ayed a mass of
evidence derived from a variety of sources, quoting the late
Professor Edward Forbes, 1\'Ir. Wilson, harbour master at
Holy Island, Mr. Calver , A_dmiralty surveyor, Mr. Coode,
Capt. ( now Admiral) Wash10gton, the la.to General Pasley,
and the present Astronomer Royal, in support of our :uguments. We maintained that the vertical oscillations of
particles diminish with ~rent r apidity as the surface is
receded from, and concluded our r emarks upon this part
of the subject by saying :-" W e !ll'e quite certain that 'l\'lr.
Froude, with his acute discernment and cordial love of
truth, will excuse us for questioning his doctrine with
adverse evidence like this before us."
'Ve are glad to say our anticipation in this respect has
been fulfilled. Mr. Froude has since admitted, with the
most admirable candom·, that in his paper he certainly
did undervalue the diff'er ence between the motions impressed by the transit of a. wave on the surface and subj acent particles, and that, although the t enor of his remarks was avowedly vag ue, they r eally under estimated
the amount of this difference. H e has publicly stated
that, in seeking to clear up his own views upon the point, he
found that Prote~or Stokes and Professor Airy have shown
(as we pointed out in our criticism) that in deep water and in
waves of ordinary proportions the motions of particles
decrease so r apidly ns we trace them to lower depths that,
nt a. depth equal to the whole length of a wave from crest
to crest, the motion is only ·d0 th of that which belongs to
n surface particle. In making these admissions Mr. Froude of
course lets go the doctrine which he held in the first instance, viz., that " on the whole there appears no reason to
assume that in waves of average proportions the diminut ion follows such o. law as wlll cause any sensible want of
parallelism b~;:tween the upper surface of a wave and the corr esponding sub-surfaces of uniform pressm·e, at least within
the depth which is reached by the displacement even of the
largest ship.'' He now acknowledges thnt tho sub-surfaces
of equal pressure must diminish r apidly in steepness as we
trace them below the sm·face, and that t he ship's position
of equilibrium will be alter ed accordingly.
H aving thus claimed a triumph for ourselves, and announced the defeat of Mr. F roude on this important part
of his theory, we must magnanimously admit that w~
seem to have pushed our own view a little too far in our
former articles. We apprehended that the doctrine which
Mr. Froude has now ubandoned involved the whole theory,
and that the overthrow of the former would unavoidably lead
to the ruin of the latter. W e are extremely pleased to
find that this is not so. The author has r etired from his
original ground, but ho has fortunately succeeded in
carrying his theory off with him. W e cannot say he has
demonstrated tho impregnability of his new position,
or that he has even attempted to demonstrate it;
but he has adduced considerations which strongly incline
us to agree with him in believing that the dilier ences of
condition that exist between surface and submerged particles of a wave may be accounted for by assuming that the
height of the waves in any given wave series is virtually
less, and their general stope flatter, than as measured at the
upper surface; and that, whether we deal with the case of
a broad sha.llow vessel whose stability is due to height
of metacentre, or with that of a deep narrow vessel
whose stability is duo to a low-placed centre of gravity,
nearly the same degree of modification will be necessary; and the performances of two vessels differing
thus in form, but so weighted as to possess the same
periodic_time, will be nearly alike when the vessels
THE
241
ENGINEER.
are exposed to a given series of waves. It is true
that the only wa.y in which Mr. Froude attempts to maintain this view is by furnishing an imaginary diagram, in
which a particular case or two are illW!trated; but we are
nevertheless of opinion, from our own further re8ection
upon the subject, that the effect of nu actual wave upon a
ship may be Yery closely approximated to by assuming
that it is equivalent to the cftect which a lower and flatter
wave would have, provided the sub-surfaces of equal pressure in the latter were parallel to tho free surface. ·w e
are not, ho,vcve1·, prepared to assent to tho proposition that
the correction supplied by assuming the height and steepness of the wave to be lessened by nbout one-sixth, is applicable t o all ships, whether broad and shallow, or narrow
and deep. The measurement of this conection seems to
us, on the contrary, to require a more. thorough nnd eearching investio-ation than it has yet r ece1vod.
Before p~oceoding further with our r emarks upon Mr.
Froude's theory it will be well, we think, to advert to an
independent series of investigations which are well calculated to prepare the reader for a discriminnting a~ccptance
of it. We r efer t o the contents of a paper r ead m March
last by Mr. .James (;rossland, a member of the Institution
of Naval Architects, nod a navnl constructor at the
Admiralty. 1'ho author was formerly a member of tho
School of Naval Construction at Portsmouth, and has the
reputation of being the ablest ma~hematician ever train! d
by Dr. Woolley in that establishment. The paper m
question was put forward in the modest form of " .J:temarks
on l.\lr. Froude's Theory of Rolling," and mo.y be said to
explain, in o. perfectly original mann e~, both the geuer~l
soundness and the occasional short-com10gs of Mr. Froude s
investigation. Its title might, 've think, with advantage
have been-" On the Stability of Bodies floating on Fluids
in Motion," for its real scope and purport is to describe the
modifications which the stability of bodies undergoes when
the fluids on which they float arc caused to move in various
ways.
'l'he author first investigates the case of a body floating
upon a fluid contained in a vessel that is caused _to moye in
a horizontal direction by a force constantly applied to 1t, so
that its velocity is constantly augmented by equal increments in equal times. In this case the surftlctd of the
water will assume a permanent inclination to the horizontal, the angle of inclination being _greater or less _according
as the increase added to the veloc1ty per second 1S greater
or less- this being dependent, of course, upon the m~ni­
tudes of the force applied and of the mass set in mot1on.
·w hen this permanent po~ition of the surface i~ attaine~,
and the particles of the flu1d all move to~ether m a c~ndl­
tion of relative r est, then, as the motion ts wholly honzontal, the pressure at nny point in the fluid must be just
equal to the weight of the vertical column above that point,
so to speak. '!'he pre11sure, therefore, at any point in a
body of wlller thus acted on must be precisely the same as
the pressure at an equal ver~cal distance below the _surf~ce
of still water. In order t o dtscover the form and direction
of the water's inclined surface, the author selects a s mnll
portion of surface wa.ter of a r~ctangular form, and i~ves­
tigates the forces actma upon 1t ; and he shows by a s1mple
mathematical process ttat the surface is really a plane, and
that it is inclined at an angle whose tangentlB represented
by the force applied divided by the weight of the whole
body of fluid ; so that, if 8 1 be the angle of inclination of
the surface, F the horizontal force applied, and W 1 the
weight of the mass of fluid moved, then
1
F
tan 8 = Vv •
H e next supposes a small model, ~vhose shape is r ectangular, and "'hose weight is exactly equal to that of tho
small portion of the fluid, to replace the latter; but he
supposes the specific gravity of the model such, that it has
a part immersed and n put out of the water. Thi3 model
will be circumstanced exactly as the small portion of water
was, with the single exception that (supposing it to be
homogeneous) it will have a different position for its centre
of ~ravity. The stability of the little model will, of course,
be.influenced by this po~ttion o~ its ce~tre of g:r~vit)'; b~t
it ts nevertheless determmable, JUSt as 1ts stabil1ty 10 st1ll
water is determinable. But there is this important difference, viz., that the reaction of the fluid is not equal to the
weight of the ship, but is ~reater than that weight in the
proportion of sec. 8 1 to umty, and tlte stability is of course
increased in tlte same p roportion: so that, if l\1 be the height
of the metacentre above the centre of gravity, 8 the angle
from the perpendicular, and W the weight, then the moment
of stability is not r epresented by the usual quantity,
(W M sin 8), but by W M sin 8 sec 8 1 •
By the foregoing simple and yet demonstrative process of reasoning t he nuthor conducts us to a conclusion
that illustrates in a most forcible manner the modification
which the stability of a floatin~ body undergoes when the
fluid that sustains it is put Jn motion. 1t' wave motion
consisted simply in the horizontal transfer of volumes of
fluid we should have here an almost complete elucidation
of the question. But as wave motion involves much more
than this, we must hold this first result as a mere clue to
the solution of the larger problem.
The author's next step consists in SUJ?posing that the
whole system of the preYio~ _example {ves~el, fl~id, ~nd
body) r eceives a new a?d add1t1onal motwn .m a. d_trectton
perpendicular to the free surf~ce ~f the flutd, whtch new
motion will neither alter the dtrectlon of that surface, nor
change either the displacement or ~he position of relative
equilibrium of the . model. It_ will, .ho~e':er, alter ~he
magnitude of the flmd pressure, mcreasmg 1t if the mobon
be upward, and diminishing it if it be downward. If F 1
be the new force, w the weight of unit of a volume of the
fluid, and z the vertical depth of some such unit below the
surface; then the fluid pressure will there be augmented by
1
the increment to :: F if the force act upwards, and 'vill
Assuming that upward pressures shqll be deemed positive.
and down ward ones negative, we may leave out the plus and
minus signs, and write,
Presl>Ure =
10 ::
( sec 0 1 +
\~: ) .
The upward reaction on the little model (which reacti_on
sets it in motion with the rest of tho system) becomes 10-
FI
creased by the quantity W W ; or,
I
R eaction = W ( sec 9 1 +
~~ )·
I
And the stability is, of course, increased in exactlJ: ~he same
propor tion ; consequently, t he moment of stab1hty now
becomes
1
1
W M sin 8 ( sec 9 + F ) .
wl
The fluid and floating body aro now, bo it observed,
supposed to be affected by two independent fo:·ces F nnd :F 1,
and to bA moving under the action of those forces in two
independent directions. The practical effect of two such
forces would really be, as is well understood, to move the
system in some intermediate direction, making, let us suppose, an angle et> with the horizon. Then, by the paro.llclogram of forces, we have
F1
sin et>
W , =tan 91 cos (81 + et>);
and substituting this "l'alue in the last expression for the
stability, we get
Moment of stability= W M sin 9 sec 9 1
l
1+
~~~ !~ ~"et>) ~
Having thus sho\vn the modifications which the stability
of the floating body undergoes fust when the water that
sustains it is moved horizontally by a constant force, and
afterwards, when further moved by a second such force
acting at an inclination to the horizontal, Mr. Crossland
varied the expressions for the latter case (which may be
considered the general case) as follows :-Suppose the
vertical change of motion, and the direction of the free
surface of the fluid, to be given, and indicate the said change
of motion by v : also, imagine for a moment that the
vertical and horizontal forces which are accelerating the
vertical and horizontal motions of the fluid to be replaced,
as they may be, by two other forces-one horizontal, as
before, but not of the same magnitude, and the other
perpendicular to the surface of the moving fluid. Let u
represent the horizontal accelerating force. The two new
forces equivalent t o these will be u - v tan 61 horizontal, and
v sec 6 1 pe1·pendicular to the surface. 'l'he expression for
the moment of stability then becomes,
WM sin 9 sec 9 1 ( 1 + ~).
g
In addition to the cases of motion already considered,
and by which our formula has been obtained, there are
others upon which this last expression throws light.
Let us consider, for example, the circumstances when
the force F after having been gradually diminished, (in
the first of tho cases before investigated), is finally
withdrawn, and a new force, equal in amount and opposite in direction, is graduall)' introduced in its place,
under the same law of progress1ve variation. The effect of
this change will be that the surface of the water will become gradually inclined on the other side of the vertical
line, and its inclination, under the growing action of the
new force, will pass through the same set of changes as it
increases on the one side as it passed through in diminishing
on the other, when the original force F was gradually withdra,vp. This opposite inclination will become permanent
when the force becomes constant, and the stability of the
little floating body will become once more W l\1 sin 9 sec 91 •
There would, however, be one important difference
between the cases, which, as Mr. Crossland pointed out,
requires to be mentioned where the r eader has to imagine
the conditions, but which would r eadily strike the eye in
observing an actual experiment. In the first case, when
the water is caused to move from a condition of rc:.t, its
whole mass appears to be moving towards the small floating model; and it seems only natural that the pressure of
the fluid upon it should be greater than that proper to still
water, and that the direction of the resultant force ~>hould
be inclined to the vertical correspondingly. But in the
second case, the mass of the water, and its surface, appear
to be receding from the model, and endeavouring to leave
it behind ; for its absolute motion is in the same direction
as before, while the surface and the r esultant r eaction are
inclined in the opposite direction. And this continues to
be the case till the whole of the motion previously generated has been destroyed by the opposing force, and the
whole system brought to rest. In looking upon a phenomenon like this, an observer might readily faocy that, as
the wate1· appears to be moving away from the ftoating
body, the pressure upon the latter would be diminished
rather than increased. But this notion would be delusive,
because the fluid pressure has, as a matter of fact, to reduce and finally destroy the motion previously impressed
upon the floating body.
It is manifest that a general expression for the fluid r eaction on a body whose weight is W, floating on a mass
of fluid whose surface is inclined to the horizontal at an
angle 91 may now be obtained, if we suppose in either of
the two caaes of horizontal motion j ust considered, the
whole- system to be set in motion in a vertical direction,
in such a way that it shall r eceive constant equal accessions of velocity in this direction in equal times. lf we
r epresent the acceleration of velocity per second by t; 1 this
expression will become W (1
+ ~ ) sec 9
- g
1
(the positive
sign being taken for upward, and the negative for downward motion), for . it i~ plain that the effect of ';lpwa:d
or downward motlon m the pressure of the flmd w1ll
wl
be diminished by alike amount if ~tact downwards. H ence be the same as if the intensity of the force of gravity
the pressure at distance :: perpendicularly below the surface were increased or diminished in the proportion of g to
g
v.
will be equal to
Mr. Crossland drew attention to three curious cases
1
to.:: ( secB +
of this general expression, each of which has a significant
~~}
±
•
bearing upon the main question. They were as follows:First, suppose the vertical motion to be downward, and
equal to that produced by gravity. In this case, if any
h orizontal force be acting, the surface will be vertical,
whatever the magnitude of the horizontal force. The
amount of the fluid pressure will evidently depend solely
u pon the magnitude of this force, and we cannot, therefore,
expect to find that pressure in terms of the angle 91 • A ccordingly the expression becomes ~. The pressure-which
0
must consequently be determined independently-will
depend upon the acceleration of the horizontal motion;
and, if this acceleration = u, and W be the weight of the
floating body, then the p ressure on it= W ~ . The model
g
w ould in this ca.se float, of course, with its masts lLorizontal.
Its moment of stability would clearly be W M ~ sin e:
[/
in other words, this quantity r epresents the moment of the
force which would tend to restore her to the position just
indicated (viz., with her masts hori:ontal) if deftected from
it by an external force.
Secor.aly, suppose the mass of fluid to be made to move
downwards w ith a velocit;r increasing faster than if it were
simply left to the free act1on of its own gravity, and at the
same time to be impressed wilh a uniformly incr easing
h orizontal motion. Then, when the direction of the free
surface is permanently established, that direction will be
inclined to the horizontal at an angle proper to the relative
magnitude of the vertical and horizontal forces.
But in
this case the whole of the water will range itself above the
freo surface, and the vessel containing it will have to be
turned n ea1ly bottom upwards. The position of equilibrium
for the small model will be that in which h er masts are
perpendicular to the surface, and pointing downwards.
And, thirdly, if in this last case we remove the horizontal force, and suppose the water to start from r est in a
vertical course down wards, under the action both of gravity
and of an additionAl externally impressed force also acting
vertically downwards, the free surface would then be horizontal, and the small model w ould float in angular equilibrium with it8 masts pointing vertically downwards. The
fluid reaction upon it and its moment of stability are contained, of course, in the general expressions,
substituted for its sine; h e next assumes that the quantity
~ may be neglected, and lastly bo takes it for granted
{/
(althoughhedoesnotadvert to thefact)thattheterm sec (} 1
may be thrown out.
T he first of these assumptions is, of course, perefctly
allowable for small angles; but the rolling of a ship often
involves very large angles, and the assumption in that case
usually becomes invalid. Mr. Froudo argues, however,
that the attempt to make the solution p <'rfectly g~neral
would add indefinitely to its difficulties and to its complication; and also that a form of ship which would be
isochronous even to such angles as 60 deg. or 70 deg. may
not only be accepted as a practically available fo.rm, 11 but
it is even typical of that which most approves 1tself to a
practical eye as indicative of easy motion; it is, in fact,
very nearly that of a three-decker, with the sides 'tumbling
gracefully home.' " He therefore assumes that he has a
ship of such a form to deal with, in order to facilitate and
shorten the inquiry, while the result arrived at, though n~t
strictly applicable throughout to ships of other fot·ms, IS
strictly applicable to them for limited angles, and at least
indicates the character of the result which will follow when
the angles are large. This explanation must be t~ken for
what it is worth ; but we must not fail to b ear in m10d that
the solution of the equation into which the assu~ption in
question enters is applicable to small angular mot~ons ~nly
in ships of the usual form; for thre~-decke~s .~1th s1des
tumbling gracefully home . are becommg cunostttes. of t~e
past, and a re leaving beh1nd them no representatives m
this age of low-lying, iron·cased craft.
:.\1r. Froude's second assumption-that the quantity
~ may be neglected- is justified by him by means of an
{/
.
artifice which h e adopts when he comes to solve the general
equation, viz., by assuming the form of the wave sw'f'ace to
be that of the 11 curve of sines," instead of treating it as a
11
trochoid," which it is now generally admitted to be, and
\Vhich Professor Rankine proved it to be, in fact, at t he
recent meeting of the British Association. The "curve of
sines" wave, it must be understood, differs from a trochoidal
wave mainly in the circumstance that it is steeper in the
hollow and flatter at the crest, the inclination of both being
the same at the middle hE-ight of the wave. Now, assuming that the fluid pressure at the hollow, or below the
middle height, of the wave is always increased, owing to
the vertical oscillations of the particles, and that above the
W sec (} 1 ( 1 ~ ) ; and
middle. he~ght it ~s always diminished, from. ~be sa~e
cause, 1t wtll be eVIdent that the effort of stabihty wh1ch
W M sin (} sec (} • ( 1 ~ ~).
the fluid exerts upon a ship floatinl? on the wave will be
correspondingly increased and dimmished. The effect of
We are now in a position to observe how Mr. Crossland this variation in the " hydrostatic tension" of the fluid
applies this forcible process of reasoning t o t he case of
w aves, and in what manner he brwgs it to bear upon Mr. (which is represented by the factor 1 :!" ~) will, Mr. Froude
g,
Froude's theory.
It ia evident that if we may treat any portion of a wave argues, be to render the trochoidal wave equivalent in its
surface 8.8 havifig its inclination permanent for an instant, action to a wave of the curve of sines form in which the
and, if we may suppose the resultant pressure to have the fluid tension is uniform from top to bottom. By the emamount and direction proper to this inclination, and to the ployment of the curve of sines instead of the trochoid,
vertical acceleration of the particles at that point of the therefore, in the solution of the general equation, be
w &.v e surface where w e wish to ascertain these particulars, considers himself entitled to discard from the question the
then, of course, this resultant pressure will be p erpen- changes of hydrostatic tension : for thus, instead of the
dicular to the surface at that point, and its amount will be less steep, but more effective slopes of the trochoidal hollow,
we take simply the somewhat steeper slope of the curve of
w sec 8 1 ( 1 + ~ ). where e• is the inclination of the sines; and instead of the steeper, but more effective slopes
of the trochoidal wave crest, we take simply the somewhat
wave surface at the same point. T o determine the moment flatter crest exhibited by the curve of sines. H ence the
of stability of a body floating there, suppose (} the angle factor 1.7~ may be considered equal to unity.
made by the masts with the vertical, then the angle of
g
d ~ . .
deviation from the perpendicular to the fluid surface, or
Now this argument seems to us eLective m one very
from the position of angular equilibrium, is (6- 91 ) ; and important respect, viz., it is correct only when we consider
the moment of stability is
·
the inclination of the ship to be towards the wave crest.
When the ship inclines from the crest, and towards the
WMsin ((}-(} 1 ) x sect/1 x
~) ·
hollow, the effect of substituting the curve of sines for the
trochoid really is to aggr avate the error introduced by
If we adopt Mr. Froude's notation in expressing the angular neglecting the change of the fluid t ension. In fact, the
acceleration, and express that angular acceleration com- substitution of one curve for the other, so fal' from beinl? a
pletely , we shall have this equation,
satisfact ory compensation for t he n eglect of the quanttty
d•
- (} = - !!:.'l sin((}- iJI) x sec (} 1• x ( 1 + v ) . (A) .i~. simply has the effect of introducing two new sets of
'l't
g
dt t
In this simple and con vincing manner Mr: Crossland ad- /[r ors, which are not even self-compensatory under all cirvanced step by step from considerations of the most cumstances.
This objection appears to us conclusive as to the notion
elementary n ature, until he reached the equation which we
have just given; and we do not hesitate to say that a more that the curve of sines can replace the trochoid, in the soluadmirable method of unfolding a profound mathematical tion of the equation, with any advantage in the way sugproblem has seldom, if ever, engaged our thoughts. The gested by Mr. Froude. 'l'he substitution of the one curve for
process t hus developed really fw·nishes the best basis for the other had for him the undoubted advantage of simpliMr. Froude's general theory-approached by him in a. fying the solution of the equation, but it leaves hiru still
wholly different 'vay-and affords the man of science the
under the necessity either of restoring the quantity .:!:" .!,
best/.ossible means of judging h ow far that theory holds
g
g oo , as we are now about to see.
or of accounting for its absence in some more satisfactory
The reader will observe that the process of reason- manner.
i ng adopted by Mr. Froude, if rigorously carried out, leads
With regard to the third assumption, viz., that sec (} 1
to precisely the same equation as that which Mr. Crossla.nd may be neglected altogether, we have only to say that it
h as presented to us. Mr. Froude's theory is (neglecting is one which has r eally been made by Mr. Froude, although
the correction which we have previously discussed) that the it seems to have escaped his attention, as we shall see premomentary effort of a ship floating upon waves is to place sently.
her masts at right angles to the surface of the wave; and
It may be not only just to Mr. Froude, but profitable also
that, for a given ship, occupying at any moment an angle to our readers, if we now state in a few words the counter
of i nclination differing from this, the measure of this effor t considerations which that gentleman has adduced in reply
is the same as that by which she \vould endeavour to to such objections as those we have offered, in so far as they
assume a vertical position, if occupying for the moJI\eDt in came before him. We have all'eady indicated the nature of
still water an inclined one, with an angle equal to that his re-considered views as regards the want of parallelism
differ ence. But instead of the full equation given above, in the sub-surfaces of equal pressure. We admit that it
h e takes, for his equation of motion, thisseems exceedingly probable that the kind of correction
which he suggests for the error in the original assumption
~Y(}
=~T
t
(B - () 1). (B)
may answer satisfactorily, but at the same time we cannot
tt
t
forget that the error itself is unquestionable, for it wa$ not
This only differs from the ordinary well known equation of only made manifest by the evidence which we adduced last
2
year, but has been demonstrated independently by Mr.
motion for still water ( viz., d (} =-?::(} ) . by having Crossland and other mathematicians. And we are 'bound
dtt
T•
to repeat that, in our judgment, Mr. Froude owes it to him1
(8- 6 ) substituted for (J. If wo compare Mr. Crossland's self to subject this feature of the theory to a more exhausequation (A) with Mr. Froude's (B) we shall see that the tive iO\resttgation, should he have leisure for the pw·pose.
l~tter. gentleman has really made the following assumpAs r egards the other assumptions previously adverted to,
tions m order t o arrive at the simple expression which he Mr. Froude took very , fair and proper ground. H e readopts. He fu·st as$umes that the angle (8- ()1) may be ,i)eated that the use of the angle of inclination instead of the
±
•
o~.
THE ENGINEER.
242
(1 .±
24, 1862.
sine, as the measure of the force tending to restore the ship,
depends on, and is strictly correlative to, the assumed condition that the ship is an isochronous oscillator, for this
involves the la\V that the force to\vards the position of rest
is as the deviation from that position , or as the angle of
inclination. And this is all, of course, that can be said;
for )1r. Froude is too thorough a master of the known
science of his subject to suppose that the sine may be r eplaced by the angle, in the case of large oscillations, under
any other circumstances. \Vith respect to the factor sec (} 1 ,
Mr. Froude, (in the speech to which we are here referring,
and which was delivered extemporarily after merely listenin~ to Mr. Crossland's and other papers) said he did tJot
sufficiently follow the reasoning by which the secant of
the wave angle was introduced. But if the wave angle
were 10 deg., the in~roduction of the secant as a co-effi.cient
would introduce a dtfference of only 1! per cent., while at
20 deg. the difference would be only 6t per cent. We do
not think there can be any do~bt ~hatever .about the \'ropriety of the factor sec 8 1 tak1ng 1ts place 10 the equation,
the ground of its introduction-which our r eaders will
have sl!en for themselves-being altogether unassailable;
so that it is important to take cognisance of the smallness
of the per centage of erro~ wh~ch the n ~glect of it int.roduces. We will only add 10 th1s connection, an expression
of our great satisfaction at finding that Mr. Froude's theor,v
has passed the ordeal of searching examinat!on ~nd criticism with no worse r esult than that of findmg Itself encumbered with a few more of tho e corrections and limitations for which he has already found means of providing.
H avina now satisfied ourseh~es of the degree of accuracy
with whfch the fundamental equation (B) holds, we are in
a po:>ition to examine the r esults to which that equation
conducts us when integrated. W e need not attempt to
detail the p rocess of inte~ratioo, which appears to have
been efftcted by Mr. W. tlell, a friend of Mr. Froude's,
and an engineer of considerable mathematical attainments,
the key to the process being derived from the well known
JJiatltematical Tracts of the Astronomer Royal. The value
of(} obtained ultimately is given as follows:1T H
1 (
.1..
8 - 2 L 1-...:
'r'z
1Tt
a cos -
;
.
.
t
. .,.
TI
T .
TI
1r
SlD- - - SID -
.
t) + U- T
'r
.
SlO
7r
1r_t
+
'1' ~
(C)
1'
in which expression H is the height and L the length of
the wave from h ollow to crest; T the time of o. complete
oscillation, from starboard to port, say, in still \Vater; 1' 1
the period of the wave, or the .ti,me occupied by. it in traversina the space L; U the sbtp s angular veloctty, and (a)
her angle of pos~tion whe~ th~ time t = o.. .
.
Now if the stmple osclllat10os of the sh1p m still water
be investigated it wil\ be found that, in that case, the following equation holds : U1'. r.t
1rt
8 = --;:- sm T + a cos T
And if this expression be compared with the two final ter ms
of equation (C) it will be found identical with them. On the
other hand, 1f the constants U and a vanish-that is to
say, if we assume the ship to have been stationary and up right when the waves first reached her-she will undergo
a series of movements due purely to wave impulses, and
defined by equation (C) with the two la t terms omitted.
This series of movements, though its results ha"'e to b e combined with those of the series expressing the ship's proper
oscillations due to a previously existing velocity and position, when such are assumed to have existed, nevertheless
maintains its independent vitality and integrity ; " each
series, in fact, thus r etaining," as Mr. Froude says, "its
complete individuality, in a manner analogous to what may
be observed to happen when independent sets of wave
oscillations in water intersect or overtake each other."
The simplest and clearest method, therefore, of tracing
out the combined r e:sult of more than one series of waves,
is to trace each series separately, and observe how they
modify each other; "in fact, we may conceive the ship to
perform this operation for itself-for at each instant she
occupies exactly the position in which the waves would
have placed her, except that she has also made meanwhile
exactly the motion which she would have made had she
continued to move in still water." A. full analysis of the
results which may follow from the combination of these
two p erfectly independent conditious would, of course, run
into interminable variations. Ther e are, however, certain
results which stand out prominently, and the consideration
of which may assist us to appreciate the general characteristics of the 'vavo inftuence.
The first of these cases is one to which a good deal of
attention has been given by men of science of late years,
and which is certainly calculated to arrest notice by the
dangers to which it seems to point.
We refer to the case
in which the period of the ship's oscillation is identical
with that of a series of uniform waves recurring at equal
intervals. The effect of su ch waves will be to accumulate
motion in the ship until (if no preventive causes operate)
she rolls completely over. If we suppose the ship to have
b een stationary and upright when the first of such a series
of waves reached, the equation (C) will be deprived, as we
have seen, of its last two terms; and then, putting T =
T 1 , the equation assumes the forme= ~.and the proper
0
limiting value of this expression has to be ascertained.
This may be done by putting T = T 1 + 1~, h being as
small as we please. 'Ve need not detail the steps of the
process; suffice it to say that the equation becomes
1T R ~
. 7r t - 7r t
1T t
6=
- ) Slnc
o
s
4L {
'l'••
'1' 1
T1
It might be shewn that
~
I
(D )
1!
is the maximum slope of the
2 ],
wave, or tho slope at its middle h eight, which we may
call a •. Bearing this in mind, the last equation (D) shows
that all the phases of the oscillations which it represents
must in form recur with the recurring phases of each successive wave.
So often as cos ~t = o, (that is, when it
'1'
.
• w
THE
OCT. 24, 1862.
7r'
311"
61!' & ) .
equals -, - , - ,
2
2
2
equation becomes
7rt •
c. sm .,- lS alternately
±1,
and the
ENGINEER
her , this very circumstance woulcl limit her inclination to
the range of such angles as are practically found to exist
in wave-slopes; and these angles, in their most extreme
development, are practically far within the limits reached
by ships rolling under the effects of accumulated wave
impulse. Nor do we think the accuracy of this view can
be doubted. It may occur to some, perh aps, to take exception to it on the ground that ships of very great stability
are known to be most uncomfortable craft, and that if the
stability were still further iocrea'3ed their evil propensities
would be aggravated. On r eflection, h owever, it will be
seen that this objection is untenable. W e have here one of
those paradoxical cases in which the evils of excess may be
cured by a still ~eater excess. The injurious efi'ects
of too great stabtlity result from the suddenness with
which the vessel possessing it springs back to hernpright
position, after .being deiiected by a fo~ce that suddenly
ceases to act-hke that of a gust of \vmd, for example.
But it is manifest that if-the stability of such a. vessel were
further augmented until it became infinite, then gusts of
wind, and other like forces, would cease to be capable of
deflecting h er at all from her normal position relative to
the fluid, and the injurious recoil would thus become impossible. It ma.y also be obser ved that the motions of
a vessel thus rigorously conforming herself to cban~es of
the wave surface would be remarkably easy, since 1t has
been shown by Mr. Froude that, to a floating body, the
wave surface on which it floats is practica.ll,Y level ; so that
a person stationed at the centre of j:trav1ty of a vessel
moving in this way would find that the changing inclinations of the deck placed it always in the position in which
it offered him the firmest footing.
I n his original paper• Mr. Froude gives a series of
diagrams illustrative of the effects which series of waves
of different " periods" would produce, according to his
theory, upon a ship of some given period. The period
select2d for tha ship is 5 seconds, so that T = 5"; and the
243
would all go through the same series of movem~nts ~h.en
subj ected to a given series of waves (wh ether the1r stab1hty
be due to breadth of beam, d eeply stowed ballast, or any
such peculiarity of form as may be in P.ractical use)_, ~ro­
1
0= + ~9 •
vided their oscillations were performed m a. n? n-resl8ttng
- :.!
medium, or if the amount of resistance expenenced were
That is to say, at the middle height of th e wave the ship's
the same in each of them. From what has gone before,
masts will have an inclination equal to one-half the slope
however, it will be understood that th~ vessel. whi~h is the
of the wave at this point, 'vhich is the maximum slope.
more rapidly brought to rest by reslStance ~ shll water,
u But what is most important," says Mr. Froude, is that
will in the greater degree r esist the accumulations of ang.le
imposed on her by consecutive wave impulses, ~nd w1ll
when sin ~ = 0, (that is to say, when ,;; = 1r, 2 1r, 3 1r
accordin~ly fall short of the maximum angle.wh1ch ~oth
T•
~·
would alike attain if oscillating in a non-resistmg medmm.
&c.) cos 1rT = + 1, and the equation assjgns to 8 the sueA second conclusion (which the r eader will already have
T•
•
foreseen) is that the largest angles of rolling_ a~e ~eve­
ccssive values.
loped wh~n an equality exists b~twee.n the pen ?dtc times
8 = t e' (+ 1r, 2 1r, 3 ,.1r, &c.)
of the sh1p and of the waves ; thlS bemg true alike for a ll
That is to say, at each successive wave hollow and wave
ships, whether their r esistance to oscillation be great or
crest the range of the oscillation Will be augmented. by a
small.
definite amount of angle, namely, 7!: x h alf the max1mum
Another proposition inferred by Mr. F roudc is t~at,
slope of the wave, so that, but for fri~tion of saxface a.nd
" that ship will fare the best [in a sea-way] wh1cb,
k eel resistance, a sh ip placed broadside to waves \Vhich
cceteris paribus, has the slowest• periodic time." T his he
ha"Ve her own periodic time must ultimately roll completely
supports by the following consider ations : -1. T he waves
over, however small the wave fD&Y be."
.
which have a periodic time as slow as hers will have a
Practically it is not uncommon to find that the he1ght of
greater length from crest to crest than those of quicker
period; and, on the whole, long waves are relatively le~s
the wave is ,-~n-th of its length, so that
= 0·1, and
L
steep than shorter ones. It is the steepness of t he waves ID
a wave series, not their h eight simply, which governs the
~ ~ = 0·0785, which, treat~d as an arc, or angle, is
r ate at which angles of rolling will accumulate in a
half the maximum slope, or 4t d('g. H ence, with such
given ship when exposed to it. 2. Of two ships, one of
waves 8 should increase with each successive 1·oll by
which has a periodic time slower than the waves in a given
(1r x
deg.) = 14·1 deg. ; nod six successive steps,
ratio, the other quicker than the waves in the same ratio,
or three waves, should produce almost a complete overthe quicker ship will accumulate the larger angles. 3. It
set. There are doubtless considerations (such as those
will r equire a heavier or more continued gale to rear wa~es
arising out of .surface friction and ~eel r~sistance bef?re
which have the lengthened period. 4. When the gale has
mentioned) wh1ch: t~nd. to c~eck this ~ap1d accum~atl~n
continued so long that the largest \Vaves have outgrown
of motion ; but 1t lS 1mposs1ble to v1ew the subJect m
the period of the ship, sho will not thereby ha.ve been
the light just thro""~ upo~ ~t 'Yithout o~serv~ng that,
released from waves having h er own period, since the
despite all sue~ practical lim1ta!Jo~s, ~e 1denttty of the wave periods are taken so that}, successively equals f , t , larger waves, he believes, carry on their surface smaller
w ave's period w1th that of the ship lS likely to set up an
waves of every intermediate period. 6. ' Vheo the gale
f
,
f
,
t.
t•
and ~ ; the first thr~e cases bein g desigoed.to exemalarming amount of r olling.
plify the effects of waves havmg nearly the sttme penod as the has ceased, and the sea is going down, the slower the
In what has j ust been said, and in the estimate just made
ship; the two next, as illustrative of the effects when the period of the ship the sooner she will be released from
as to the amount of roll which a series of uoifot·m waves 'vave has halr the ship's period, and twice the ship's period waves of a slow period.
would set up, we ha;e assumed that th~ ship was s~tion.ary respectively ; and the last two showing the character of
W ith rt>gard to meth~ds ofgivjn~ a slo~ period to as.h.ip
and upright when she first became subJect to thetr achon.
the difference which arises when these ratios are slightly there is, first, the obvtous one of rcduc1ng her stab1hty
If we assume that she was in motion, or inclined at an varied. The figures are constructed by laying off on a base under can vas when constructing h er.
When the ship is
angle when the first wave reached her, no considerable two curves of sines corresponding with the two terms built two things may be done to a greater or le s extent:
modification is introduced into t he result. The terms which involved in the equation. The difference between the first, her stability may be diminished by r aising the
express the effec~ of .these conditions (in the complete ordinates appropriate to any given instant of time, weights on board h er ; and, secondly, her moment of
equation) follow, ID this case, t~~ same law of r.ecurrence as measured on each of the two curves of sines, becomes for inertia may be increased by remo~ing her weights a~ far ~s
that which governs the r epet1t10ns of wave 1mpulse, and the corresponding instant the ordinate of the curve which possible from h er centre of grav1ty. In reference to thts
we may assume them t o be such as will either diminish or represents the angle of position. The uniform growth of latter resource Mr. Froude makes a remark or two which
increase the an~le attained at any particular period; but the angles of rolling, where the wave and ship's periods are m&y be qt oted here advantageously, although th ey involve
since the deductions or additions are fixed in amount, while.
no J?articularly novel doctrine. " The enormous weights
1) is shown by a dark curve line. The cam ed by armour-plated ships," h e observes, "extended
the angles due to wave imp11lse are increased continually, the same (or
T•
]at< rally to the greatest possible distance from the centre
wave after wave, it is obvious that the same r esult must at
more
gradual
and
limited
accumulation
and
de~radation
of
of grav1ty, and, raised high above it, serve in both respects
last arise. •
the
r
oll
in
the
two
cases
where
the
ratio
is
a
ht~
le
greater
Let us next suppose that the ship has an indefinitely
to moderate, not to enhance, this tendency to roll ; and
1
brief time of osciUation as compared with that of the or less than this (or where T : T : : 6 : 4, or as 4 : 6) are when it is said that with the weights thus placed, and thus
shown by other lines. Some of the cases illustrate what put in motion, a ship 'must roll deep (deep, though easy),'
= 0; or, in other words, let us assume may be call~d "baulked .oscillati?~s," ~ 'vhich the ship, it should be remembered that those very r elations of force
waves, so that
T•
while r eturmng to an upng ht pos1t1on, 1s met h alf-way by
that h er stability is infinite. In this case all the terms of an approaching wave, and compelled to resume the ex- and moment um which show how difficult it must be to
check her motion when once it has been impressed on her,
the equation vanish, except one, and we havetreme ang le of inclination. It cannot be questioned that, show also that it must be equally diffi cult to impart that
however small the value of these diaframs may be as motion to her in the first instance. The difficulty in startH
1 ( . 1r
8 = 7r
quantitative representations of the actua rolling of a ship ing h er has a priority in point of time over the d ifficulty
2 L l - O SlOT• '
of the given period upon waves of the given periods, they of stopping her, and prevents it from being felt by limit. -1r t)
certainly agree in a general way with one's knowledge of ing the motion which would have called it into play.''
=1rH(
sm
1
2 L
T
what the rolling of ships at sea is like. That they are not There is undoubtedly much truth in this, although it by no
an expression which r epresents simply the slope of the correct indications of the amount of rolling Mr. Froude not means contains the whole truth of the matter.
wave, as we might have anticipated, seeing that sh e must only admits, but distinctly affirms; and he takes pains to point
It is evident that the various ~rinciples and doctrines
out
the
sort
of
correct
ions
which
they
require
to
undergo.
conform absolutely to the inclination of the water's surface
which we have seen developed dur1ng the progress of these
In
fact,
we
have
only
to
remember
that
the
original
when her stability is unlimited ; j ust as we know a fiat
remarks must h ave an important bearing upon the " pitchequation
itself
from
which
they
are
ded
uced
involves
the
board laid fiatwise upon waves will approximately do. 'Ve
ing'' motions of ships, which may be looked upon merely
hypothesis
t
hat
sub-surfaces
of
equal
ftuid
pressure
are
are a ware that this case is an impracticable one for a ship,
as particular cases of rolling motion. 'lhe plunging of a
but we mention it here for the purpose of adducing a parallel to the wave surface and does n ot truly correspond ship, as Mr. Froude truly observes, is but an incipient decurious statement of Mr. Froude's with respect to it. H e even to that; and that, in dealing 'vith the equation, it is velopment of those phases of oscillation which have their
urges that if ~ ~hip could be so constructed. as to ~ulfil the further assumed that a succession of equal and similar waves proper development in transverse motion only. Bot a very
supposed cond1t10os, there would be some w1sdom m adop t- occur at uniform intervals, and that these act always upon little r eflection \'\"ill suffice to show that, in regulating the
ing the construction; for although the ship would be in the broadside of the ship, which is suppo ed to lie " in the pitching and 'scending motions, we can hope for nothing
the highest degree liable to disturbance, and would float trough of the sea ;" also, that no account what ever h as been better than an approximate conformity of the ship lengthconformably to the mean slope of every wave as it passed taken of the important fact that the ship's oscillations h ave wise to the mean surface of the water; and, consequently,
to be performed in a resisting medium,-we say, we have the quick er we eau make the period of longitudinal oscilla• Mr. Froude states tnat be has produced this result by direct only to bear these things in mind in order to see that it is per- tion the better.
experime::~t with floating bodies of extremely nrious forms; such
fectly impossible for the diagrams to repredent accurately the
This article would be incomplete without some n otice of
as ( 1), a sphere immersed w two-thirds of its radius; (2), a prolate r eal inclinations which the ship would undergo in practice.
spheroid, or egg-shaped body, immersed to about the same pro- In r eference to the last-named cause of error- the resistance a l?aper treating of the rolling of ships, and of the apparent
he1ght of waves, conttibuted this year to the N aval Archiportion o! its major axis-the figure and tho proportion having
been so arranged m relation w each other as to produce oscillations of the supporting medium- Mr. Froude himself lays it do\vn tects' Institution by Professor Rankine, of Glasgo,v. I n
as near as possible isochronous for large and amall angles; (8), a as a pretty correct approximation to the truth to say that that paper the author put forward a method of obtaining
body like a very flattened orange, wholly immersed, having only a in " balancing the account" between wave impulse and the "equation of motion" for a ship r olling freely upon
very narrow neck, which projected from it above the water level, resistance there must, in any given oscillation, be charged
S(>rving like t.he stem of an hydrometer w regulate the depth of against growth of amplitude by impulse, as much lo s by waves, when the form of the wave is tahn as trochoidal,
and t he orbit of each particle is assumed to be a. circle. W e
immersion.. Each body was provided with balla.st, having an
resistance
as
would
have
been
exhibited
in
the
shape
of
shall not retrace the steps of his investigation here, but conadjustable level ; and with a little care this was tentatively arranged
posit~ve
loss
of
r
ange
had
a?
oscill~tion.
of
the
same
me~n
so as to give w each the same natural periodic time in still water;
tent ourselves with stating that, by aid of assumptions
amphtude
been
performed
s1mply
1n
still
water
;
and
th1s,
though as No. 2 was isochronous for all angle111 or nearly so, while
analogous to those made by Mr. Froude, he brings out
Nos. 1 and 3 were sensibly slower in period for )arge angles, the we well know, is very considerable. 'l'be author states that exactly the same equation as that gentleman furnishes.
identity of period could not be £ecured throughout. The bodies h e has himself foun d, by means of an experiment with a
were pla~d in a trough, w which he bad fitted an apparatus for model of the Great E astern, t hat an oscillation of that ship, " I t appear s, th en," says Professor R ankine, "that the fundamental equation of 1\Ir. Froude's theory, which h e
generating a succession of waves of any required period, by taking
the motion which created them from the crank axle of a fly-wheel, performed on a mean range of 26·9 deg., will experience, in deduced from an approximate supposition of the curve of
and drivin~ t.he wheel by bu d, until the revolutions kept. pace with consequence of the fluid resistance, a loss of range of sines as the figure of a wave, is also deducible from the
the oscillations of an adjustable pendulum. This method 'vas not, 14·1 deg.
more exact supposition of the trochoidal figure, provided
indeed, as exact as might be desired, but it did not admit of any
It will readily be believed, however, that, great as may only that the vessel accompanies the water in its motions,
very wide error; for the weight of the fly-wheel insured an almost
uniform speed of rotation; and the pendulum swtnging before the be the corrections which the theoretical r esults of Mr. which she will d o, unless p revented by some external
eyes of the operawr made it easy w maintain a general coincidence Froude's equation r equire to have performed upon them, force."
of speed. When, then, the oscillation of the floats and of the still, when the theory itself has once been establish ed and
Having shown in the first part of his paper that, in a
pendulum were made w synchronise, and the wave generator was brought forwar d for p ractical use, means will be found for vessel floating passively among waves, the appare11t direcrun at the corresponding speed, all the fl.oats were in turn overset., applying all such corrections easily and efficiently. 'l'he
tion and force of gravity must undergo considerabl~
after the transit of a. very few waves. Tho overseld were not
stricUy simultaneous, but they were as nearly so as the somewhat author has himself, in fact, already done very much to changes, the author proceeds in the second part of it
rough character of the apparatus and mode of experiment warranted smooth the way for the practical employmen t of the theory. to explain t hat the sensations experienced by a pns cnget
him in expecting; and he states that when the weight of either float Meanwhile the general conclusions to which his iove ti- in such a vessel-who e bod} accompanies the vet.s<·l in ller
was shifted onlr a very little, su as w make e. very small change in gations lead are alr('ady before us, and to them we invite movements, and describes, like each particle of water, a cirita natural penod, it was at once placed in a position plainly the readt'r's attention.
cular orbit-are r eally the same as if the force of gravity
exct>ptioual as compared with the others; ond refusing w be comThe fi rst of them is that all ships which h ave the same actually changed in that manner. H ence such a person
pletely overset by the series of waves whiob would upset the t\vo
others almost at the same moment, it was itself overset by a series period of natural roll in still water, or "periodic time," judges of the height of the crest of a wave, and of the
sliehUy quickened or retarded, according as its own period was
qntckened or retarded by the altered position of its centre of gravity,
• PubHabed in the second volume of the 11 Transactions" of the
• We should prefer to &eo the periodic lime spoken of as "o.hort '
while this ~htly altered series of waves at once relieved the otht!r II!Blitution of Na.val Architects, and republished in a separate form rather than 11 slow," but wo 11dhere to the phrnseology employed by
two from theu imminent peril.
by Parker, Son, and Bourn, W est Strand, London.
Mr. Froudo.-En. E.
1
I
!!
4·5
J
!
t)
=
244
THE
steepness of the wave-front, not according to the real elevation and l>osition of the crest, but according to its perpendicular dtsta'OcO from a plane that seems to be level, but
that really is very far from horizontal. The effect is that
the apparent height of the wave is eometimes even more
than three times its r eal height. " This delusion seems to
ll.ccount," says Professor Rankine, "for the exa~gerated
descriptions 'vbich we bear of waves 'mountains htgh,' and
\Vhich present so strange a contrast to the results of accumte measurement. For example, the waves which Dr.
Scor esby measured in the Atlantic Ocean, and found to be
about :w ft. high , would seem, when estimated by the eye
under the circumstances just mentioned, to be upwards of
90 ft. high, and of terrific steepness. The same delusive
judgment as to the height of \vaves, and the direction of
~ravity, accounts also for the appearance, that many
~ave observed, of enormous waves seeming to sink, and, as
it were, melt away, just before reaching the ship."
vVe have now satd sufficient, we think, to place the present condition of this most profound and interesting q uestion fairly before our readers. It is one which will continue, we doubt not, to attract increased attention ; and if
any one should be disposed to ask why we have taken eo
deep an interest in it, and bestowed so much space as this
article occupies upon it, we would reply that the duty of
observing and r ecording its prooress is laid upon us by the
distinguished part in its elucidation which engineers are
taking. Mr. Crossland, be it observed, is the only shipbuilder who has thus far taken a promir.ent part in the discussion at the Institution of Naval Architects ; and, able as
was his contribution, we think we are fully justified in sayiug that the investigations of i\Ir. Froude and of Professor
llankine, and, we may add, of )lr. Bell-oH three engi·
ueers-well deserve to rank side by side with it. :\loreover, it should be remembered that the credit of initiating
the discussion of the subj ect, in its new phase, is due to Mr.
Froude, who himself undertook the inquiry at the request
of the late Mr. Brunei. We need say no mor e in justification of the part 'filE ENGINEER is taking in it.
NASMYTH'S ROTARY
ENGINE.
•
Fto. 1 is a plan view with the cover removed of a. circular or rotary
engine constructed nccording to the improvemen ts of James Nat>myth, of Brussels ; Fig. 2 is a transverse vertical section. .A. is the
stationary cylinder; B is the movable tube placed in the cylinder
A ; E is the shaft turning jn the socket, which socket is pla.ced in
the centre of the cylinder A. (The construction of this shaft will
be best understood upon referring to the sectional view, Fig. 21
where it will be seen that the shaft .A. turns in the socket S (or turns
on a pivot or pivots), which socket is placed in the centre of the
bottom 0 of the cylinder A, and the shaft passes through the top M
of the cylinder A.) 'l'o this shaft E is fixed the movable tube B, by
the two arms G and F. In the Sp!U:e between the cylinder A and
the movable tube D are placed two plates C and D of any appropriate material, and serving as pistons, and those two p!ates or pistons
are fixed to the movable tube B, opposite oue another: 11 is the do 1r
dividing the space between the cylinder A, and the movable tube 8
into two parta ; this door works on hinges P, and is open~d by eac ,
piston as it passes, and is shut, and kept shut by a spring R, fixed in
the recess 'l' of the cylinder A ; J is the steam in let valve; K is the
steam outlet valve.
FIC . I.
ENG IN EE R,
OcT. 24, 1826.
ELCE'S COTTON PREPA RING MACHINERY.
W.e give herewith nn illustration of lhe carding engines made by
Messrs. John Elce and Co., !of Jersey-street, Manchester, and
capable, we are informed, of carding in a thorough manner 11 cwt.
per week. The smaller figure gives an enlarged sectional view of
the feeding end. The feed rolls, 2in. in diameter, and having a surface speed of 1ft. per minute, deliver the cotton to the licker-in, 93in.
in diameter, and making J ,173 turns a minute, or about 2,880ft.' of
surface per minute. 'fhis licker· in shakes the dirt out of the cotton,
the dirt dropping behind and below the feed rolls. 'l'he lickor-in
delivers the cotton to a clothed roller above it, 7in. in diameter, aud
making 704 turns a minute. This roller delivers to the maiu cylinder, 4.6in. in diameter, and making 160 revolutions per minute. 'I' he
main cylinder is stripped by the ticker-in and the roller over; the
latter also strips the first worker above it. '!'his worker, 7in. in dinmeter, makes 503 turns a minute, the other rollers, of the same diameter, going only at about eip:hteen turns per minute. The clearers,
4tin. in dia1neter, have a surface speed of 560ft. per minute, and the
doffer, 28io. in. diameter, has a surface speed of 107ft.
Sell-stripping gear, 1\S is known, is now applied to a great number
of carding engines, and that shown above is found to work with such
a degree of efficiency as to enable the machine to get through with
an unusually large quantity of cotton .
T u& LlvEaPOOr. TlMBEa 'l'RAOK--Messr$. Farnworlh and Jardine
observe this week in their circular with regard to the Liverpool
timber trade :-"The arrivals from British North America during
the past fortnight have been thirty -five vessels, 20,428 tons. Notwithstanding lhe arrival with in a short period of the above numerous
fleet of vessels, chiefly with spruce deals, the effect on the market
has not been so unfavourable as was anticipated, but, on the contrary,
prices may be considered as rather finner, though, as regards spruce
deals, still much below the cost of importing. For Canadian woods
there is an improving demand, and prices are advancing, more particularly for square pine, the high freights now being paid for t1e
fall shipments precluding the probability of either a large import or
lower prices. For 'Vnney board pine there is not mnch inquiry,
and prices rule disproportionately low as compared with square
timber. St. John pine also appears to continue out of favour with
consumers. though there are some signs of improvement in this
article. Baltic Wood1.-'l'be arrivals have been four vessels,
1,195 tous; the market remains without change; the increased value
of Canadian fir having as yet produced little effect in the value of
Baltic timber. Fumiture Woods.-The arrivals of mahogany con-
•
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J
I
I
I
I,.
I
I
I
sist of 280 Jogs from Honduras, 11ud 237 logs from Mexico. Of St.
Domingo aud Cuba mabot;any there have been no latll imports, and
I the stocks of the former are ne:~.rly exhausted, and of the latt.<r
quite so; still the demand continues very limited, and vrices rulelo•r.
H.A.RRISON'S ELECTRO -MAGNETIC PRINTING PRESS.
F'I0 . 1
fl C .2
FIC . 2.
•
Fig. 2 is a transverse vcrtic·nl section of this machine. .A. is arylintler; B is amovable tube; E is a ~:>haft working: in the sock~t S
)' laced in the centre of the botlom 0 of the cylinder A : M is the
t·over of the cylinder A through which the shaft E passes; F is one of
1he arms attached to tho movable tube B to the shaft B; D is one of
the plntes or pi~>tons fixed to tho movable tube B, and placed in the
~>pace between the cylinder A, and the movable tube B; W is a fly
wheel. T o set this engine in motion steam or any elastic or nonelastic substance is admitted through theinletvalveJ, on the surface
uf the plate or piston C, by which the plate or piston C, the mo\·able
tube B, 11nd the shaft E arn driven round in the direction of the
arrows, and the plAte or 11iston D passes through the door H. and as
the plate or piston D pns~es the inlet valve J the steam is let out
through the oullet valvo K, the steam continuing to issue from the
inlet valve J, the plate or piston D, the movable tube B, and the
shaft M, continue to move round in the direction of the arrows. By
these means & circular or rotary movement is obtained, which is
applied by & wheel find on the revolving shaft, or by other wellknown means. The inlet valve J, and the outlet valve K may be
tonstan tly ltt>pt opcu, or mny lJe ttltrrnntely opened and shut in the
Asual manner by o. movemeut irom the shaft or otherwi~e.
A CORO.st:a's jury ' hns cxpres~Nl its opinion that tJ,e Cmmpton
euttines, employed on tbe L ondon, Gbntham, aud Dover Raihmy, are
nsa.fe.
•
IN one of th e narrow lanes which cross the western aunex
of 1he International Exhibition, amidst spin ning and roviop:
machin~, there it~ exhibited in action, what seems tlte hru ... t
oi a now system of printing, of so remarkable a character a:. to
dc•erve some uolictl in our pages. We a1lude to a small hand
pri nting prl's~, which, by ~ome occult energy, prints with the tip of
a finger. You see a ~mall page of type with a. tiny tympan
hinged on to it like the fly leaf of a vignette. The attendant rubs
his inking roller on a nc:ighbourinp: slab of marble with a peculiar
turn, twibt, and dab, until be thinks be has sufficien t for a single
impression. lie then passes it once or twice over the types, and
releasing a small~:>pring, tips the tympan over with his little finger,
and touching the spring again, tips it back. Somehow a sharp impression of the type is printed on the slip of paper previously laid
ou the tympan. You feel pu zzled to account for the evident traces
oi pressure on tho reverse of lhe printed slip, and begin to scrutinise
the appnmtu11 a little more closely. Ab! there it is, you exclaim, ns
you detect a couple of ropper wires attached to a. pair of binding
srrews on thfl tAble. We have electricity at work, and these are
the channels by wbioh the hiddeu power is conveyed. Look under
the table and tmce the wires back to their origio, and you become
aware of a couple of porcelain jnrs constituting two cells of a
Duuillll':~ ualt~ry. Con tiuue the scrutiny and you will find a pair of
electro-mngnet:i on tho table of the press, and a. corresponding
armature on the plntlen. The seeming mystery is now plain.
'!'he .inventor,, ¥r. Harrison, contemplat~ appl):iug eleclro·
maguetlbm to pnntmg on a large scale, and for stampmg and embossing. Whatever the capabilities of the new form of power may
be for those purposes, we can speak with the certainty e£ its prselicnbility and entire success ou the scale of a hand press of au
octa.vo size, as shown at the Exhibition.
'l'be main principle of the invention consists in obtaining the
necessary pressure by means of electro-magnets, and keepers which
are brought close together on moving the platten over the type,
aud as this motion is made to complete an electric circuit around
the magnets, a powerful pressure for a short distance is at once
obtained without the exerti on of any manual force or complication
of levet'S, screws, or cams, usually employed for the same purpose.
Touching a. spring breaks the circuit of the current, and iustanUy
releases tbe pressure for another impressio~.
Fig. 1 repre~cn t s 11 plan, and Fig. 2 an end elevation, of one of the
improved priotiug presses. A is n tltble Ctr frame upon which the
bed plates for tbo tn•e are fixc1l; D, B, and B 1, B1, are electro-magnets placed at each end of tho fmme, aod sttpported by the brackets
C, C•, through which adjustiug screws Jot· altering the position of
the magnets work ; D is the platten or actual impressing surface
Ocrr. 24, 1862.
fixed by means of the arms E, E, on the axis F. which works in the
bearings G, G; His an armature fixed to the ends of the arms E, E;
I is an electrotome, or make and break contact, fixed in
the axis F, this electrotome is in communication through the
spring K, with one of the poles of a. suitable voltaic or other battery,
the other pole of the battery being joined to one end of both the
l'onductors or coils around the m9.inete, the other end of the conductors being joined separately one to each of the spring!! L and L 1•
These springs are insulated from each other by the non-conducting
bracket M , upon which they are fixed; N, N, are t wo cylindrical
cases enclosing spiral or oth er suitable springs, each being fixl'd as
shown at one end to the frame A, aud at the other end to the studs
0, 0, which project from the short ends of the arms E, E, and act
as a counterbalance to the platten. The operation of the press is as
follow :-Two forms of type are iirst placed on the bed of the frame,
one on each side of the axis F, and connection made with the
battery in the manner already deEcrihed. One of the type forms
is then inked, and a sheet of paper having been placed
on the platten the small handle P is turned, by which the spring K
is released from contact with the electrotome I, thuR breaking the
electric circuit. The platten is then turned over upon the type
form at the other en J of the frame, and in so doing the tongue a of
the electrotome forms contact with one of the springs L, which
brings its mognets into operation, the handle P having in the meantime been readjusted so as to establish a connection with the bottery,
ana as the armature has been brought nenr to the p<'les of thi
magnet it is within this limited space, suddenly and power{ ully
attracted, drawing down with it the platten, by which means the
paper receives an impression from the type. Another sheet of
paper having been placed on the upper face of the platteu, and the
other type form inked, the electric Circuit i~:~ broken by moving the
han dle P, as bef<>re, and the platlen being then turned over again
brings the tongue a of the electrotome into contact with the otber
spring V, wbicb directs the electric cir~uit aro~ud_ils ma~net, and
a<; it draws down the atmature another unpressaon IS obta10ed. _In
this manner the work is simply and rapidly performed, and wath
v ery slight exertion of mnnual labour.
'l' he m!4(netic power, as before stated, is derived from two cells
of a Daniell's battery, tue zinc and copper elements being excited by
salt and water. 'l'he copper cells are filled with tow or cotton,
which serves to sustain crystals of sulphate of copper on the
surface of the liquid, and as these slowly dissolve maintain the
power of the battery.. The expense of materials ~.-quir~d f~r 11.
battery to work a. machme of the size we have menhoned lS satd to
be about two shillings per week.
THE
ENG I NEE R.
-
KNOX'S APPARATUS FOR T HE MANUFACTURE OF P ULP FOR PAPER.
FI C. 2
F'IC . I .
•
KNOX'S APPARATUS FOR THE .1\TANUFACTURE
OF PULP FOR PAPEH.
MA~Y
procease11 have been devised for reducing wootl, straw, and
other vegetable substjlnces to a suitable condition for being converted into paper stock or pulp for the manufacture of paper, lmt for
various causes they have failed to produce results which would
justify the substitution of these substances for rugs in the manuft~c­
ture of good )Japer. By the present process, the inven tion of J. R.
Knox, of New York, paper stock eau be obtained at o comparatively
small cost, and of a qunlity suitable for moking good paper from
wood of various kinds, from straw leaves, and other fibre-yielding
pl~:!
invention consists in di ..intPgralin{t wood and other fibreyielding veg~:table ~:oubslances for the production of paper stock,
by subject.iug such substances to the mechanical operation of
brel\kiog, bealiog, or grinding while it is immersed in and under
the chemical influence of highly heated water, and under
the pressure due to such high lemperalure. '£he wa ter at a
high temperature has the. effect of so soft ening and dissolving the
cementing and other foreign substauccs which 1111 ite ond adhere to
the fibres, that the mechanical actio~L to w ltich the suUstaoces are
subjected, while in that condition, readily t-ITects I he sep:muion of
the fibres from each other aud from 1111 other substances, so that
th ey cnn be readily reduced to paper stock of a good quolity.
F ig. 1 is a side elevation of an apparatus suitable for the improved
process; Fig. 2 is a horizontal section of the same taken in the line
.A, D, of Fig. 1. aiR a vessel, in which the fra,:;m eu ts of wood, s traw,
or other fibre-yielding vegetable substnnces are to be operated upon.
This vessel is capable of sustaining a pre!:sure of from sixty to eighty
pounds, more or less to the square inch. It is made in the form of an
e ndless bent tube, tbe form not l eing materhl so long as it will
admit of the free circulation of the materialuurler treatment. At b
this vessel is provided with n nozzle, wh ereby it may be connected
wilh a boiler suitable for h eaLing wale r to a temperature con·espouding with n steam pre~sure ran.giug from about sixty to ei~h~y
pouod3 (more or less) to the square mch, so that the water wtthm
this vessel may be maintained at about the range of temperature due
to sucll pres~ure. c is another nozzle near or nt the bottom of the
vessel, and to which a suitable pipo with a stop-cook is to be nttached;
this pipe leads to a suitable r eceptacle for receiving the stock after it
has been prepared. 'l' he vessel is provided at d with another nozzle
for the discharge of the dissolved cementing and other foreign
matter ; this, like the other n ozzles, is to be provided with a suitable
sl<lp-cock or valve under the control of the attendant. This nozzle
is tu be providt>d on the inside with a diopbrntrm of wire gauze of
meshe~ suOiciently fine to prevent the piiS:logo of the fibres wh en
separated and reduced, and this wire gauze, or other pervious diaphnagm must be of s ufficien t ~trengtb, or so bmced as to sustain a
)>t·c~sure of from 60 lb. to 80 lb. or the pressure employed in the process to the square inch. T he material to be treated is introduced
through a large ~perture ot or near the top cover~d with a cap plate e
(Fig. J), and wh1ch must be well secured when m place.
In one part of the circuit of t his vessel there is a shaft f, which
passes through a. stuffing box g to the outside, where iL is prov ided with a pulley or belt wheel h to receive a belt from any
suitnble motor.
'l'his shaft is sustniued within the vessel by
n cross bar i, in which i~ hos a bearing, and on each side of
thi~ cross bar it carries ouliq ue vaucs j, j, which, by their
rotation, impart the required circulotion to t ho water and substances undtr treatment itl the vessel. On the other side of the
vessel there is auother shaft k, both ends of which pass through
stuffing boxes m aud ,71a, one end beyond the stuffing box m
being provided with a wheel o to receive a boiL from some suitable
motor. 'l'his shaft passes through and curries two sleeves, p, p 1, each
passing out through one of the stuffing boxes, as represented, and
hoth b<'iog feathered to th e shaft k, so ns to turn with it. And for
the adju~tment of the grinding and beatiug surfacPs, to be
presently described, each slee,•e is connected with its appropriate end of the shaft /.; by what is known as a screw coupling
n ut q, ql, and screw, so that by turning these coupling nuts the
sleeves, or either of them , can be adju .. ted longitudinally on the
shaft /.;. On the sleeve p there aru secured arms r, with teeth
on th eir edges, which corre~pond with teeth on the surface of
stationary anns ~ secured to nod wilhiu the Vl'ssel. As the water
and substances under treatment circulate in the vessel in the
direction of the arrow, they are acted uvon and broken between
the teeth on the rotating arms rand the stationary arms 1, and thence
ore carried along into a stationary female nut t made in the form of
a frustrum of a cone, an d secured to the inside of the vessel. The
inner face of this nut is formed with breakers or blades such as are
used in paper engines; and within this nut, aod secured to and
t urning with t he sleeve p, there is a male nut u of corresponding form, whose periphery is armed wi th corresponding
breakers or blades.
'l ' he breakers or blades on these two
conical surfaces still further reduce the s•Jbstances under t reatment, which then pass through the central eye of the female
nut t to the surface of a semi-spherical nut or grinder v attached
to and turning with the end of the sleeve p 1• 'l'bis grinder v works
with in a corresponding cup-formed female nut w secured t o and
within the vessel, the surfaces of the nut u and nut v bemg armed
or formed with blades somewhat like those o n the cylinder of the
w ell-known paper pulp machine .
•
As uolb sleeves are adjustable by turning the coupling nuts q and
ql, the surfaces of the rotating nuts or grinders are caused gmduolly
to approach tho surfnce of the stationary female nuts, so that the
substances unde r treatment are groclually redttced mechanically as the softening nod dissolving effec t of the highly heated
water on the cementing media progresses, until, finally, the whole
of the fibre can be reduced to a suit.al>le condition for making vaper,
As the process progresses the cock or valve at d is to be opened
occasionBIIy to discharge the soluble matter which hns been dissolved
b>' the action of the water at o. high temperature, the pcrviou•
dtaphra~m preventing the escape of . fibres. The oper~r can
read ily judge by the escape of comparatively pure water when all tbo
foreign matter separable by water, has been separated from the ftbrell.
If desired ~small per centage of alkalies or their carbonates may
be introduced principally with a view to facilitate the after proces-.
of bleaching. If these be used, the best time for the introduction
thereof will be after the cementing rutltter has been mainly dissolved
and discharged.
-LETTERS TO T HE EDITOR.
( TVe do not /t(Jld om·selves respon&ible for tlte opinion• OJ our
O..m·espondents.)
BUILT-UP CUNS.
SIR - In a leadin"' article of the 17th inst. you state that Mr.
Barto:v "long ngo 1;ld down the rules governing the strengthening
of hydraulic prc-s cylinders.'' Y ou will greatly obli~e many of
you1· reader<', I am sure, if you will be kind enough to mform them
in what public.uhm <·an be found these rules, if, indeed, you are not
mis taken iu supposing that they exi~t. 'l'be oniy generally known
).Ill per by Mr. Barlow on the subjec t does uot even hint a~ the poss!bility of s trengthening cylinderd, bnt is simply a calculauon of thear
s trength when cast of one piece of iron or one piece of brass. Re
clearly demonstrates thot the outside of thi ck cylinders formed of
one mass is almost useless, but he does not suggest the remedy of
putting this outside part into~~ btale of initinl tension. l grant, sir,
that this remedy appeal'S sufliciently obviouij, now that I . have
pointed it out. Most inventions nre obvious. Wb eu first heanng of
nine ou t of ten , one wonder<> tlmt such ' 1 ob"ious" improvements
bad not been made before.
I ndeed, when this thing fir.. t occurred to me I had the same feeling. l never dreamt of patenting what seemed to me so perfectly
obvious an improvement. My only dread was that so extremely
obvious an irlea must occur to every o ne- tbe thinking of how to
make strong cannon-Pt did really occur to Dr. Hart, M~. J . A.
Loagridge, aud ProfeSl>Or '.rrcdwelt within a few monlhs]-aud
that the Hussians would construct cannon so powerful that <>ne or
two sh ells from them could sink one of the huge three-deckers
which then formed our fleet. To induce the British Government to
manufacture some ve1·y strong guns, quickly a.nd sec~Uy, was my
wish. Gran it~ forte were then the great opponent of shaps. "Supply
ships," I said, " with one 320-pouoder, in place of ten 3:.!-poundersas one ounce of lead in the form of a. bullet is more effective against
an animal than several ounces in the form of very small shot, so
will one 320-pounder smash a. block of granite which fifty 3~­
pounders could not seriously injure.
'l' bis suggestion, also, I considered "obvious," and greatly was I
taken aback when the War Office- or rather the" Ordnance Office,"
this happening before the War Office ~as established-gr~tly was I
astonished when the Ordnance Office m formed me that 1n the first
place it wanted no large guns; and, secondly, that it disbelieved in all
mtltbematical calculations, and that consequently it had made up its
mind to speud half a million in a Iwyal Gun Foundry, believing the
weakness of cast-iron gun!l not to be inherent to the form, but to
proceed from the use of bad iron by the contractors. The hallmillion was spent a1.1d exceeded, and not one canno1~ fit for service
was turlled out of the" Royal Standard Gun Foundry."
Meanwhile I saw that reasoning was of oo use, so I proceeded to
make strong guns, and, to secure a chance of having my expenses
reimbursed, 1 took out a patent on the 2ilh F ebruary, 1855. By
June, 1865-after several less successful attempts-! had produced
tbe 41-in. gun, which stood seven times os much firing as a cast iron
gun, and three times as much as a brass gun, which the Ordnance
Committee tried against it at Shoeburynes:;. "Obvious" as my
invention seems to you and many others, its value gradually rose in
my own estimation when I found that so very few could understand
it. To Mr. Whitworth I endeavoured to explain it in 1856, and
agnin in 1866, after the bursting of his guns formed of cast iron
with sides llin. thick, the bore being only 4in. or 5in.! Yet in 1860
Mr. Wbitworth so little understood the principle, that every single
gun be built burst: one so small as even a 32-pounder, and
made with extra care as an experimental gun for DenUJark, burst at
Copenhagen, nod killed my poor friend Lieut. Carlsen. 'l'he remainR
of another gun of 1\Ir. Whitworth's, au SO-pounder, can still be seen
a t Woolwich Arsenal. So unscientifically was this constructed that
the inner tube is burst and the outer coils not disturbed. I believe
tl1e guu only fired sixteen rounds. Knowing all this I could
scarcely btlieve my eyes when I read in the Times of Tuesday week
Mr. W bitworth':~ letter claiming th e credit of the construction of tbe
120-pounder gun, made for him at Woolwich, in precisely the s:uno
way as the Armstrong guns are mBde. Sir William ~rmstrong to
this day denies the necessity of building up cannon wllh the layers
in definite tension or compression. His speech on the subject at the
British Association last yeBr is thus revorted :- " Ile differed from
Captain Blakely in thinking that such mathematical nicety wns
required in the construction. Provided only care were taken to allow
sutficicut shriokiug, the hoops would adapt themselves to thnt
amount of tension which would give the maximum resisting forco
of th e gun, and before the hoops would give way the gun would have
passed th rough the phnse of greatest resistance.''
'l'his is the secret of the imperfection of the Armstrong guus. li e
dare not use anything but very yielding wrought irou in this
manner. H e attempted to make his inner tubes of cast iron for
hardness, but all thtl guns tried burst, and a. couple of hundred aro
nuw lying unfinished in 'Voolwich Arsenal. I t was one of theM',
by the way, which was lately shown there as a burst "Blakely "
gun.• Yet Sir William Armstrong'11 gu~s are almost .as pe~fcct
as regards strength as they can ba wh1le he uses tron. Tho
difficulty of persuading not only the War Office people but other:~
to use ony method of btrenglheuing cannon being so great, bowever obvious that ·method may appear to the fifty or one hundred
persons who can understand it, l think, sir, you underml.6 both
• 'fbe circumstances which led to U1o mtetnko were these:-When tn 18GO
about eight of Sir W. Annstrong's gum with cast Iron Insides had burst, L<'t'l
:tJorbort 118ked roe to go to Wootwlch and try to buUd up some of the rernalmlcJ·,
Ill! nU my Cllnnon tried by CoYemmcnt hnd been so exceedingly strong.
l compiled, with some rcluctnncc, and not till Lord Ucrbert taunted me wltb unwULlngneas to help B rlvtll out or a dllllcutty, making, however, one condition,
viz., tbtlt If 1 did not succeed In making a strong sun out of what 1 consltlcroo
a yery badly sbaped lump of metal, the ftillure shout<! not In tUI.Y wny coudcnm
my system of gun coostrucUon gcncrnlly. To guard myself against ~lug
suapected of wilfully building up Sir W. Arm strong's giUl so 11.:1 not to succeed,
1 obttllned Lord :tJcrberl's pcnnlsslon to hnvc tile operation performed a~ the
Itoynl Arsenal ; and. !llrth~r. to operRtc tbcre ln cxnctly tbe same way on a
service 32-poundcr sun, or which 1 Mid 1 could make a stronger sun than or
t11c blocks cast on purpose to l.lc built up by lr Wllllam. Du'llCtly tl1c
Ordnoncc Select Commluec saw the drift or Ut Is eJ<pcrlmcnt they dclay~d tht·
trial of the gUD, although l11cy had not much to fear, for their patron, a
32-pounder, baYing (lnndvcrtcnUy) been selected for me to strengthen, which
hod ooeo cast In 1779, ru1d hod been to the Nile and elsewhere wltl1 NciMOn.
Nevertheless I Insisted on the trlul proceeding, and, nftor nearly two yenr•'
patience, I gavo Sir (.}. c. L~wls no1lce tho~ l should appeal to tbc Coua·t of
Cbancery to enforce tlle continuation of the c.xperlment, as I bad lncurrC<l
much trouble and c.xpense In preparing the guns. The guns were fued this year
until tbcy both burst, and the old 3~-poundcr strcngtbcned 11red 133 rounds of
proof charge, the welgbt of the projccU!e being Increased every ten rounds
aner U1c llrst ftfty, wbcrcas the" Am1strong" strengthened by me burst at the
eJgbty-fourtb round. I b!llt been promised notice of the experiments, but ucYcr
heard of tllem till o gentleman toltl me he Wll.:! sorry to bear " two of my gn1b"
)lad burst at Woolwich. Tllc shot ftred from tbe 32-pounder had lead on Its
base. Now that can be so eppUed as to put almost any strnln. on a gun. Tbl•,
probably, U1e esUmal.lle gentlemen chosen as Ordnance Select Committee, for
the support of the Armstrong suo, do not know, but )(r. Basbley Brlucn does,
and they obtained from him the shot to try th~; 32-pounder, yet Ulls old gun
beat the other, 118 I had predicted, and Indeed very much more U1an 1 eJtpccted,
Blthough lt, too, as strcngtbcncd by me, endured much more llrlng ll1nn Jts
fellows strcugtbened by Sir W. Armstron,.
I
246
THE
Sir William Armstrong's services and m y own. Of my own I will
not say more than that you are in error in believing Professor
Tredwell lQ have preceded me. His patent in E ngland is dated
eleven months after mine, and his American patent still later.
. Sir William Armstrong may not even have been an original
d1scoverer at all; he may have learnt from the published writings
of Professor Tredwell an d myself; he may have learnt something
when, in 1~55, be bored and turned at hi; works at Elswick a gun,
~on structed on the coiled system, • I or Mr. James Longridge, under a
license from me; yet it cannot be denied that, frol:(l S ir William
ArOJstrong, aud not from us, did the GoverJJ ment learn to build
strong cannon.
It does not appear that be used any more cbarlatanism than the
ignorance of the ·war Office authorities rendered necessary. Two
hundred years ago be would have been f orced to secure the attention
of an igno•·ant person to his system by telling him that the metal
was cast when Mars was in trine with Mercury. I am sure that not
two out of tbe whole present Ordnance Select Committee oo:lld be
imposed upou by such a statement, carefully selected though they
are; so, to gain their votes, Sir William W ll8 dr,iven to pretend that
he ha~ a secre~ to keep which an Act of Parliament was necessary.
Th1s t·u.se, s1r, was surely vtlry pardonable when we compare it
to the effrontery of some others, who want the War Office to buy
their wares; tbostl, for e:x.ample, who say that bullets from an
hexagonal bored gun have greater initial velocity than from a
smooth bored one, and who add, by way of climax, that the hexagonal_gun has less recoil even when projecting its bullet with greater
veloc1ty.
[I presume all readers of TliE ENOINBltR know that tho velocity
backwards of a gu11 is exactly in proportion to the velocity forwards
of the bullet, other circumstances being alike.]
I most c~nscieutiously believe, Mr. Editor, that you will be doing
bett~r serv1co to lbe public, if you dwell more on their folly in not
forcm~ the Gover~ment to appoint a scientific and independent
comm1ttee to cons1der all ordnance questions, and less on the ease
of the task of those who attempt to introduce any improvement)
however " ?bvious," through the present channels.
I also behove that you will be more just.
T. A. BLAKELY.
Army and Navy Club, October 21st, 1862.
SWISS STEAMBOAT ENGINES.
S1~,-A description appeared in your columns some time since of
a pau· of .compound cylinder engines exhibited by E scher, Wyss,
and Co., m the western annexe of the International Exhibition.
A new steamboat, fitted with similar engines, having been started
last month on the lake of Zurich, from which the following results
have been obtained which may be interesting to your readers :-The
vesse~ is 150ft. between the pe~pendiculars by 16~ft. beam, and draws
3ft. 71n. water wb~n I.ully eq.Ulpped; her displacement being, then,
115 .tons, and m1dship sect1on 48 square feet. Her engines, of
uommal GO-horse po~e~ collective, have their cylinders st~am jacketed, and ~he admiSsion of steam to the smaller cylinders is
1ondered vanable at pleasure by means of the shifting link motion
co~monly applied to l~comotive engines.. The pressure in the
bo1lers (two ID number) IS GO lb. per square mch, and the vacuum in
the condenser. 26~in. Wben worked with the greatest admission of
steam the engi nes made 42! strokes per minute, and the power indicated was 208-borse power. With the least admission the strokes were
about 37, nod the indicated power 150-horse power. The diameter
of th? p~dle w~eels, which are with feathering floats 6ft. by
lft. 7~w., IS 13ft. Gm., and the g reatest speed on trial was fifteen miles
per .hour. On a trial of thirty-five miles, without stoppage at any
stations, the average speed was fourteen statute miles per h our, and
the consumption of coal 348 Swiss pounds, or 174 kilogrammes per
hour's run; which, divided by 150-borse power, gives 1·16 kilogra~mes per indicated horse-power. The coal used was Rougon,
an~IIS capable of boili~g off ~ven times ita weight of water. Since
tbts steam.er has been lD: sen;ce her average consumption of coal,
When calling at the .statlODS1 19 300 lb., equal to 150 kilogrBmmes per
hour. The ~raught m the furnaces ~ increased by a blast pipe in the
Iun.nel, wL.ich serves 8fJ oxhaus~ p1pe from a. small high-pressure
cyli~der used for working the atr pllUlp, independent of the main
engmes. T he effect of this blast is such that tbe boilers give good
~team with ha!! a. ~quare foot of grate and 14 square feet of heatmg surface per noiDJna.J horse-power. The total weight of engine,
boilers, and wheels is 33t tons.
M. M. J.
Zurich, 18th October, 1862.
PRESERVATION OF STON E.
Sm,-In your journal of the 17th inst. I find there is a report of a
pa~r read b_y ~rofessor Ansf:ed•. at the Cambridge meeting of the
BntiSh Assocmt10n, "On Artific1al Stones," at the conclusion of
wh~ch, as you state, a discussion ensued on the preservation of stone,
wb~eh was.refer~ed to seve_ral times in Pr~fessor Ansted's paper .
.As that d1scuss1on was raiSed by myself 1n consequence of Professor .A nsted's mention of the preservation of stone in connection with
Mr. Ro.nsomo's method of making stone, I am desirous that my remarks on this. subject should become public.
On. the mer1ts of the particular method of making art.ificial stone,
descnbed by Professor .Austed, I have nothing to say, nor should I
h~ve ventured to make any remarks on his paper had he confined
hunself to the subject of artificial stone, and not referred to that of
ston~ preservation, ~ being borne upon by his communication, and
that 10. a mo.nner wb1ch seemed to me objectionable.
HaVIDg, some years ago, devoted considerable attention to the
decay and preservation of stone, I believe that I am able to offer an
opinion as to the general probability of succ~>ss attaching to any
method of preservation, uot only as a chemist, but also wilh the
advantage of having specially studied the subject. Being familiar
wit~ the effects of th~ method proposed by Mr. Ransome for preserv:mg stone, and w1th the effects of various similAr methods
• deVJBed by myself and others, I could not assent to the view put
forward ~Y Prof.essor Ansted, that the method of making artificial
stone, by Immersmg a pasty mass of sand and silicate of soda in a
solution of chloride of calcium, and the results obtained by that
method, bore upon the subject of stone preservation· or to th e
opinion tLat there was any analogy between the striking e~perimeotal
illustration which be gave of that method, and the method proposed
• Jt must not be l'Upposed that I clnlm to be the Inventor of this" coli
system;" nor do l bclleve thnt Sir W. Armatroog ever claimed to bnvc Invented
Yet n ra,•ourlte argument or the "Whltworth party against our originality
18 to dwell ou the use of the "coiled system" before our Ume. They might 88
well MY U1nt our pllln Is old because Iron and ste<!l were before Ulled. What I
do claim to bnve Invented Is only Ute method of building up guns with tile outsi~~ In tension. Tbe 6Tl!t wordll or my spccltlcatlom o.ro :The Improvements relate, First, to a method of forming gum with an totcmal tube or cylinder or cast Iron or steel enclosed In n casing of wrought Iron
or steel. I somellmcs form lbe outer sllffnce of Ute Inner tube somewhat
conical, the greatest diameter being just In fron t of the trunnions ana tapering
both ways, and apply the ontcr casing In the fonn or collars o; rlngs drlveo
Iller •on: nod, In some cases, Tapply two or more Jayen~ or such rings, according
to I he strcng~ sought to be obtained, the truunlons belng of ono plooc "~tb one
or the rings. Tile outer caslnl:l may. however, be applied 1n tile forms or coUan~
or rings heated ana shrunk upon the cyllndrlcalsurface or the Inner cyllnder or
tube. But r do not claim as my lm•cntlon the method of forming gWls or cannon
by the application or collllrs or rlngd, heated and shrunk upon a cyllndrlcal
loner tube, s~tve nna t>xcept when tile Internal diameters ofsucb coUilrs or rings
arc, Previously to being IIeated, so much smaller tllJUl Ute external lllameter of
the Inner tube on which they are shrunk, that, after being cooled, the outer
casing formed by the rings or collars Is In a state of telllllon or permanent strain
similar to that ]lroduccd when the rings or collars are forced upon a conlcai
surf11cc, as before described, and the Inner tube Is In both cases similarly compr~. A Uke effect moy be produced by forming benvy ordnance, especially
riOed guns or sea service mortars, with an Jntcmnl tube or cyllnder (formed by
FUng anc.J boring In the uRual mann~r), upon which are cast rings of cast Iron
.~bonekor more lnycrt. Wben In se'•ernl layers the joints of the rings lhould
rea band." Secondly, the·lmprovcmenlil relate to strengthentng old guna
or gu:l8 made according to otber arrangements, by the application ot extemai
::~~.~.1ngs or coils of Iron, as referred to under the 1lrst head of tile lmprovelt.
~ bere speak or" coll!l of Iron " as synonymoUB with "rings " or rather as
we -kllowu meUlo<l of maldog rlngt.
'
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:1
ENGINEER.
by M.r. Ransome for P.~eserving stone, which consists in applying
solut1ons of soluble silicate and chloride of calcium successively to
the face of stone in buildings.
My reasons for denying .this connection and analogy between the
two cases are the followtng :- In making artificial stone by the
method r~f~rred to a .mass or block of paste is first made, by in timately mull?g sand wt!h a. solution of silicate of soda. This pasty
~s, whe~ 1mm~rsed m chloride of calcium solution, is converted
~~~o a sohd hard mass,.by reason of the mutual decomposition of
silu?ate of sod~!- !LDd cblo~de of calcium, giving rise to the production
of IDSoluble sihcate of hme as a. cementing material throughout the
m ass.
. The merest ty_r? in ohei~istry would never doubt that, under these
c.ucumstances, s1hcate of hme would IJe produced, or that silicate of
lime would also be produced when solutions of the silicate and
chloride are s.ucces~ively applied to the face of a stone wall, though
I have bea!d 1t fooliShly stated that, in reference to these methods,
a doubt ex iSted among chemists as to whether silicate of lime was
produced in these cases.
The important difference, however, between the two cases is
t~is.: th~t in making the a.rtificial 11tone, one of the materials,
~~ ~1ng ns~ to the production of silicate of lime, is necessarily
JDh.mately ~ncorpo.rate.d with and distributed through the mass, in
~h1ch, by tmmers1on m chloride of calcium, the insoluble sili~ate
IS to be pr~d.uced. In the method for preserving stone, on the other
ha~d, the sil1cate of soda can be introduced oo I y by the absorption
tak10g place when the vertical face of the stone is washed with the
solution.
. Wbeu a block of stone is immersed in solution of silicate, absorption lllay take place to a very considerable depth; but under the
circu~s!Auces in which .the method is applicable to the face of a wall
or buildiDg, the absorption takes place only to a very limited extent,
even by very frequent washing ; so that when the chloride solution
is applied, silicate o~ lime is deposited only superficially in the pores
of the stone, and ch1efty on the surface, where it lies like whitewash.
I have invariably found this to be the result of all attempts to fill
up the pores or interstices between the particles of stone, and render
it impervious by the deposition of insoluble substances, u whenever
the number of washings applied to tbe stone :was limited by a due
regard to the practical applicability of these methods to buildings."
By immersion, indeed, or by Ions repeated washing, it is possible to
effect a deposition of in.s oluble material to a great depth in blocks of
stone, but such specimens have 110 practical significance as regards
the preservation of stone in buildings.
I':'- making the artificial stone, on the contrary, the silicate solution
baVUJg been, by an easy mechanical process, introduced into the
mass, it is easy to conceive that, when it is immersed in the chloride
solution, the production of silicate of li1.0e would take place to the
very centre of the mass. The silicate of soda. which it contains would,
in :Virtue of its chemical relation to chloride of calcium, facilitate, and,
as 1t were, form a. road for the rnetration of this solution. The
depth to which the production o silicate of lime m ight extend, in
this case, \vould be merely a matter of time, determined by the size
of the mass.
These strong and decided differences of fact it was which induced
me to object to Professor Ansted's reference to Mr. Ransome's method
of making artificial stone, as illustrative of the action anci probable
efficacy of that gentleman's method for preserving stone. At the
time I spoke 1 Wajj not aware Professor Austed was one of the
commissioners entrusted with the inquiry into the subject of decay
and preservation of stone at the New Palace at Westminster; but,
bad I known t his, ml reasons for objectinl:? to the suggested illustration of Mr. Ransome s method for preserVlDS stone would not· have
been less strong.
. Professor Antsted rem0;rke.d, in'reference to the method for prt>servmg stone, " that the obJection, so strangely felt, that the material
thus deposited would probably be in the form of unconnected grains
rather than a cementing film, seems answered by the formation of a
stone so solid as the specimens sho wn." That objection was, I
believe, first put fonvard by myself, s:>me yellrs ago, as the result
of my expe~ments on this .subject, and it applied to the production
?I the depos1t as a powder lmble to be washed away by rain. This
IS what I have found to be the result in arplying Mr. Rausome's or
any similar method for the preservation o stooe; and I cannot consider this objection in any degree answered by a result of an operation
so totally dissimilar to the preservation oi stone as the production of
this artificial stone.
Not having bad, during the last four years, an opportunity of
knowing what had been done as regards the preservation of stone
I was anxious to learn whether the opin1on Professor Ansted
appeared ~ have in favour of Mr. Ransome's method was based upon
any experunental or other results affording an priqri probability
of the efficacy of that method. I n reply to my inquiry he described
some observations as to the depth to which solutions had been found
to penetrate stone when applied to its face, which I have since found
to be contained in the reported evidence given on this subject
before the commission of which he was a member; but I
failed to elicit from him any information as to the real
purpose of my inquiry, which was, whether any data had been obtained showi ng the extent to which solutions, applied to tha vertical
face of a building, penetrated into the stone, " with the effect of producing in its pores a deposit of insoluble material, bearing any
notable proportion in its bulk to the interstices of the stone, and to
what de~th such deposition could be effected, at a reasonable cost in
~ractice, 'so as to be fairly and reasonably expected to have a practical value as a preservative of stone? Whatever penetration may
take place, without this effect being produced, must obviously be of
no importance as regards the preservation of stone, even if it be admitted that such a deposition of material in the stone would be a
preservative against decay.
Such data, I believe, have never been furnished by any of those
who have e~yed to preserve stone, aud it was t he attempt to obtain
such data wh1ch led me to abandon this m(Jde of preservation ao
hopeless. It might have been expected that those in whose power it
was to aut~o~ise the applit:ation of projected means of preservation
to such bu1ld1DSS as the New Palace at Westmin6te r would have
insisted on being furnished with such data as would afford reasonable
probability of the success of the methods, when judged of by competent persons, before permitting the walls of that building to be
plastered over with th e secret and trumpery nostrums of a questionable ~nve~tor. But no such course seems to have been adopted:
chem1cal 1gnorance appears to have been considered the best
qualification for conducting an operation involving chemical
knowledge; floundering among chances seems to have been
the p~actice, instead of investigating facts. In fact, till lately,
the bhnd have led the blind, and it is only when the results
of such. a. course ha.ve become t<>o glaring for concealment,
~bat the 1dea appears to have been entertained of consulting chemists
10 refere~ce to a matter so essentially chemical as the decay and
preservation of stone. Mr. Ransome's attempts to attain the desired
result ~ave, I believe, been earnest and sincere, btlt, at the same time,
I cons1der he has no chance of success in the direction he has been
~vorking. He has acquired a vague perception of a principle which
1s, at first sight, plausible, and which some years ago led me to
de.vote mu?b attention to the subject of stone preservation; at first
w1th cons1derable hopes of success, which gradually disappeared
under the test of practical application.
The principle embodied in the methods suggested by Mr. Ransome
and ~:y:self~t~at of rendering stoite impervious to air and water, by
depos1t1ng m 1ts pores 1!- substance ~ot liable to be acted upon by
those agents of destruct1on present 1n the atmosphere and in rain
water-has, !IS usu~, met \Vitb a ho~t of imitators, proposing plans
more or less unpractJcable; and I cannot but express my opinion that
Mr. Ransome, 1n consequence of chemical misguidance, has adopted
the very worst of all possible means of carrying that principle into
effect, namely, the deposition of silicate of lime as the preservative
material. .Among insoluble silicates this substsnce is well known
to be, above all.otbers, the most. liable to alteration and decomposition, under the lllfluence of prec1sely those agents which determine
the decay of stone, viz., the carbonic and nitric acids of the atmo·
a
OOT. 24, 1862
sphere, the sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, arising from the combustion of coal and from ch~mical works, aided by the solvent action
of ~ater on the stone which has been chemically altered by the
action of these substances.
I hope, however, that h!s ~eth od ~~ ~ing stone ma.y prove
more successful, an d that tt will furniSh him with a return for his
labours in eitdeavouring b arrive at a means of preserving stone.
66, Great Portland-street, W .,
BENJAlllN H. p AVC..
2Uth October, 1862.
MILLFIELDS .EXPLOSION RELIEF FUND.
Sm, - In your report or the MiJlfields Explosion Relief Fund Committee Meeting, page 239, I observe a very laudable attempt to start
an orphan asylum for the children of parents killed by accident in
the iron district.
This project has not met with the approval of Phillip Williams
Esq., the chairman of the iron trade, for you report him unravour~
able to such project in consequence of the "suffic1ent accommodation
which," as he alleged, "already existed in the shape of workhouses
with which, he thought, it Will! not desirable to interfere."
'
I wao much struck with reading .such remarks from a gentleman
in the high position of M r. Williams, and having bad business to
tra~sact at a~ office ? f the guardians of the poor of one of ou.r large
uDJons, I wa1ted wh1le the clerk (a. gentleman of great experience in
workhouse management) spoke to an aged man who had applied for
his children to be taken into the workhouse. " Let me beg of you,"
said the clerk, "to endeavour to prevail u pon some of the girl's relatives to take her into their home, and even though she does not earn
aU she requires, they will have the consolation of kuowing that they
have saved a young girl rrom destitution; for any girl of her tender
age (twelve years) going to the workhouse is certainly not good for
much afterwards." "Are they not fit for service~" I inquired.
"No," said he, " not at all, for any respectable place. I, myself,
would not, on any account, have on~."
I do think, sir, if the wealthy ironmasters of South Staffordshire
were to be canvassed, they would willingly assist in the formation
of an asylum for both the orphan and fatherless children, rather than
send them to the workhouse.
You refer also, in the same report, to the orphanage of Mr. Mason,
at Erdington, a.s having been commenced. It may not bo generally
k~o'Yn, ~nd may act as a stimulant to the gentlemen of the iron
d1strict, if I state that Mr. Mason has built an orphanage, and maintained for some years past about fifty orphans, and has clothed, fed,
and educated them in such a. way as to elicit the warmest approval
from all who have knowledge of it.
The success of the attempt has given Mr. Mason so much pleasure, that be has now partly erected a second building of noble
dimensions, which he intends to endow for 250 orphans, although
the building will have ample accommodation for 400 children.
II one individual will willingly take so large a responsibility
upo11. himself to provide for so many destit•1te children , surely the
gentry of such a wealthy and important district as South Staffordshire (which unfortunately is such & prolific manufactory of orphans
and fatherless children, from accidental causes, and is likely to be
so from the nature of its trades)-surely, I say, the humane and
charitably inclined will n ot be swayed by the remarks of the chairman of the iron trade, hut will rather try to imitate such examples
aa Mr. Mason and others, and heartily second t.b e committee in thei.r
endeavour to establish an asylum for orphans and fatherless children.
One word more: it would not be amiss if the gentry would also take
another example from Mr. Mason in providing, as he has done, a
number of comfortable residences for aged women, be having
twenty of them, in ~eparate dwelling rooms, adjoining his present
orphanage. Hoping it may be the means of awakening the ioterest of
the public in the matter, and supplying the want of the iron dibtrict
viz., an asylum for orphans and f~t.therless children, is my apology
for troubling you jn the matwr.
ENOINEl!a.
STE AM
RA MS.
Sm,-Though not a shipbuilder or military man I take a great
interest in the problem of ships ver&u.Y cannon, which is now occupying the attention of the public.
It has appeared to me that ships might be built of a moderat~ size,
invulnerable, ii properly handled, and capable of destroying any
vessel now afloat. The following is the description of such a
vessel :- Burthen, 3,000 tons; engines, double, to drive a couple of
screws one on each side of the deadwood, and so that one engine '
fo.iling the other may continue to drive both screws at a diminisbed
rate; both ends of the ship to be sharp; forecastle rather high;
vessel to move astem nearly as fast as ahead; steering apparatus in the bow as well as stern; armour of 2!in. plate, with the
exception of those on the water line, which should be 4iin. The
amount of sail to be carried small, and to be borne by four or five
light masts; armament, two of t he heaviest guns, one in the bows
and one at the stern, a few of lighter calibre being carried as broadside guns for special purposes; speed to exceed by a knot that of
the fastest war vessels now built- which, in consequence of the
lightness of her armour and armament, would be easily attainable.
As to the management of the vessel :- She is designed to act as a
ram ; wh en not so acting, however, the prow or stern to be kept
towards the enemy, so that nooe of his shot will strike the hull at an
angle greater than ao deg., at which angle 2tin. plate would be
impenetrable. By adoptiug the above tactics land batteries might
be advantageously attacked. When acting as a ram no ves~el would
be able to escape her on account of her speed and facilitiea for
rapid turning.
With regard to our present mllde of shipbuilding I cannot bel r
feeling that a mistake is comtnitted in plating over a wooden vessel
with thick slabs of iron, which add nothing to her strength. 'I' en
inches of oak represent in weight one of iron. By reducing the
thickness of the oak backing twenty inches, two inches of iron
would be available for flanges aod extra thickness of armour, besides
what would be saved in bolts for conn ecting timber to armour plates.
A backing of six illcbes of timber might still be retained. A vessel
with such a skin would, I imagine, have the advantage, in many
respects, over the W arrior. 1st. A shell would be far less likely to
lodge in the side. 2nd. Splinters, one of the chief sources of
wounds on board ship, would be much fewer. 3rd. Greater internal
space, durability, and compactness obtained. 4th. The guns would
be capable of a larger sweep, owing to the thickness of the sides
being less; and, 5th, probably a better resistance offered to shot,
thot.gh th"t would have to be determinlld by experiment.
Manchester, Oct. 17th, 1862.
E. W. Y.
THE INVENTION OF THE PLANING MACHINE.
Sm,-I have received the enclosed spontaneous communication
from Messrs. S. Barton and Sons, of Derby, which they have kindly
permitted me to publish. Comiug from an independent source
(Messrs. B. being uuknowu to me), their testimony will, I conceive,
be conclusive as to the justice of my claim, and quite coufinns the
statement 1 made in my letter of the 9th inst. RteiURD RoBERTS.
10, Adam-street, Adelphi, Oct. 23, 1~62.
f COPY.)
R . Robert.s, Esq.
Brunswick Foundry, Derby,
October 20th, 1862.
DEAn Srn,-We have read with interest the letters appearing in
'I'HE ENGINEER written by yourself and Messr~. Fox, as t.o your respeotive claims for being the first inventors of the plauiog machine.
Now, although Messrs. Fox are townsmen of ours, and '~ell known
to us, we cannot silently allow them to make assertions as to the
date of the making of the first planing machine by their ~,;ralld­
father, when we are prepared to prove that they are mistaken 1n that
date.
•
The senior of our firm was in the service of the Fo:r. family~.
from 1814 up to 1868, and therefore can 1peak positively as to
•
I
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OCT. 24, 1862.
the y ear in which their first p laning machine w as made (he having
helped to make it). Re says:" T he first machine (a small one) was not made until 1823 ; and the
second one, a much larger one, in 1827. This statement beariog
out that mad~ by yoursel~, we think that justice demands tha! the
h onour of bemg the first mventor of a tool ,which to the eng10eer
h as proved a. greater aid than any other, should, when proved by
the above fact, be allowed to rest upon yourself. II we could have
secouded Messrs. Fox's statement, it would have afforded us a
plea:sure, for to whom the invention rightly belongs should enr
reoe1ve th e grateful acknowledgment of all wbo use it.
" W e ard, dear sir, yours truly,
(Signed)
" S. BARTON AND SoNs."
THE
ENG INEER.
are investigating this subject. 'l'here are, h owever, cases (as, for
instance, the fracture or steel plates) i n which the diameter of the
shot appears to have a. less influence on the result.
But hitherto, so far as 1 know, it has been overlooked that the
crushing resistance of the shot also diminishes as the diameter is
decreased, and tLat this affects the amount of work or 'VU viva transferred by the shot to the target. No one who has witnessed the
experiments at Sboeburyness but will be aware bow large a por tion
of the work of the shot ~ expended in its ow.n disruption and t he
dispersion of the fragments at high velocit ies. T he low efficiency of
cast iron shells is due to the read iness with which they ar e crushed,
and the remarkable results with Mr. W hitwor th's steel p rojectiles
chiefly show the gain in penetration w hen this loss is avo1ded.
'!'he tendency to disruption it~ much gr eater in the case of cylindrical, round-ended than in that of spherical shot, of t he same
weight and at the same velocity, and that from two causes :-1st.
The resistance of spheres to crushing is greater than that of short
cylinders, tw•o or three diametGrs long. 2nd. The total resistance
of the plate to punching decreases as the diameter of the shot,
whereas the total resistance of the shot to cr ushing decreases as the
square of its diameter; so that, in a series of projectiles of diJierent
diauneters, but the same weight, whicb ·penetrate a plate of t he same
thickness, while the total pressure bet ween the sbot and target
varies directly as their diameters (the total resistance to punching
being in that ratio), yet the pressure per square inch is inversely as
the diameter, or 1ncreases as t he shot is made smaller and longer.
Now, since the resistance to crushing for a unit of ar ea. is nearly
constant, whereas the pressure tending to crush the shot becomes
greater as thG length of the shot is increased, and the diameter
diminished, it is evident that rifled shot are necessarily less effective
lD penetratiug plates than spherical shot, when both are of cast iron.
1t follows from this that wbile we may deduce from the Shoeburyness experiments the inefficiency of the Armstroog projectile,
we are not entiUed to dra.w any conclusion as to the inefficiency of
the guu (taken separately), unless it eau be shown independently,
that, for a given obarge ol powder, the Anostrong shot r eceives a
less accumulation of vis viva than that from a smooth bore.
Let v be the initial velocity of tbe shot, p the charge o[ powder,
w the weight of the shot, t hen by a well-known formula,
Sm,-If Mr. Roberts thinks t hat the only information we possess respecting the time when our grandfather made his first planillg
m achine rests solely upon the statement of our men, he is very
wrong. Many a time, when in conversation with our father and
uncle, the late firm of J osevh and J a.mes Fox, the deceased sons of
Mr. J ames Fox, have we beard tile history aod date of the invention
of the planing m11.0bine, and had either of those gentlem~n been
alive Mr. Roberts' tale would have been q uickly shattered.
It is true, as Mr. Roberts states, th~~ot we do not state these
matters from our own know ledge, but the knowledge we do possolss
upon that matter comes to us from sources living and dead, upon
w hich we do know the greatest reliance is to be pln.ced. We have
meu who have been in our concern over fifty years, younger men
t han Mr. Roberts, and whose po\vers of memory are not superseded
by h is i and nothing Mr. Roberts can say can make those men
believe in their memory being inacc~.trate.
'l'hey smile at the idea that all work which iD Nottingham and
Derby wanted planinf? went to Manc-hester to be planed Their
o wn opinion is that Just that muob fell to the share of the Globe
W orks that we could not do. The hours they had to work the two
machines cause them to remember the busy times of lace machine
making in tba years 1!!19, 1820, and 182 1.
T here are plenty of gentlemen in the town and county of Derby
who know that our gra.ndfa.tber could not tell Mr. Roberts in 1824
t hat he bad no planing machine at that ·time at work, as they bad
= kP
seen them at work some years before that date. A maiden lady, a
W
dau ghter of the late :hi r. Fox, says she has a positive knowledge
that her father was not in Lancashire at all after 18 l\!; and that she where k i s a. constant, varying with different descriptions of
·
ordnance.
lS equall y certain that his two sons were not there together a.~ any
one time within ten years before 1823, or at all after that time.
Hence, k being constant-.,......,.2
F eeling perfectly certain of the truth of the position we take, we
WV OCi P
sh all not trouble you, Mr. Editor, w ith any more remarks.
and P, beiog constantwvz cc k.
D erby, 16th October, 1862.
Fox BROTRERS.
Th us we see th at k is a measure of the efficiency of gu ns of different constructions when we have experimental determinations of
Sm,-I n r eferring to a. few of the la.st numbers of THE ENGINEER, W, V, and P. T he data. in the following table are from Captain
I find a correspondence carried on between the Messrs. Fox Brothers, Noble's Official Report of the experiments with the Navez Electroof Derby, and Mr. Roberts, of Manchester, relative to the inventor Ballistic Apparatus, quoted in TnE ENGINEER for J uJy 41 p. 5.
of the planing macbioe. 'l'he experieuce I have bad in connection
with the grandfather, father, and unc!G of the hl0S3rs. Fox Brothers
p
Value of k deduced.
w
V
induces me to send you a few lines which I think will corroborate to
some extent the statement already made by the latter gentlemen .
Armstrong 12-pounder . ... ]•375 11'9 nn·8
10,697,880
I t was early in 1824 when I first became personally intimate with
1•5
1190•2
11,238,170
1 2-pounder •• ..
11·9
11
11•9 1248•2
12,860.1116
the late Messrs. Fox; from that time up to the year 1846 (with the
12-pounder . . . . 1•5
11
Smooth bore 12-pounder ... . 4•0
12·66 1760•8
9,91a,400
exc.eption of three or four months) I remained in their employ.
9,02$,280
,
, 32-pounder .. •• 10'0
81'6 1690'0
A t the time I engaged (viz., 1824) with the grandfather of the
1579•0
,
68-;>ounder .... 16'0
66'4
10,346,950
11
present Mossra. Fox he bad then an old plauing machine in a shop
built on purpose for it at the back of the smithy, by the river side. I
Divide the numbers in the last column by 2,q (,..... 64 4), at!d they
believe it is there at the vresent time, and if Mr. Roberts or any other
gentleman would like tosel' it, no doubt the grandsons of the inventor will represent the foot pounds of work accumu)ated iD the shot
w ould feel a pride in sbowing it. I never bad the curiosity to by the combustion of one pound of powder. Hence it appears
inquire how loug the machine had been in use previous to 1824·, but tbat the Armstrong gun imparts more vi8 viva for a. g iven charge
if a. many years' experience of the wear and teaa· of machinery may than a smooth bore, in spite of the friction of the lead coating- a
be allowed as evidence, I should say the machine had been in daily result due, I presume, to the less wi.nda.ge and the more perfect combustion of the smaller charge.
use eight or ten years previous to 1824.
Now, I am not interested in the rival merits of diJierent guns,
Mr. Roberts asks how it was that be had so much of the Nottingh am and Derby trade if a p laning machine bad been in existence so but, as bearing on the scientific question of the penetration of
much nearer than his own? That is easily accounted for. At the armour plates, the two fo llowing conclusions appear to me imtime Mr. Roberts mentions, and for a long time after, Mr. Fox took portant:1st. 'rhat, if cylindrical projectiles are to be made as effecti ve as
the lead as a lathe and tool maker ; consequently, had more nP.w
work for Old Ben (as we used to call it) to do than it could get the old spherical ones against armour plates, they must be of a matethrough in reasonable hours, such as lathe beds, castings for slide rial of greater crushing resistance, in the proportion (as far as can
r ests, &c. Nevertheless be did at times accommodate a few of the be assigned at present) that their diameters are less; or with the
leading manufacturers in lho neighbourhood; for Old Ben was not Armstrong shot of about one-third greater resistance to cr ushing.
2nd. That with the present variety of ordnance, and the varying
only adapted for planing, but likewise for Outing by means of a
circular cutter. Old Ben had an apparatus made to carry circular ratio of charge to projectiles, it is erroneous and mil:lleading to
according to the weight of their service shot.
cutters, and a very slow feed motion for the saddle. I have worked denominate ordnance
2
alon g with Old Ben late and early, on purpose to oblige Nottingham But, since WV varies simply asP, it would be unobjectionable to
gen tJemen, fluting circular rollers 6ft. and 7ft. long for rolling classify them according to their service charges.
Kendal, October 20, 1862.
W. C. UNWIN.
L ocker lace machines- a job that required great accuracy in
division, as well as being smooth and clean. If Mr. Fox
at that time had bad several machines like Old Ben, he could
MALLEABLE CAST IRON GUNS.
ha.ve kept them continually in motion all the time during the
Sm,- Will you, or some of your readers, k:indlyliDform me, through
lace machine fever, but be refused loads of jobbing work, for his
own new work paid him better, and being an ingenious man, be the medium of your paper, whether malleable cast iron has
t ook more pleasure in it. If Mr. Roberts still thinks be has a right ever been tried for guns. In my humble opinion, good cast i ron,
to call bimsulf t he inventor of the planing machine, I will, on pur- properly annealed, would be as tough as wrought iron and much
J ORN C. R. OKJ!s.
pose to disabuse his mind, take the trouble of co:Jecting still more less expensive.
Greenwich, 21st October.
satisfactory evidence, as I know ther~ are one or two gentlemen
iD the ueigbbourhood of Derby that worked for Mr. Pox seven
or eight years before I did. I will eudeavour to get their eviSHI PS' ARMOUR.
dence. And should you deem this worthy of space in your valuable
Sm,- In your issue of the 17th inst. I note a plan by J. H. Stacy
journal, I will send you another letter on a. future occa..:.ion.
for building invulnerable ships. T hough he informs us that tht1
SAMUEL H.&u.
scientific nature of such armour must be apparent, I think it is liable
Gun Factory, Royal Arsenal, Woolwicb,
to t he following objections:October 20th, 186:.!.
1st. T he fastenings, to bear the enormous tensional strain t hrown
upon them wben the ship is tested as a girder, will require to be of
TUE YACHT AMERICA.
such dimensions as will render the plates th rough which th6y pass
Sm,-I have not taken any interest in tbG controver:;y about too weak for the object proposed.
2nd. T he caulking action of shot on snch a. structure would
"steamboats," carried on by "N. Z." and "James Macpherson," but
I .cannot allow the assertion of the latter that the "America fairly inevitably separate the plates by thickening the outer edges, if, in dl.Staaced all competitors, leaving the smartest craft iu the English deed, the blows do not, by shearing the fastenings, drive them
w aters hopelessly behind,'' to pass without remark. His not correct completely in.
3rd. Any serious damage done to the centre of the fabric could
t hat she did so. Had that been the fact we might fairly allow that
her proportions are so near perfection as to form a precedent. What, not, from the plan of building, be r epaired withou t taking it aU to
however, aro tbe facts? Iler owner would only compete in a :.ix pieces again.
What is required is a structure perfectly homogeneous, and free
knot breeze, and would not allow time even to a competitor of 21) to us.
As wGII might we match tbe Great Eastern aoainst a tiny steamer from the inevitable weaknesses of every system of scale or jointed
and claim a victory. The America was bea~n by the Mosquito, a armour hitherto tried.
So long as yon have joints or seams, whether butted, lapped,
yacht of 5? tons-one fourth of her tonnage-in a race ronud the
Isl~ of W1gLt. It was argued that the American crew were not iu grooved, dove tailed, wed~ed, or rivetted, so long will you have
her. This is t1·ue, but it is also true that the America. on this ooc~­ a portion of your ar mour incapable of bearing the dead ly blows of
sion sailed the distance in considerably less time than when her own Whitwortb's cannon, or even the old heavy smooth -bore or dnance.
The only way out of t he diffi.:ulty that I can see is to weld up
crew ran her the same course. Another defect in the America is
her w.ant of internal accommodati~n. In this she is lamentably our ships in one piece; and f should like to ask th e opinion of those
defect1ve. What, then, are he1· cla11ns? She ha.s a fine bow, and boilermakers and others who have practised plate-welding on t he
we have admitted lbat by copying it many of our yachts have been small scale as to the feasibility of applying that p ractice on t he
altered with the most excell.:ut results; so far I give credit to her larger scale of shipbuilding. The great difficulty in welding, I
designer, but no furtlaer. Everything was sacrificed to speed; she apprehend, will bA to get. the means of u.ing a welding temperature
could not carry hor own spars on her voyage here. Our schooner at any required spot, through a great range of space. Now, would
yachts traverse the globe in racing trim. .And I proudly point to no t a jet or t:-.crietl of jets of such a gas as that advertised in your
pages as being capable of melting platinum quickly (a mixture of
the .Alarm as the finest schooner the world has yet produced.
oxygen and carburetted hyd rogen) give a beat of sufficient v olume and
Birkenhead, October 21st, 1862.
N. S.
inten&ity at a J?lOderate cost. Fire-brick.lchambers migh t be used to
confine the action of t he flame, and t o prevent the dissipation of
THE FORCE OF PROJECTILES.
heat.
Sm,- A letter in your last, and some remarks in your recent
I should also like to inqu ire how far it might be practicable to
leading articles, lead me to poiut out what appears to llle an over- cast
ships in one piece, or, at least, iD large sections, of m etal at a
sight in the discussion of the relative penetrating power of different suitable stage of t he Bcssemer process, by adding fresh metal conprojectiles.
tinuously at one edge, which would be constantly mai.Jltained at the
b
The formula. D g1ven y your correspondent is no doubt melting temper ature. Some of us who pay taxes, and all who
luxuriate on t he dispensation of them at W oolwich, E nfield, or Shoecorrect iD principle w hen applied to those cases iD which the ac- buryuess, are w ell aware that "expense is no object" in a scheme
tion of the shot on the target is analogous to pun ching. It has, I of this ki nd.
know, been recognised as true for a.loDg time past by several who
T o carry out the second plan yon would, of course, require such a
vz
I
t
•'
I
'•
~
'
••
•
•
~
I
•'
~
I
Ill
•
I
11
I
I
I
l
I
--·
wvz .
247
n umber of furnaces as would be capable of pouring a continuous
stream of molten metal of a sufficient v olume. The model or mould
might be built up of the form of the interior of the vessel turned
upside down, so that the operation wo~ld somew~at r esemble tb.e
tarring of tunnels or of arch:es over wh1cb a.. can~llS to pa&l· This
would also admit of bammenug the metal while still red, S? as to develope a certain amount of fibre; and, when the vessel1s complete,
the model would be quarried out, and the shell turned over complete.
.
·
I n conclusion I t rust that some of y our contnbnto~ 'Wlll fe:vour
me with a merciful criticism, and some account of theJ.t e:rpenence
iD plate-welding.
S. J. J.
NOTES F ROM NEW SOUTH WALES.
-.
W E find by advices wh ich w e have just r eceived from New South
Wales that contracts have been taken for the extension of the Great
Souther n Railway of that colony beyond Picton. The length contracted f" r is about 13 miles, an d is divided into two portions. The
first portion, which is a little more than 5 miles in length, but
which contains some very heavy works, has been con tracted for by
Mr. Crowsha.w. 1'he contract for the second portion, which is
between 7 and 8 miles in length, has been taken by Messrs. Shuttlewort h and Wallace. It is stated that these contracts have been
taken at extremely low prices. Amougst the unsuccessful tenderers
wa.s Mr. Ra..ndle, who carried out the fi rst railway works in this
colony.
Mr. Randle's experience iD railway construction has
eo abled him to estimate the exact cost of the works, and he sent in
what he considered to be a. very low tender ; but out of the twelve
or thir teen tenders, there were five or six lower than his. The agents
of SJ.t M. Peto and Co. did not compete for these lines, but some of
t heir sub-contractors were among the u nsuccessful tenderers. It is
u nderstood t hat in about a. month t.be Government will call for tenders
fo t· tbe remaining portion of the extension-from the termination of
the above con tracts as far as Mittagong-another length of 13 miles.
Sir M. Peto an d Co.'s w estern extension had been completed and
opened for traffic, aud on the n orthern and southern extensions the
cuttings and embankmen ts were about finished, the works on hand
bei ng the ballastmg and the la.yinf? of the permanent way. The line
to Singleton is confiden tly promiSed to be completed by the end of
the year. T he extension to Picton would have been finished by
t hat time but for the delay that has taken place with the erection of the
Menangle viaduct. T his is an extremely h eavy and difficult work,
the i mmense size and massiven ess of the stone piers, and
the extensive preparations r equired to obtain foundations,
r endering their construction a v ery slow and tedious operation.
The vessel containing the ironwork for the two
end spans was wrecked soon after leaving Liverpool in Jan uary
last. Steps were p romptly taken to r eplace the loss, and the
northern span was shipped iD the Ocean Empress, which vessel
sailed from L iverpool on the 17th J une. The Cornwallis had been
engaged for the ironwork of the third span. It was intended to
open the first portion of Sir M. Peto and Co.'s southern ex tensionas far as Menang le-on the 1st of September. The extension of the
Great W estern Railway into the town of P enrith-a. small line,
1! miles in leng th-is being carried out by Mr. Gibbons ; Sir M.
Peto and Co.'s agents having refused to take the work, because they
considered the time allowed for its execution too short. .All the
cuttings are through, the embankments formed, and the bridges
completed. M r. Gibbons' contract is only for the formation; and a
tender for the ballasting and the permanent way has been taken by
Mr. Bewick, who is to be allowed two months to perform these
works. Messrs. Jamison Brothers are erecting the station at Penr ith. Considerable progress has been made with the works on
the extension of the Great Nor thern Railway from East Ma.itland to
Morpeth, for which a contract was taken two months since by Mr.
J. Martindale. 'l'he l ine will be two miles and a half in length,
and will be connected by sidings with each of the Steam Companies'
wharfs. S ome of the smaller cuttings are finished, and the larger
ones are w ell ad vanced. Two brick culverts are built, a.nd the piles
for t he bridges are being driven by a. steam engine, the greater
portion of the timber for these works being ou the ground. The
l ine is to be completed iD six months. A contract has been taken by
Mr . .<Umita.ge for the erection of a viaduct across the Hunter a.t
Singleton, to be used for the roadway as well as for the railway.
T here are to be five openings of 80ft., the superstructure to be'
supported by .five laminated arches. There are to be four massive
stone piers besides the abutments. The total lengt.h of the viaduct
will be 523ft. ; the western side will be devoted to the railway, for
which a width of 12ft. will be railed off; the roadway on the
eastern side will be 15ft. iD width. The wheels of vehicles will
be g uided by flanges upon iron plates laid along the centre of
the roadway. T he site of the viaduct is a mile higher up the river
than the present crossing-place on the Great Northern road.
E igh teen months are to be allowed for the completion of the work
It is determined that the bridge across the Nepea.n, at Penrith, to
carry both the railway and the main road, is to be of iroD, lipon
stone piers, somewhat similar in construction to the Menangle vi&duct. .There are to be four piel'!!, with three openings of 180ft. span.
The d~.tectors of the Botany Railway Company have applied to the
colonial Parliament for an Act to incorporate the company. Only
three m iles of railway will h ave to be formed, along a. very level
country, t he company proposing t o run their carriages on two miles
of the P aramat ta line. The shares have been freely taken
up ; and the proprietors of land along the line have offered to give
t he company whatever land was required. R oth H ouses of Parliament
have recen Liy expressed formal approval of the plans, sections, and
books o[ reference of the proposed extension of the Great Northern
Railway from Sing leton to 'MusweUbrook, a.ud of the Great Western
Railway from Penrith towards Bathurst. In the course of the
d~bate on tb~ question in the Coun?il, soll!e particulars were
g1ven respectmg the pr oposed extensiOns. lt was stated that
the westeru line, starting on the w est side of the Nepea.n,
ascended Lapstone H ill by crossing Knapsack Gully ; it did not
follow t he present road, but verged considerably to the south, and
then, after a certain distance, ascended the hill by means of a. zigzag.
A;cross Knapsack Gully t here w ould be a. viaduct having seven or
e1ght arches of 50ft. span, to cost about .£30,00U; and, after crossing
this, the line proceeded towards W ascoe's Inn; from which point,
un til its termination at Soldier's Pinch, within a short distance of
Mount Victoria, the linA hardly left the main road at all. The
length of the line was 89 miles, and Mr. Wbitton's estimate of the
cost was £1 0,000 per mile. As, however, only £250,000 bad been
voted for t he western extension, t he works could not be carried for
that sum more th ou 25 miles; and, as a deduction had to be made for
the cost of the bridge over Knapsack Gully, t he amount left would
n ot be more than sufficient to construct 20 miles of the line. In the
expenditure of t he sum voted the railway. would be carried
a little beyond what was known as Eighteen-mile H ollow
The steepest gradient in th e line was 1 iD 3u ; in other
parts of the lin e the gradien ts varied from 1 iD 33 to 1 in
40, with an occasion al level portion. The g reatest curve
was on e of eight chains radius. It was also stated, with regard to
the mode of working the steep gradients proposed, that the engines
to be ordered would be a ble to dra w up an incline of 1 iD 30
150 tons, including their own weight; they would contain the r ecent
improveme~ts adopted in locomotive engines iD England, iD regard
to the couph ng together of the wheels, to the use of a. bogie, and to
carrying the wa.ter on the engine. Some information was also presented
to the ~uncil as to the reason for the sum of £10,000 per JLile being
detenruued on for ~heW estern extension. The three principal sources
of expense on railways were found to b&--tbe interest upou the
cost of construction, the cos~ of maintaining the permanent way and
t he working expenses. lt had been estimated that the two iatter
so~rces of expense wou!d amount to about 8id. per ton per
mile upon the .proposed line . for the conveyance of eighty tons
each way daily - thD.t bemg the present estimated traffic
between Penritb and Batburst. It wa.s also found that a toll of 6d
per ton per mile was the maximum charge which the public would ~
•
248
-
THE
IIENS MAN'S
Om. 24, 1862.
ENGINEER.
-- ====~==============~========~~~-==-
S T EA~f
PLOUGHS.
F'ICI . I .
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willing to pay for the convilynnce of good11 between those places;
nnd consequently the engincur hn.d got only 2~d. pt~r tou pPr mile to
go towards paying the intrl'est oo the cos t ot construction. 'l'hat
amount would only nllow hint, on the above calculation ns to traflic,
to constntct a line to cost £1(1 1 0U0 por mile. If a line were to be
ca;ried out a~ a cost of £20,000 per mile a chnrge or 8~d. per tun per
mtle would have to be madu to meet the interest on the cos t; but as
it was thought the public wou le\ object to so high a raw, the engineer
was obliged to limit the cost of hii line to £10,000 a mile. With
regard to the Northern extension from Singleton t~ Muswellbroek,
it was stated that tbe length of that liue was 3:.! miles, and that its cost
would not exceed £i,800 per mile -the sum o! £250,000 having beeu
voted for the cxtonsiou. 'I' he proposed line crosses tbe Great Northern Road three times-near StUgletoo, n.t Liddoll, and at Grass
Tree Hill. 'I' be works will be ~:euerally o( a lighter character than
those on the Southern or the Western extensions. The new lines
are n ow being staked out.
'!'be Minister for Works has laid on the table of the Assembly the
plans and sections of n horlle milwny line from Blaclrtown w Windsor and Richmond, made by ~lr. Weaver, who was appointed by the
Government to sut-vey such a liue, the Assembly having voted the
sum of £1:0,000 last sessiou for the construction or an experimental
horse railway line. The distance to Windsor will be 12 miles,
nnd beyond that to Ricbmonrl 4 miles. Tbe line is stated to be
nu advantageous oue, and 1\fr. 'Vea.ver estimates that the cost of the
works will not much exceed £ 3,0UO per mile.
HEXS:i\IAN'S STEAM PLOUGHS.
Tnrs invent ion, by 1\Icsgrs, llensmnn, of Woburn, relates, firstly,
to improvements in ploughs specially npplicnble to steam culture;
and, secondly, to improveu1ents in the apparatus for giviu~ motiou
the reto.
Fig. 1 is a. side elevntion, Fig. 2 an end elevatioiJ 1 and Fig. 3 n.
part plan view of the improved double plough for steam cult:ne.
A, A, are plough beams supported upon a. travelling frame. a, a,
a1·e land wheels, and b, b, furrow wheels. The laud wheels a, a, are
capable of adjustment by means of a s u1·ew stem c, which raises or
lo1vers them upon the slide roil c1• When lifted by a lever d the
furrow wheels slide upon the rails d1• G is a square frame, which
slides upon the upright rods lt, /11 being Jilted Ly means of a. roller
auJ chain i, as shown in Fig:~. 1 and 2, or by a rod and lever
l"l, os shown in Fi9. 1.
Fig. 4 is an end elevatiot: of tbe
lever and its supporlmg bracket. The plough beams are bolted
tol>ether at each end, and furnished with a longitudinal central rod
or bolt k, upon which they are free to revolve when lifted clear of
the bearing bat· j. The bolt k passes through two holes in a. bowt<haped frame I, which is pivotted into the sides of tbe frame G.
While in wo rk the plough b<'ams are held down upon the beariug
bars j by a lever and catch. P, P, are the ploughs aflixed in pair.s on
opposite sides of the beams A ; X is an overllC.'ad tie beam, and
y,y, stay irons. T he wheel bars cl, d•, turn freely on their centres,
nucl thereby alter the direction of th e wheels, inclining to the right
or Mt as guided by the steering bondle L. The bars c 1 and d 1 nre
connected together at their upper ends by tbe levers m aud cross
barn. 0, 0 1, are sockets affixed to the baru d• to receive the steering
lever L, which, upon being insorted in the socket. 0, is caught aud
held by a. self-acting catch t·. S, S t, are supplt:mentary furrow
wheels. When the ploul:\hs are in work the then foremost. supplementary wheel S is hfted and beld out of action by a catch,
ns shown in Fig. 11 the hindmost furrow wheel b being nt
the some time lifted out of nctiou, and the supplementary furrow
wheel S 1 depressed to run in the furrow, each wheel being beld
firmly in the required position by catch Jevtlrs, as shown. On reaching the end of a com·so th<a implement is not Lurned round, but the
plough beams are lifted (at one o•· both ends) and turned over so as
to bring the opposite pair or ploughs into action. The guiding or
steering lever r.; is ohnoged to the then £oromost socket, and the position or the furrow wheels reversed nod arranged relatively, as
before described. The seat fur the steersman is also changed, beiug
held by sockets q, in which a stem is slid. Io the plan view, Fig. 3,
'r is a. rod !lliding in eyes t, t, attached to each e nd of the frame;
U, U2, and V, v~,are draw links, to the outer ends of which the drag
ropes are attached. w, 10, are chains connecting the ends of th e
draw links with the rod '1'. By mean<~ of this arrangement the
binder links U', v:, are brought into the position shown, which
lays the bi\Ck rope iu its proper place ready for the return oourse,
whereby a direct action is obtained free from any side strain.
Fig. 6 is a. 11ide view, and Fig. 6 a cross section, or part of a plough
beam, having a mised bead b', against wh:ch a flat coulter, being
held by a suitable clamp, admits or the coulter point being placed
in or inclined to the line of draught as may be required.
Fig. 7 is n side view, nod Fig. I! n plan view, of part or a plough
beam, having a raised and indented bend. The indents may be
either semicirculm· or angular, for the r eception o£ a round or flatbeaded coulter stem, held in any required position by a suitable
clamp.
Fig. 9 is n side view, and Fig. 10 is n plan view, of a plough beam
in which there are three ot· more holes c', c3, to receive the circular
stem of a holder d3. .Fig, 11 , a round coulter stem, being placed
therein, it is capable o( being adjusted npon and held securely to the
plough beam by moons or n. suimble clamp.
Fig 12 is 11 side elevation, and Fig. 13 n cross sectiou, of a
fiat coulter, haviug a projectiug bead raised upon its bearing side,
which may bo used upon a hended plough beam (either plain ot·
indented), thereby admitting of 11 double adjustment, viz., th e direction of the point, aud the inclination of tho cutting edge of the
coulter.
Fig. 14 is a plau view, and Fig. 15 n front elevation, of a clamp
suitable for holding the foregoing coulter.
Fig. 16 is ono of two roundo?d webl!, the stem or which pnsses
through an oblong hole es, with a circular bllCk bear ing fo r the
screw nuld, so as to admit of any required inclination being given to
the poi nt as well as to the edge or the coulter.
Fig. 17 is nu edge view, and Fig. 18 a back view, of a jointed
champ for attnchiug fiat coulters to plough beams. '!' be upper and
lower screw boltsf', g', are jointed to the back of the champ h3 , the
front bar being lightened by tbe screw nuts.
Fig. 19 is an improved m ode of coustructiug the wheel anu other
slides of ploughs and other implements, by making them panelled,
whereby a steady and more durable bcariug is obtained th an wben
plain surfaces are employed; Fig. 20 is a r.ross section, aud Fig. 21
an edge vie w of the same.
Fig. 21! is a side elevation, aud Fig. 23 a back view, of a windlass
for t-tenm ploughing. A~, Av, are the travelliug 'vbeels, but in
Fig. 21 the neat· wheel is omitted to show the other parts; n~, Bz,
are the shn.fts anti frame j
the axle j D 2 , D 2 , are two drums
upon wltich lho 1·opes are w ouud, m ounted, and revolving upou
the n.xle 0 2 • 'l'he outet· rim of each of tbe drums d 1 is toothed.
On each side of the frame there it1 an upright pedestal, block,
or bracket Ez. B2 is a horizontn.l shaft, carrying two pi cions
!J·· 9 .. which gear res pectively into the rims d 1 of the drums D 2 •
H 2 is n. ri gget· for receiving motion from a. steam engine.
The shaft 1!'2 revolves in bearings supported upon the movable
levers rz
which are jointed to t bo braclcet E 2 at
J 2 is a lever,
cz,
rz,
e•.
one end or which is jointed to the !frame B' at b', the other end
being attached by a connecting rod b~ to the levers
KZ is a. brake
2
attached to the lever JZ, WJ.en the lever I is lifted it disengages
th e piu ion g1 from the toothed wheel, and a t the same time brings
the brake KZ into contact with the inside surface of the toothed
rim cl', and stops the rovolution of th e drum. L 2 is a lever catch
for holding the lever !2, and keeping the pinion ft either in or out or
gear with tbe toothed rim of the drum. Each drum, witb its pinion,
brake, and lever, is independent or the other, so that they eau be lifted
together or sepat·ately, as may be required. M 2 is a length of chain
uniting the ends of the two ropes that are wound upon the drums,
in the centre of which chain the re is a drag hook m 2 for attaching
to the implement to be drawn.
rz.
A ComNo DBLOO£.-M. Mathieu (de la Drome) writes to the
Siecle to communicate a note which be has addressed to the Academy
of Sciences, and according to which all the watercourses in the
south-Past or France, and in the whole south of Europe, will
experience n. very great augmentation from the 28th instant to the
8th or November. lie predicts great inundations in Italy, and still
greater ones in countries to the east or Italy. In France only a. few
departments will be vi~ited by this scourge. The 17th degree or
longitude is the re~ion where it will be most severely felt. The
overllo w or rivers will take place, according to M . Mnthieu, throughout n zone or more than 600 leagues, parallel to n line dm.wn from
Cotte or Marseilles to a point beyond the Black S ea, grazing tbe
south of the Crimen. The neighbourhood or seas will, it is said, be
chiefly affected, nntl advice i.; given w the population of the difltricts
indic:tted to take such precautions Uii may be in their power before
the :!8th instant.
Tu & Wunwonnt UANNOll Jll FttANOE.-We bave been favoured
with n. viow or 1he ofllciol account of some practice mnde witll a.
'Vbitworth 6·pounde r in Francu about a. year ngo, nud which caused
the Committe0 of Artillery to rPj ect it as n. weapon or war. We
eau vouch for the accuracy of the following:-
-
------:No.luro or Nos. or Dlrechon
gun.
rounll.
wind.
or EICI'a• Char;::e
of
powder.
I ----1-----·--------------Devl:!tlou.
-------Wh ltworth
6-pounllcr
,.
..
..
..
.,
..
.,
,.
Almo~t
in
u~
1
2
llu c or fire.
..;
:S
,.
:::
•
6
6
i
~
0
1U
..
..
..
,.
,.
,.
.,
First graze.
tion.
K
o.~co
..
g
_g
..c:
~
:5
f
:
.,
.,
E
~
e
c!;
~
c)5
I
Rma:c. l Left.
Ri~ht.
Met res. .U et res. Metres.
1,636
o·so
l,MIS
·o
o·
l,S~.;
O·tiO
I
J,sn
1,936
1,81lfl
1,9tO
l,S!lu
l!,utS
2,1HI
o·60
l
1'80
0'30
s·oo
0'30
-
2·00
-
t·Su
'l'he projcctilo Wl\ll sulic\ nud elongated. It weighed exactly
2 k. i5U grOllllllcs, or n. little over li lb. 'l' he pow•icr c hnrge was
500 grammes (n.bou t ll b. I! oz.), or exactly fr of the weight of tho
shot. 'l'bo winu was moderate (sensible), aud within about one point
o r the liue of fire. 'l'he difJereucc in rnuge between No. 2 and
No. 10 was no less than 6 18 m etres, or about 570 yards! 'l'he
diiJerence in lateral deviation between No. 2 and No. 6 was
6·60 m etres, Ot' about 18ft. ! It is but just to state that Mr. Whitworth':~ own gunpowder was uot used, but the or<linary cannon
powder.
•
Ocr. 24, 1862.
THE
ENG IN EER.
M ysore'sengines, each of'.100-horsepower ,are far advanced t o
complet ion. The Poonah's engines are horizontal, the others
• . • Covtrl for binding tl1e volume can be ltad from tlte prtbli&lter, arc ' 'ertical, like the Mooltan's. When, as is likely to b e
price 21. Gd. eaclt.
the case, a considerable number of our readers come t o
0. 0 .-Nrrt 1Cttl•.
examine these engines, they will be found to present many
W. B . (Steam l''tre Em:lncll. }-1\'t .•ltra.l.
E P. B.-J.t t•llat Jlttrl n.f Tm: ENOINiliiR ?
points of interest. The high and low pressure system, or
A NIIW SUIJSCRIDl!R.-II'r rtrlltiOI itlfurnt ]/01'.
"ivhat some choose to call "marine engine crinoline," is
W. R.-JV, knotD oj tiOthiu(l of t11e kitlll hm•ut(l btttt ttJtcl itt tall ,; ,.t;,l!J.
The P oonah's engines
H. T ..s. (Liverpool.)- Jl'e liort nilttlt 10u1t ttlt)viriu, but ran Q,ff~•· 1101• 110 carried out to a. grent extent.
adnrr.
hn' c two 102·in. and two 48-io. cylinders, the common
0 M. (~\'olverton.) -l'tntl' rta«oni••!l i1 IOvncl, bo•t tltt g1•11 ''· ut tltiul:, iut· stroke of both pistons, attnched to the same rod, being
practtcvl>lt.
O .MllOA.-Yov ui/1 Ji•od ab1t act~ of CapiCiin Colt•' IPtriflratio"' in ot•t· 111•b· 3ft. 3in.
'l'hc vertical engines have ench a pair
li•ltttl ,;oltllllfl.
•
of 96-in., and a pair of 43-in. cylinders with 3·ft. &troke,
0 L. (Pimllco.)-/tt the Uuitrrl State• hardly any otlur l:itHI "/ bralt block
the large and small cylinders being end to eud in all,
ha• tt:tl' btM ttlfll.
N. D. Y .-Mt>lt'f..OictrL'ir, 1re ilrliut, 1Wiliilh lt guatl 1rotk O•t Ca>'JW.t>·y, tt•ttl the large cylind(:rs, moreover, being next to the crank
N 1·. ll'tolr tn•othn·.
0. E. E.-ll'r IW>'tl '""'"''•'Ou{lltt iron Jll'OjJO•td fiJI' ~ltipl' 1rn•c•, anti hart shaft. Jn the }Joonnh's engines n trunk of 32in. diameter
is employed ou that side of each of the large p istons ne:-: t
Wt itlnr tlwt it /1(1.• &11" ttltcl.
M. 'J'.- 1/ad 11011 «lt•lrtl 1r/111 I /flllt r ]II'"P'li" tccu Iikt, ue cootid ltcn·r joJ'II!td 01•r the o·Jnk ~ohaft, the full nrcn. being preserved on t hat side
omt ,O)Jin !Ut< 11/ il1 c•clra ntugt~ '""' cl i~.acl !'llllllt(l"·
R. H. J. (l~id~H\l\C,)-Wt •u 1w 111rrot •·• tJDtll' "!flflnlion• about 1Jnr.kr1. of the hu·ge piston3 next to the high pressure cylinders.
ll'e fll't g/(11/ 111 hm ,. 1/11111' ntlw• Jllntt fin• ltii'IWI lilt I Jrrll.
The C) linders nod valve cases are well st<>am jncketted .
V.-T/,. llo'tOI[IIh (lolll1•fi(lhl cltJ)ttlll !"/ootl!t IM the iolc/i,tnlin•l nf 1/lf {11'!11.
A• to lhej'wl httt/11', tl11•'t v11•, JlfrltCIJ"• '"'"~' CI>I'J'Oiit•t ~ooallo· iot /lot ''11/t'l'. Au <:!~tic p ncking ring, the tendency of which is to coul XQU Ill Ell. - l"utu•/t ll(n~' ;ro, I.,,., tt rr ett'lu; ,If!! ,;n·y tt/tiOta td, a ml yott ,htnc trnct arou nd the piston rod, has been employed in the
'fliUCit IJ>it•4t i11 CfU"I'.I(tll{f Uil lfllr/; l',rJ'ft'I.IIUIIt8, (ltlftHI'd fll t/;ty CUf' 1r,'/1f
!>tuffing box in tho" cover" or partition between the high
IOult dan{Jtr. Tht {tlorntmlt•Ut 1rloirh !1014 l•n•·t llblli'Ud n•·e ft>'Y!Jtrllt'ttlltl
and low pressure cylinder. The eight scre,vs of t he trunk
L·n!Jtctl, nttl•oo•ph tWI, 10 it ltf/Jirar•. to troo•r ftllotD trO L· ..un.
J . D.-Wt ((Ill Yil't uoo• ~tofol'uwl«f•tt' cttlrt•latill(l th• ~fftc/i,•t blmc dtlivrncl stuffing box gland have each a pinion, all of them t aking
by ttfal/i,og bll'l!l· lt i• ,,, >'fttlt>t CtJiolptcrablt to !Iotic p1·cnurt. Bu.l V a
7·/on ltaltlnlf r fall P.ft , Utl<l rttlo•ct llfr 111 i(Lutl8 nj a bar ll,( tron lin .. it tcitL into a toothed steel ring which can be turned by a small
Jtn,·t c!otlt the vorL <tf Oi2 too~• a rllll(l through Ion. If the in.n dicl not pinion worked by hand, thus setting up or slacking off t he
yitltl at all tilt illu'" •rrmltl bt illj!uitt, O>' tiJIIal to a (ll'tat" prtuure tha!t packing equally all around, with the least p ossible
thnt of any iwogitt«ble ttllllliiM· "I ton..
difficulty to the engineer. T he nuts \Vhich secure
the brasses t o the trunk are eased or tightened by analoliiCIIWA Y llRIDCES.
gous means, the nuts being formed as tooth ed wheels, with
(To thr E<litc..· of 2'ht Enoint(r. )
A working mnn ~~ 10 !.now how much per eQUI\J'C foot the Oovenunent an intermediate wheel nod a pinion to be worked by hand
l nFpcclors put on ton bndge, to llro,•e lt fbr common roml trnftlc.
from the outside of the t runk. Each engine has its own
surface condenser, the t otal condensing surface being about
WIIILJ,;':< DLOOMINO :i\JACTIO."ERY.
equal to the heating surface in the boilers, or nearly 6,000
(To the /Nit or ol Tilt Rng.mtr.)
E:ra,-In ln~t "ccI.'s },:"o rs &£R you tlc$Crlb<! my mnchlnc ns being n IJiowlng square flet, referring, wo may say, to the 500-h orse engines
mnchlnc, nnd m.v nomc os While ln~lcnd or WhUc. It Is n tclf·nclln;: bloom- intended to work up to 2,250 indicated horse power. There
Ing mnchlnc, fur mol.lng blooms for rnllwny Iron, or rntiJer o. roUlng mill fur
arc in all G,OOO condensing tubes, each fitted \vith n comrolling olubs or blooms.
tuAr.L&S Wuru:.
Trcfoa·cst, n enr Pont-Y·IJI')'dd,
plete stuffing box at each end, or with 12,000 stuffing boxes
Octoll<!r 2 1s t, 18G2.
m all. H ow close they are may be judged from the fact
NEW WES'l' Ml.NS'fl..:lt DRIDGE.
thnt the tubes, iin. in diameter, are only 1in. from centre
(7'o the .b'ditor oj The .En(linee~·. )
to centre. Some of the patentees of surface condenser
S1a,-I eloould feel much obliged If you would lnfonn your renders whBt wns
the proof weight put on to W estmins ter Drldgo per I!Qunro foot, over tbo whole j oints deman~ 16s. per horse power, or £375 r oyalty for the
surrncc : nml nlso the proof mo,•lng lond, grndunlly brought on from oue end, P oonnh's engmcs. -·we are ns&ured that the whole cost of
like n Ihick crowd coming O\'er the bridge from one end.
A J'Ul'rL C. E.
making the joints is but £GO, includin~ 12,000 br ass ~lan ds
STEAM CULTIV.\ 'l'ION.
and packing, tnpping and screwing m. The packmg is
(To the Rtlilo•· ~1 Tilt E~oQittttr.)
t hat used by Hall, to wit, a small cylindrical ring of wide
Sin,- With rcfcrcncc to tho notice In your pnper of the Wnrwlck.•hlre Agrlcu:- cotton tape, r olled up nnd stitched, and costing, we
t urn I Socicly's late meeting ut Dlnn inghum, ot1u Mcl!SI'I!. J lowlll"()'s lcllcl"'! In lnst
thousand.
One of these is
numb<!r,) ou nrc mlswkcn. Tho prlzo wn1 otrercd (for thn IX!st oppllcnUon or leatn, lGiJ. only per
>lcnm J)()n cr to Ule cutth·nllon of Uoc ~11) not for the hnplemen~ nscc.l. We slipped o'er each end of each tube and screwed up, and it
l.elltvc our "Y•tem dlffi;l'l' rrom nny or her yet In use, nnd, M w o cnn use nriy appears that four men and four boys can pack the whole
lmplement, nn the oecnslon rt'fcrred to we u6«1 )le.ssn<. llownnl'scullh'ntor, nnd
)lr. t 'o" l~r·s plough. liJc Orst prl%e or .£30 wns ownrocd to us for ourpntcnt 12,000 joints in a week, or at the rate of 100 tubes p ~:r
minding cngln<'s, ot rhc best oppllcntlon. Wc con.!lden-d 1hc competition flU' hour . The steam goes through t he tubes, the water being
O'om n clO$e one.
WM . SoWOBY AND ON.
circulated around them by means of o. centrifugal pump
JJ igb Orchlll"() Ironwork~ . Chluccstcr,
driven by genring from the screw shaft. As for iurring, it
Octooor !Oib, 18G2.
appear s ihat the ,,ncuum in t he Mooltnn's condensers kept
•
PROFESSO il llAl>"K l.NE O.N WAY ,t; •
up to nbovc 26in. after 50,000 miles run, showin~ that but
( To flit Edilot· oj 11~ Engineer.)
little de) osit could ba,·e t11ken place within t he tubes.
Slli,-WIII you IX! 80 khod Rd to tell me, through your pnpcr, the mennlng, Ol'o rn1her, the vnluc of n rew or I he lcttcns In " the wnve IJ.no ronnuln" In These can now be easily cleaned out while the "essel is
your IMt numb<!r ( 1st column, p. 227).
under way and without removing them from their places.
1. W = hcnvlncSl! of the liquid. Does this mcnn Uae spcclftc grnvlly or Ibe
'l'o n'•oid the sound from copper exhaust pipes, cast iron
ll')Uit\ = I for WBWr?
p ipes hnve been put in, and so arranged as to form bridges
2. g = grnvlty. This Is, l 8liPJIOSC, = 32t,
3. L = 113 lcngt11, !Jclu; lhnt or IL wnvc. ls this the length of tbe solid nlso ? over which the engineers cnn get about the engines. Each
• · z = hrendth of surf11cc or contact or eoUd ond Uquld . Is this U1e dlstllllcC engine has o. sepurnte exhaust pipe to its own condenser,
from wt~ter line rou11d the keL•I to wntcr Unc ngnln Inn vessel?
6. {1 = grcntcst nlll(ln M obliquity cf thnt aurfncc to the direction of the and the two exhaust pipes are connected by a. lnrge
mtvnncc nf solid. Pleusc sny more precisely how to constnoct this nngle.
p ipe forming a. bridge or platform over the screw
1'\usscRwER.
Oct. 20, 1862.
shaft, nnd thus both engines may be made, on occasion,
to \vork into either condenser. The engines arc reversed
nAHKElVS CAS'l'INO.
and the ship steered by hydraulic pre~sure. There nre
(To the ls'ditol' of The fJ'IIgint(r.)
S1a.-1 notice In your lmprcMion or the 17tll Inst. n description of nn small engines to WOt k the pumps for this pw·pose, but no
lowcnUon, by J11nn1hnn Hnrkcr, of n moulding box for do·um~. rulleys, &c. So accumulator is employed, the weight of which, perhaps
Jnr R8 rcgnrds the principle of holding or ~lttlolng tho c hill plo In n true
llOIIIIon wllh th~ rim or lho pulley or wheel to bo Cllllt by mcnns of n bored 50 tons for a lar go shi~, would be a matter of nn extra two
holc In the lower pnrt or I he monldln.Q' box,l t Is not new, for about the year 185G inches of draught.
'l hc pumps ore loaded to about h alf a
the writer, nt lhnt Umll mon ogcr or th~t l'hcrnlx Foundry, Derby, htvented nnd ton per square inch, and the engines are so arranged that,
tuloptNI tho somc rtnn Jn cuotlng n lnl"(fe quantity of con1rnctors' wagon 1111d
other wheels. The wngon wheel~ hnd the key bed~ cast on them, rhe key being when not actually required to be in action, they shall,
urtuch~d to 1ho chill pin; c-cry wheel tonlcd uut ns nceurnte os Urough lt hod
nevertheless, be very slo,vly moving while pumping n
been bored; Indeed, you mny fonn on ltlcn of the perfection of I be work, ns
The small
regnnls the cosllng, when 1 tell you that n mnn wl1h CMe flued the keys hllo ver-, small quantity of \"Vater to waste.
~l xteen sets, i.t ., thirty-two wheel!, per dn.y. The keys were forged Inn st eel
cyhnders arc well stenm jacketted t o prevent condensadie, with g~nt nccurncy. A lnrgc qunnllty of earl wheels, wllh wrought Iron tion ns much ns possible when t he pumps are barely
t)'l'e nnd nnns. hnd 1ho centre bo6scs cast upon them In a ~lmllnr monner, the
The mnin engines can be got over from full
wrought tyrcb<!lng !old upon n turned surrncc, anti n bored hole, to rctnlo tile moving.
chJU pin; when cos1, Ihe wheels were ns true ns though 11Jcy bad IJccn bored.
nbead to full astern in teu seconds.
H the truth or tbn nbove Is In nny wny doubled, I hR\'C no doubt the proI n noticing, last week, other engines by the same makers
priet or or the work" will ,·ouch for I he nccurncy of the s rALcme.ut.
Wolverhampton, Octoll<!r 18th, 11!62.
CASTINO.
we r emarked that there ap.veared t o be no lining between
the eccentrics and eccentnc hoops. ' Ve find that a very
Tuz Eso•~zllrt can lit hatl, by ordtr,/rom any n(U'IIl(Jt'•lt in toun or country,
and at the ~·CirtOttl "railvay llatio111; or it catl, if priftrrtd, be lllpplrcd eimple and apparently excellent lining is employed. The
cast iron eccentric being turned, a. ring of rolled brass, say
dirtct frtnn. tltc 11,0lct tnl the jollouiii!J ttnlll (paid in adt'OIICt J :/la(! 1/tarly (including double number),
16!. 9d.
of No. 14 gauge, and having a circumference about 2in.
Y tal·ly (inclutling tu:o double 111•mbrr1), £1 I }f. 6tl~
less t han the eccentric, is put loosely ar ound it, the wrought
V credit be taktn, an extra claarne of tu:o Jili111no• and 11:rpmre ptt· am.vm. iron hoop being then made t o embrace the whole.
uW be 1nadt.
Iron superheatc:rs not being found to stand, copper super·
Tuz E~OII'lti!R i1 1'tgilttndfor trannniuion aLroa(l.
A c!t:(rliumtnt• can11ot be gunrantua illo(l"tion tmltl« dtlit'(I"Cd bifm-c tiglot heaters of 16CJin. plate nre now being adopted for the new
o'clock cm Thur1cloy tl'<nill(l in tach 1Dttk. Tilt charge f!Jr )i:n.,.lintl "'Id engines under notice.
u!lda· i1 lla(J·a rroun; each lillt a.fttrutwcb, li;tptl1Ct. Tilt li11e CI1'C1'«{1tl
It is expected that, in regular working, the consumption
nint tcm·<ll: blod·« are charged the 1ame "rate jo1· tile «pace IIWJ )ill. AIL
•i11gle ach·e~·ti&M11tllllfro!tl the countl'!IIIIIIIL be accompanied ily ltampl in of coal will be under 2~ lb. p er hourly h orse power, the
payme-n t.
Mooltan having already worked as lo\v as 2 lb. 'l'o a. comLetttr• relating to /lit adverti,ft1ntnt mHt publf1hing depa!·tmtnt oj tltil pap" pany paying upwards of half a million yearly for coal this
are to be addruud to tl1c 1/tlbli•lt"• 1lln. BllnNARD LUXTOH; ull otlwr lettta
Ollll COillnltmicatiO'Ill to be acldrtlltd to the .Editor of TllB ENOLNBBR, 168, rep rese nts a remarkable economy.
TO CORRESPONDENTS.
.Strand, LondOil, 11'. C.
INVALID l'ATENTS.
THE ENGINEER.
PRI.DA. Y, OCTOBER 24, 1862.
MARIN E ENGJNES.
IT is rather more thnn two yenrs sin ce the Peninsular
and Oriental Company gave thrir first order for engiues
with surfoce condensers. These wer e the Mooltnn's, which
vessel has nlrendy run upwards of 50,000 miles, and the
engines of which are n ow being thoroughly overhauled
nod examined during n tempornry detention of the vessel at
Southampton. The success of the 1\Iooltan's machinery
h as been such that the company have already ordered upw ards of 2,000-horee p ower of the same general class of
engines from the same makers, Messrs. Humphrys and
T ennant. 'fheengines for thePoonnh, of 500-h orse power, are
now ready to be put into the ship, nnd the R angoon's and
A FEW years ago a good deal was beard of the 11 Uchatius process " for making steel. Melted cast iron was
poured into \Vater, and, by means of a. revolving wheel or
other agitator, was thus reduced to the condition of small
grains. The granulated iron '"ns then mixed with onefi fth its weight of roasted nud puh•erised spnrry iJ·on ore,
and a little fire clay, and then reduced in close melting
pots, and in n common steel melting furnace, to malleable
metal or steel. The process was patented nt about the time of
Bessemer's discovery, and as tolerable steel hod been pro·
duced by it, it naturnlly attracted much attention. Just
as a sale of the English patent was being efl'e ctcd (and for
a handsome sum WtJ have been told), it wns discovered that
the snme process bad been p atented nearly one hundred
years before, by one John W ood, whose specification, No.
759, under the old law, is to be seen any day at t he Patent
Office.
Since 1858 considerable attention b as been gh·cn t o
what has been called 11 combined steam," that is to say, a
249
mixtw·e of superheated steam and common saturated
steam, and Mr. " 'ethered (or 11 the H on." as members a nd
ex-members of the United ~tates Congress are styled), who
patented this combination, in Mr. N ewton's name, May 25,
1853 (No. 1 285 of that year ), even went so far as to claim
for mtxed stenm n ew element nry properties. 11 Combined
steam," of course, is in no way different from steam
originally super heated to the same t emperature, and not
afterwards 11 combined 11 at all, and the only purpose for
which mixture could be necessary is that of qualifying the
temperature of steam already too highly superhea!ed. Badly
profortioned boilers, as is well· known, often dismiss a great
den of heat, a nd it is not unft equently the case that the
degree of t.upcrbeating is not easily con1rolled. 'fo temper
the steam, when too hot, is, thm, not only r easonable but
absolutely essential to the preH•rvntion of the p acking and
wearing surfnccs.
An inventor, however, in app1ying
for provisional protection, io bound to set forth the nature
of his invention in n provisional specification . This .l\Ir.
W ctber ed did not do. H is provisional sp ecification \vas
for superheating steam by any means, and not o. word said
said n or a hint given of any subsequent 11 combination 11 or
mixture. 'lhis latter idea. 'lvas first broached, at least by
1\Ir. 'Vethcred, in his complete specification. H ence,
although by the payment of the £50 and £ 100 stamps, his
patent is st ill current, it would appear t o have been invalid
ab im'tio. But it is worthless in any case, from the fact
that, on the 14th of .March, 18'.14, Moses Poole obtained a.
patent (No. 10, 107) which, among other things, claimed
the mixture of superheated and saturated stenm, the same
reasons being assrgned nod the same arraugements being
employed as those assigned and employed by Mr. W ethered.
It is not the less the fact, however, that our steam companies are under obligations to Mr. 'V f::thered, who devoted
his timE' and energies, as well as considerable means, in
introducing superheated steam into use. For this, we
believe, he h as received little or no remuneration. It is
singular, too, how long engineers will resist improvements,
and how, in many cases, when finally indu ced t o adopt
them, they will claim for them the merit of n ew discoveries. 'l'hus superheated steom, p at ented by Dr.
H aycraft, as long ago as 1830, was for many
years ura-ed upon the attention of engineers. P oole 1s
specificatton, just ref('rred to, sp eaks of :::up('rbeating nnd
its ndvantng·es as being well understood nt that time
a lthou~h this did not prevent a Mr . Detmold from
p atentmg the use of &upE!rheating apparatus of every kind,
and either with or without the use of a separate fire, on the
21st July, 1846 (No. 10,775), and Mr. \Vet hered, alw, os we
ha,·e eeen, was about potenting the same thing in 1853.
The supHheating apparatus DO\V in use differ !> but lit tle,
moreover, either in construction or arrangement, from that
Yariously proposed by a number of early patentees. Few,
probably, of the r ecent patents would survive n lawsuit.
It will be within the recollection of many
of our r eaders
•
t hat when the steamship Adt iatic was about t o s~t out
upon her first voyage, after her sole by the Collin
(American) Comp any to the Galway Company, she was
detained by Mr. Ilebson, of Liverpool, who claimed large
damages tor nn infringement of a patent h eld by him.
The Adriatic has a. pair of oscillating cylinders, l Olin. in
diameter for a 12ft. st roke, and p laced at some angle less
than a r ight angle from each other. The cranks nre placed
at a corresponding angle t o each other on the main shaft
and t he two crank pins arc connected t ogether by what is
called a " drag link." Mr. H ebson had patented this
arrangement June 7th, 1849 (No. 12,652), n o doubt unconscious of the fact that Mr. J ames Montgomery bad
patented it May 6th, 1846 (No. 11,221).
T here is a. steam pile driv ing machine with an endless
chain, known as Sissons and \Vhite's. The patent, No.
1359, 1857, is void because no complete specification was
filed. 'fhe same e:Jdless chain, liberating gear, &c., was
patented, in conn ection with pile driving engines, by H. V.
Pbysick, Jnnunry 30th, 1844 (No. 10,026).
A Mr. Voss, of Berlin, patented last year (No. 272, 1861 )
n steam turbine, in no substantial degree diflerent from ontJ
inv~nted and described by J ames Watt.
Three or four years ago l\Ir. Fryer, of Manchester, rend a.
p aper before the I nstitution of Mechanical Engineers upon
a plan for raisin~ water for the supp ly of locomotive tenders.
A close tank bemg fixed in the gr ound, below the line, and
being allowed to fill itself with water by gravitation, the
pipe by which the "ivater '\"ns admitted was to be closed, and
steam from the engine was then to be turned into t he tank
and nllowed to press upon a. wooden float on the surface of
the water . The water was to be thus forced through n
pipe into the t ender. :Mr. :Fryer had patented this pla.n
before r ending his paper descriptive of it; but it had been
pr eviously patent ed by Messrs. " ' hitebeac!, No. 579, 1854.
It is said that Mr. Stcvens' patent for bread k neading
machinery is completely anticipated by a p atent g rant ed t o
E. Clayton, August 31, 1830 (No. 5,992, old J~n~ .)
The use of g ra.ss wrack (Zostera Mtwir.a) as a material
for p aper making is said to have been proposed by Mr.
Archer, of Ilaverstoek -hill (a. neighbour, it would appear, of
Mr. H nr ben's), seven years ago, and Mr. Arch er obtained
provisional protection for the use of sea weeds in papermaking, November 29th, 1855 (No. 2,696).
The pump valves patented by Mr. Morris, of t he K ent
'Vaterworks, No. 323, 1861, had been provisionally sp ecified
by 1\lr. S. H olman ill. 1857 (No 1,679).
Chandler's glnes fronted water gauge, patented a couple
of years a~~· was publicly used in 1857 on a boiler at ) lr.
Wntson's, .High Dridge Foundry, Newcastle.
The chilled frog, as made under a. patent not lon g ago
obtained by R ansomes and Sims, has, it appears, been used
in this country and in the United States for the last twentyA.ve years, and the patent, we should suppose, is as worthless as that for the differenti&l pulley block, which we
noticed on a former occasion as having been made a quarter
of a century ngo by a. Mr. Moor e, of Hristol.
A percussion shell, extensively used by the F ederal army
and known as the Sawyer shell, was p at ented h ere by
Sylvanus Sawyer in 18G5 (No. 2,922), and a nticipates ono
ot· t\VO patents since obtained for the same arrangement.
Mr. N ewton obtained a patent August 23rd, 1849 (No.
250
12,748), for a form of boiler since patented by Mr. Shand,
and used in his smaller steam fire engines.
Mr. 1. H. Johnsonobtnined a patent in 1859 (No. 1,735)
for the application or rollers in the wearing faces of slide
valves, so aa to diminish friction, and val ves thus constr.lcted, and known as Bristol's valves, are being extensively used in America. Mr. H ick, of Bolton, obtained a
patent for almost the same arrangement., December 5th,
1843 (No. 9,971).
Mr. ltichard Roberts took a patent April 13th, 1832
(No. 6,258), for severo.l details in the construction of traction engines, and some of these details have been since
repatentcd by others. Eve'ry ono interested in the use of
traction en~10cs should read Mr. Robcrts' specification,
although hts patent expired sixteen years ago.
A patent granted to Mr. Newton, December 28th, 1848
(No. 12,396), still covers sevc:rnl feat.ures since brought
forward as new in connection with surface condensers. A
centrifugal pump Wll8 used to circulate the water among
the tubes; thi~ pump was to be driven by an auxiliary
engine, and separating plates were to be used to increase
the length of the circuit of the water along the tubes.
It is not probably generally known that Mr. Crampton
has a patent, still in force, for counterwcighting the cranks
of screw engines. This patent is dated June 2nd, 1849
(No. 12,627). 1\Ir. John J3om·ne patented the same thing
December 9th, 1853, No. 2,872, having already successfully
applied counterweights in practice, and Mr. P enn used coun.
terweights not long afterwards for the H:.XOalaya's engines,
and has used them ever since. ·we do not suppose that
the special application of counterweights to marine engines
ie in itself patentable, counterweights having been already
extensively applied to land and locomotive engines. \Ve
are informed, mdced, that counterweights were used twenty
years ago on screw tug boats running out of Bristol.
Messrs. W instanley nod Kelly patented lust year
(No. 230, 1861) the application of air vessels around the
barrels of pumps. The same arrangement was patented by
John Read, April 29th, 1846 (No. 10,645), and again by
Mr. Bellford, in 1856 (No. 783).
Georgc Wilkinson patented, March 4th, 1852 (No.
13,995), an arrangement of pump valves, whereby the delivery valve was made so large that the suction valve,
placed directly beneath it, could be lifted out, when required, through the seating of the delivery valve. We
should hardly suppose such an arrangement to be patentable ; but however this may be, Messrs. Maudslay, Sons,
and Field, adopted it, a great many years ago, for the feed
pump valves of their land engines.
There is a contrivance, figu red in Dr. Alban's work on
the High Pressure Engine, and schemed by him in 1826,
which has been re-invented and patented a great many
times. It is a device for dispensing with the air pump in
steam engines, and for dispensing moreover with all but a
small quantity of injection water for condensing. The
end of the exhaust pipe of the engine is to be fitted with
a fiap or other freely moving valve, which should properly
be kept under water. A small hole, or holes, or a nozzle
fitted with a regulating cock, is to be made also in the
exhaust pipe, and so thlit injection water 'vill enter freely.
Then at each exhaustion of steam from the cylinder the
flap valve will be blown open and the pipe blown through,
thua expelling air, &c., and at tho moment when the
pressure has ti\llen to that of the atmosphere the flop
valve will close, and the injection, momentarily checked by
the pressure of the incoming steam, will fiow in and complete the vacuum. Dr. Alban states that this very simple
plan gave good results when op plied to a high-pressure
engine. It haa eince been patented by Thomas Edwards,
November 3rd, 1846 (No. 10,913); by Robert Urwin, J anuary 11th, 1849 (No. 12,410); Mr. Newton, September 20th,
1849 (12,783) ; Griffiths, in 1853 (No. 1,801, of that
year); A. Barclay, No. 536, 1854, and, we have no doubt,
by others.
There is another contrivance which very many inventors
will, possibly, always continue to believe bus never been
invented before. This ia the boiler feeder commonly known
aa Mr. Routledgc'a-not that Mr. Routledge has patented
it. general principle of action, but sundry useful details,
original, u we believe, with him, and upon which we have
no doubt his patent ia valid. 'l'he principle ia this :-A
cloae vei8Cl, placed above the water level of the boiler to
be fed, is first filled with water. The pipe through which
the water has entered is then closed, and two other pipes are
then opened, the one forming a communication between the
bottom of the water veescl and the water space of the boiler,
and the other between the top of the vessel and the steam
space of the boiler. The water in the vessel having then an
equal pressure above and below flows into the boiler by its
own gravity. This principle was first applied in practice many
yeara ago. Ooldsworthy Gurney adopted it, Blair patented
1t, No. 631, 1862, Bous6cld, No. 2,064, 1857, and there are
other patentees. Even within the last few months, Messrs.
Davis, of Hull, have vntented the same mode of feeding
boiler• (No. 670, 1862), and Mr. Odling (No. 3,126, 1861),
hu had a turn at it. Mr. Routledge's patent is numbered
1,643, 1860.
M. Bourdon, it appears, applied the principle of the
Injector, aa long ago a.s 1847, and from that time until 1867,
when he took out a French patent, he experimented with
and modified the apparatus afterwards patented by Oiffard.
Giffard's English patent is numbered 1,66.3, 1858. Further
eJamination may result in the inclusion of this in the long
list of invalid patents.
.AN Iao~r PLATED
SuTP FOR ITAt Y.-Wo (Army and Nall!J Cautte)
understand that tho Italian Government hRB ordered an iron plated
abip to be built by Mosare. 0. J. Mare and Co., of Milhvall. The
veeeel is to bo 2,800 tona, and is to have engines (by Maud.slay, Sons,
and Field) of 700-hone power.
OBoao1 .LND Ronnr SraruaNSOH.-The third volume ol •· Lives of
the Engineers," by Mr. Smiles, is aborUy to bo published by Mr.
Hurray. It will be &Olely occupied. with the lives of Geo~ge and
RoberL Btepbenson, and will contatD numerous engraved lllustrationt. We all know how admirable a portrait of George Stephenson
wu given by Mr. Smilee in his well known biographical work; and
lt la underatood that a no leu faUh!ulllkeness of BObert will appear
ill the fort.hoomiog volume.
~
NGINEER.
LITERATURE.
Oar. 24, 1862.
the conductive circuit, the current is dependent on the
resistance of the conducti"e circuit. The author then
-proceeds to investigate (rCometrically the relation between
A Tf'catite on tlte Principle• of Electf'ical A ccumulatio~ and Con· the resistance and the dtmensiona of prisms, cylinders, and
auction. By F . C. WEBD, Assoc. Inst. C. E. In two pat b shells of dielectric. Tho rest of this chapter is taken up
Part I. London, E. and F. N. Spon, Bucklerabury.
with illustrations of the various inductive circuits that
TnE electric telegraph has \vithin the lost few years exist in the ordinary cases of charging Leyden j ars in
made such rapid strides, nod the operations connected with different ways, and the action t hat takes place is carefully
submarine telegraphs have become so ex tensive, that analysed and illustrated profusely. There is one part in
telegraphy must henceforth form a fair branch of civil and this chapter which gives an explanation of the diff~ rence
mechanical engineering; and, indeed, the general education between t he effect pr·oduccd when the rubber of an electrical
of a young engineer cannot be considered complete without machine is insulated, and that produced when the rubber
some sound knowledge of the science and laws of electricity. is connected to the eurth. To understand t his it is neccsYet we fear that few in t he profession, except those im- sary first to consider the case when the rubber and prime
mediately connected with telegraphs, possess a knowledge conductors are both insulated but both connected to Leydon
of tbe subject greater than that which is possessed by a. j ars. 'l'hen it is shO\Vn an inductive circuit would exist,
schoolboy who has made or seen a few experiments with the glass of the two jars being the resistances. " The
an electrical machine. 'l'his arises partly from the fact resistance of any part of the inductive circuit affects the
that our modern text books on electricity are very scanty accumulation on all the surfaces in the circuit, for we have
in their dealings with the precise ar1d defin ed laws of already seen that the!lc arc always equal and opposite."
electrical conduction and electro s tatus. We have cor"Thus, suppose we have the interior coating of a L eyden
tainly many books on electricity, though none of very jar A attached to the prism conductor of an electric marecent date, but these at·c not written by men whose time chine, and the intcl'iot· of another jar D attached to t he
has been practically and solely devoted to electricity in insulated rubber, while the two outer coatings arc in
its application to telegraphy. Indeed these works are conductive connection, either by being both in connection
for the most part s uccessive compilations of one another, with the ground, or, if both are insulated from the ground,
and we arc wearied of the same old woodcuts of an by a chain between them; then an inductive circuit through
electrical machine charging a L eyden jar, a pithbo.U the two jars will be formed."
electrometer, and an electrophorus.
" \Vith such an arrangement a certain accumulation can
Under these circum~ta nces it .is with no small interest be effected in the two j ars-the one becoming charged
that we see before us, 1n a .n~at httlc v~l~me o_f 156 page~, pos~tively and .the ot.her ne~ntively, while the inside ?f
a really new work on clectnc1ty, by a ctv11 engmeer who 1s l thetr outer coatmgs wtll be 1n the opposite state to thell'
well known as h.aving been engaged practically for many interiot· coatings. If now the rubber be connected to the
out~>idc coatings by a conductor, t he jar B will be discharged,
years on submannc telegraphs.
\Vhatever may be the defects of Mr. 'V ebb's work it has and wtll be no longer in the circuit, which now contains
at least the merit of being original, nod, although illus- only ono jar. 'rho resistance of the inductive circuit is
trated with seventy-seven woodcuts, we can perceive few, therefore halved, and double the <J.UO.ntity can, with the
if any, that arc in the least familiar to us.
same source, be accumulated in the Jar A."
The work, it is tru.e, is purely on .the law~ of clec tric it~,
By a similar view of the case, when the Leydcn jars arc
~nd does not touch dtrectly on pr·act10al subJects; but as 1t not attached, the reason why the accumulation on the
1s from the pen of a man who has for many years been prime conductor is less when the rubber is insulated than
emp!oyed prac.ti;nlly on works and opex·ations where the when it is not insulated, is explained. I t is shown by
laws of electnctty must have been constantly observable, careful steps and illustration, that the one case is only a
it is, from this reason alone, entitled to no small amount of modification of the other, and that the inductive resistnnce
consider~tion, since most of our bouks on electricity have of the circuit is halved by connecting the rubber to the
earth or surrounding objects, and the effect is no way due
been wr1tten by professors and others of the.same class.
In the first chapter the author star ts wtth the funda- to the size of the earth, as set forth in former explanations.
mental axiom that electricity is always generated in equal Thus the author writes:and opposi.te quantitie~, .and that it ~s imp.ossible to ann~hi" We sec, therefore, that to n:plain the difference in the
late a port ton o_f ~lectnc1ty of one kmd w1thout destroy1og effect produced by con necting the rubber to the surrounding
~n equal qu~nttty of thc ?thcr. If, tl~ereforc, !l bod7,place.d objects or to earth, there is no occasion to have recourse
1?- a room IS charged wtth a. certatn 9.uant1t~ ot. electrt- to the ' comparatively infinite size of the earth,' but that
ctty, from one pole of an electrtcal machme, h.avmg 1ts other the above explanations will hold equally well for cxpcripole ~o.nne.cted to the room, an eq';la~ quant1ty of opposite ments performed in an insulated room."
elcctr1c11y IS also generated, and thrs IS accumulated on tbe
In Cbnptcr 1V. the author treats problems of electrical
surfaces of ~he r?om. The author t hen proceeds to accumulation still more methodically.
show . t~at thts axtom, although acknowledg~d by mo.st . Af~ er sho,ving what shape the resistances of an inductive
electrtctans, ~as bee~ overlooked and lost s1ght o~ .m ctrcutt can assume, he proceeds to invebtigate the effect which
the explanation of different phenomena. The elecm ctty ill produced in an inductive circuit, formed of two successive
genera~cd. at the. pole of the .batter~ connected to the instances, by altering one of thel>e resistances just as in n
eorth 1s m recc1ved cxplaoat1ons d1sposed of by r.up- conductive circuit an alteration of one of the resistances of
posing it to flow off to the \Vholc mass of the carlh, and the circuit has u certain dufioite eff~ct on the current. 1f n.
thus ~? " virtually anni h il.nte~." The ~iscbarge of an ~eydcu j ar or a submarine cable iusulated at its distlnt end
elect r~fied body by c~n n ect mg 1t to car~~ 1s also generally 1s attached to ono pole of a battery, and another Leydcn jtJ.r
explatned, b~ suppo.slflg that the clectnctty on the charged or submarine cable to the other pole, there an inducttve
body sbar~s 1tsclf wtth the wh~l~ eart~, and that, therefore, circuit would be fo1·mcd . Whatever disproportion there
. .
may ~o.bot.wecn these two j urs or cables, the quantity of
the q';laotlty left on the body .1s msen~tbly small.
. Thrs the ~uthor conton~s.ls fnllac10us. The .el ect~·tcltY. cl~ctrtctty ;n ~acb of them will be equal and opposite, but
1s generated m equal quan ttttes on the surfaces of J unctton of th1s qunntlty 1s dependent on the dimensions of both the
each conductor, nod the int ervening dielectric, to which lhe j111·s or cables.
If one of the jars or cables is increased a certain definite
poles of the "source" (as Mr. Webb terms it) are conuected,
and has no tendency to flow of! to the mass of the earth. increase in the quantity in both will take place, but not in
When, therefore, the conductor lB touched to the room, the the more simple ratio of the increase of the one jar or cable.
two opposite and equal charges being allowed by conduction This is expressed by formuloo and numerical eumples are
to recombine, they 11eutrali:e one another,and " ail is reduced given.
'
to the u~rmal state." ,
. . . .
If a. jar or cable is attached to one pole of o. battery and
~e gtve Mr. W ebb s ;on~radtctlon m his own words :the other poled to earth, the addition of another cable or
. Furthermore, 1 .mamtam that, when a .charged a~d jar, attached to the same battery pole, does not affect Ute
tnsulated couduc!or 1s con~e.ctcd t~ the ear th, 1t does not 1n quantity in the firllt cable.
any cuse share 1ts electnctty wt~h the ~hole mass or
If a battery has u jar or cable attached to one pole of
s urface of the earth, and that lts clectncal state thus the battery, and two j ars to the other then an alteration
becomes merely ' ~irtually annihilated,' but tb~t in such case in the dimensions or any one of the j~rs affects the quanthe normal sta.tc 1~ absolutely nod m~t?1emalwally r~s.tored tity in each of them, but not all 1n the same degree.
by th? recombmatton of equal quant1t1es ?f elec~ nc1ty of Examples arc given of the effect that would take place in
oppostte name." And he adds, and we th1nk Wtth some each of the tbnc casee by nltcl'ing the three different jars
reason, " Such a result is mor~ in accordance wi.th .the separately.
At the end of this chapter the case of charging several
general laws of nature. ~ submtt, therefore, that th1s vtew
~ho.uld be preferred, even if !he arguments I sh.all advance j ars connected up in succession is noticed, and the reason
m 1ts support should be. constdered onlJ: equal 10 val~e to why the quantity in the jars are not all equal is explained
t hose wluch arc used m the pre-recetved explanat10ns I and shown to be sll'ictly m accordance wi th this method of
have quoted."
.
.
.
solving such problems.
By an assumed expenm~nt wtth an ~nsulated room, the
These several cases are, in fact-as Mr. \Vebb tells us in
~uthor puts all the pre-rccetved ex~lanatt~ns to the test, and, his notice-what " may be termed an application of Ohm's
m fact, tl~ems to make out~ case ot 1:eductw ~d absw·dum, for law to problems of accumulation." llo observea that he
we certu1?ll cannot c~nce1ve tb.at .1f ex~enments are per- "has, to some extent, been anticipntt'd by Mr. Gaugaio,
formed Wlt 1 an e_lectncnl machtne m ~n msulated room, ~he thec~in.cntFrench electrician, in pointing out generally the
effects would b~ m any. ways altered, .'vhereas, accordmg apphcatton of Ohm'a law to problems of accumulation;"
to the .e~planatto!ls whtch M1·. Webb drsp.u~es, there should " but," Mr. \Vebb writes, " while he (l\Ir. Gaugnin) has
~e a d~erence, smce none of t?,e cle~tnc1ty. can "share applied it only to the most simple form of circuit, viz.,
1tself wtth the ~ass of the earth. . I t 1s a p1ty, however, one composed of a single re istance, I have shown its
that Mr. W ebb !8 only able to gtve the expenment as an application to the more complicated cases, where both poles
!!Ssumed ~ne. 'I.he author.concludes the ~hapter ~y ~how- of the source arc connected to in!>ulated conductors, or
~ng that 1f electr1cal exp~n ments are carr1c~ on ~tthtn an Leyden jars, &c."
msulated r~om, no electr1cal effect of any kmd will be proIn Chapter V. the distribution of electricity ft·om one
.
.
.
.
conductor to another is treated in a similar manner, and
duced o~ts1de.
Sta~ttn.g from thta pomt of v1ew, .~~ Chapter II., ~he although such pt·oblems can only be solved numerically by
author dt~cusses the general cond1t1ons under whtch such means when the inductive rcsistances arc distinct and
acc.umulatton can take place. H~ shows. that ~or nccumu- scparute, the effects that take place in a variety of cases of
latlon to take place a re~ular cham of dtelectncs and con- ordinary experiments aro explained accordiug to this parducto~s must ~xtcnd ,t.rom o~e p ole of the batt~ry, ticulnr way o_f viewing the ac~ion. Thus all the ~ffects that
elcctncal mac.htnc, or source to the ?ther. po~e, JUSt take place w1th two condcnstng plates placed m a room,
as..for c~nd.uctton to take ,p.Iace a. cou~uc~1v,~ cu·cu1t must and alternately touched to earth, are considered, and it is
e::ost. ThlS he ter~s the. mducttve Cll'Cutt, . and he then shown that the various effects can be explained by consid1scusses ":bother md.uctton can, under all otr.cu~stanccs, derin~ that a redistribution of the electricity always takes
take place 1n c.urved hnes. In Chap~r III. 1t 1s shown place mversely to the resistance of the dielectric, separating
tha~ the qu~nhty generated. from .a gt':en ~o~r~e depen~s the two opposite electrical states in different directions, and
on the resatiUlce of the mduotlve ell'clllt, J uet as, 1n that when two surfaces, oppositely charged, are connected
Om'. 24, 1862.
t ogether, the equal and opposite quantities neutralise each
other.
A t t~e end of t~ese investigations Mr. W ebb points out
that th1s explanation has no recourse to the ear th os " a
comm~n reser~oir ;"and after giving explanations of several
t)ther .tn terestmg problems, he concludes by again calling
att entlon to the fact that these explanations dispense with
t h? necessity of considering the earth as a. common reservoir.
." N~mbe~less other problems of distribut ion and redist rtbution nu~ht of course be given, but sufficient examples
~ave been g1ven to illustrate the general principles accord1~ g to the. reading I have taken, and which entirely
dispenses w1th the necessity of considering the earth as a
common reservoir, to which all free electricity must return,
&c."
"The explanations I have given of the action that takes
place with a pair of condensing plates, &c., will be foun d
equally correct, therefore, if applied to the same experiments \Vhen performed in an insulated room, whereas the
~xplanation s given in all hitherto published works would,
m such case, entirely fail, since they all depend at some
part of tbe action on a flow of some of the electricity to
the 'indefinitely large surface of the earth.'"
. I t will doubtless ta.ke time to br ing all Mr. W ebb's views
m to general acceptahon, even if some of them are not erroneous; but we apprehend that those parts which treat of
t~e application of Ohm's law to electro-statics, may be con~ldere~ as thoroughly sound. And it must speak strongly
m then· fa:;rour that another electrician, like Mr. Gaugain
should strike independently on the same method as that
which Mr. W ebb has worked into such ss stem and detail.
:Ve see, by. the .l~reface,, that the second part will contam ge?metncal Iliustrabons. of Ohm's law as applied to
conducuon and to "charge " m submarine cables. These
will certainly. ~e useful in simplifying the study of the
lo.ws of electnc1ty.
.To those who are at all interested in the subject, or who
w1sh to b~come c?~versaot with something like definite
problems m electn clty, we can recommend this interesting
little volume.
THE PATENT JOURNAL.
~ed /Wrrtl
tM Journal of tM Commiuionm of Pau:nu.
Grants of Provisional Protection for Six H onths.
21 67. }'ERDI~AND CIIARL!S WARLICR, Alma·terracc, New-cross, K ent," l mprovement.B In mocblocry for dreo.Lng nod shaping stone."-A communlc.ttlon from J o.eph Douton. Brus_•els.-Pttulo•t rtcordu 30 h J u.l!J, 1862.
2318 . ll tNNINO BOITIUII, RoebamptoO·SlrCCt, Ueti:iborough-gardeos, P lmllco,
London, " improvements In Ore-proof mntcriali."-Pelilum ncor<Ud !8th
Au.gwt, 1862.
2348. llARPER TWllLVIITREE'I, Bromlcy, Middlesex, "Improvements In the
prcpll_ratlon of wasb.lng powdel"l!, soap powdel"l!, and cleansing crystnls."Petltwn ru:orded 'l.t1Ul Au(ftUt, 1862.
2402. I'IIILI P WALLACP. JII.ACKeNZ1E, Jersey, Ilud110n, ond STUJIEN WJLL1AM
. S~IITU, Drooklyn. King's, New York, U.S.," hnprovemeuts In veWcles to be
propelled by the rlller."-Pe•uilmrecor<t-d 29th Augu...t, 18U2.
2444 . JouN COuK, Esq., Fltzroy-placc, Kentl8h-town, London," Improvements
In can1ar~~."-Petttion recorded 4th ptembtr, 166:.?.
2662. WILLIAM WATSON ond WILLIAM li!IIRY WATSON, llorrogote Yorkshire, "An Improved process or proocsscs for the preparation or' certain
colouring muuen~ r...,m onllloe."-Petition rwmkd. 11th &ptember, l b62.
2:167. WJLLIAW TVTUBRLBIOII , lllgh·S~t. ) f orylcbone, London, ' 1 An Improved
heater for Ironing or prcssJOg."-Pttot«m rt~orded 19th&ptnnber, 186:1.
2614. FRr:DZRICK 'f OLDACS&s, Faubourg Montmartre Pru18 "An Improved
1tcam cultlvator.''-A communication from Marquis 'Emma~uel de PonclnJ
F cul'll, Loire, l<'rancc.-PetUion •·tcordtd. t6th &ptembtr, 1862.
'
2624. WsLLIAM l'llT'ri!T, B ulstrodc-stnct, London, ·• An Improved covering for
protcetlng vessels ond foots l'rom shot , shell. noli other wurllkc mlssll<s."l 'artly o communication from WIUhom Stiles, I'IJUadelpWo P ennsylvania
U .S. - Petition recorded. 26th Septen.bn·, 1861.
'
'
2638. Ro&zf\T GniYil'ITIIS, Mornington-ron(l, Regent's Park London, "Improvem ents In the construction of lron ships, nn<tln the method of fastening m ctol
sheathing thercon to keep tb.cm from fouJ1ng."-P ctitio11 recorded 29th Septe>n.btl'' 18fo2.
26~ I . R ouKRT HOVLI!, Newcburch, Lancashire , " I mprovements In machinery
or nrpnr11tua for printing surfacca or woollen, mohair. cotton, ond olber
fa brics.''
26:13. JAMEB LBIOJJ Dcoues. Droltwlch-road, Worcc tcn!lllre, "Improvement•
In producing omamentnl poueroa In gold and colour on porcelaln, eortbeoworc, glass, and enamcl."
2665. JAMlll WRtOIIT, Coptball-court, Throgmorton-slreet, London,
Improved rotative travelling crane." - A communication ITem .AJphonse
Couvreux ond Louis Combe, Rue St. lllortln, l'orls.- Pttiticn rewrded
SOth &ptn111Hr, 1862.
2667 . PETY.R Cr;RllARD V.L~DER Bn., Upper llyde Pork CardenB, London," A
power couscrver broke for utilising the power expended In stopping or retardIng machinery, locomollve or osbcr cn~:lnes, aotl vehicles uf any dcscrlpllon
when In motlon."-.A communJcaLion from Chtlrles l.lcll, Cape Town, Cope of
Good llopc, Africa.
2068 . JtoUIJKT WILLIA!I GR~'JINWOOD nnd CIIARLI!S ,JOIJN l'II.ARSOII, Clostcrcrcscent, Islington , London, " .A new oud lmpro\'Cd modo of u~lng the
exhaust st<'nm of Htcnm engines by rcconvcylng tJ1e Pnme Into the boiler."
26~!) U stYAN DO~ KIII, Bennonds<'y, .urrcy. " I mpro,•emcnts In bentlng for
lihans, IU.Ics, plvou, and Hltllug surfaces for Lbe purpose of dlmlnlohlog
frlctlon."-A communication from Louts Domlnlque Olrud, Parill.
2661. WILLI.US COLtO&NB CAIII BRinOI!, BriBtOI, " I mproved apporotul for
w uhlng dOLbes, applicable a1Bo u a cl1urn."-Petitichu r « ordtd. Id October
lij62.
•
2662. JAMtll CJLCURJST, Glasgow, LanorkaWre, N .B., "Improvements In
boring engines 11uch as are used for mining purpo$C8."
2664 . WILLIAIII CR.L\B WLLK1N8, Long.ocre, London, " Improvements In gas
bumera."
2666. .EDMOl\'1> SUCKOW and EDWARD IIABIIL, ){anebestcr, "Improvements
In machJnery for rreporlng, spinning, nod doubling Obro\18 materla!J."
2666. J OIIN II KNRY JouNSON. Llncoln's-lnn -nci(Js, London, •• Improvements In
tbo pcmlltnen~ way of rallwayi."-A com munication from J obn LockJond
Onlcmta.
'
2667 Otouoe .JORDAN FIRlllll,l'll lllwaii,PoJIIar, London," l mprovem ents In th e
treatment of certain saits of powh onO llme.''-Pttitiona rtcordtd 211d
s.
"1n
001ob r,
261
EN G IN E :E!lt
1 ~62.
2G68. FRAJ>CI8 .EN80R, We!t Dromwlth, lnti'On!Ahlre, and WILLIA)J PA,'NI ,
D lnnlogham, "A new or Improved opparntuil fbr regulating the pressure or
neam to &team boilers, nod fur lntllcatlng when the water In stcom Jwllel"l!
Is too high ur too low,"
26G9. J OUN li A"I\Of•,.\IMChe6"tcr, ond JAMES W~IWORTII,Solfonl LoncMhlre
" I mprovcmrnts In dCOCiorulng
.
I
refuse, organic, fccal, ond urlno\18
mouen~,'
and In a mctbod or ulUislng colll ond osber aohcs, ond Jn mochlnery ur
8 pp&mtlld connected tberewith for producing n portable manure tb.crefrom."
2670. 'fiiOIIIAI> JouN ltOBOTUAll, Bunilem, and Eowuo OsWALD Stoke-uponTrent , StaOurdJilllre, •• Improvements ln npporot\18 for pi.U'IJylug: glaze," slip.'
or other pouers' materiAls."
2671. U!CUAJ\D U&OADB&.'iT, Leeds, YorkllWrc," Improvements In gas regula-
tors.''
2673. Wu.LtAAI CLA&K, Chancery-lone, London," An Improved condlesllck." A t'ommunlcollon from Loul.s Unbrlcl Etsg~ncuabey nndA.ntbony .Mont.nlbo,
D oulevnrt :St. l\Iartln, P orls.
26H . WILLIA)J EDWA.RD GEDGI!, Welllngton-atreet, Strand, Loudon, 11 An
lmpro,·cd 6Uctlon and lift pump, and opparatua connected therewltb.''- A
commnnlcnllon from Valentln l>clvart, V enaln, 1-'r~&nce.
2675. ALI'JCA~DER l>ALRY.MPLB, Eyre-street, 'hciHclll, Yorkshire, "Improvementa In the JITOCe&es of depositing metals by gnlvonlc action ellber with or
without the old of galvanic ballcrfea, and In Uto ornamentation or metal
surfacc>l thereby.''
2676. \\'tLLIA.M J:owARD CEDoE, Wclllng ton-atrect ,
trond, London, 11 An
Improved marquetry or veneer law, ond macblntry or apparotDJ connected
thtrewllb.''- A communlcotion from Fran90l• Morie Cuatave Raymond
Daron de Rovcrle do Cabrl!re!, PB.SSago dea Pellus E curles, Pru18.
2677 . TUOMA8 O RU!IWOO», Leeds, YorkBWre, "Improved machinery for
cut ting ltaVC!."-P ttidon• r«OTdtd 81•d Octo~er, 1862.
167i. J oUPH LU and W!LL!All LU, Humt.crstone.road, Lelcester, " Improvem enu In trac tion engines !Uid boUcre for traction, locomotive, and other
PIU'JlOiel."
2679. W ILLUM HENRY M ONTZ, 1\lfilbrook, llampshlrc. " Improvement. In
onnour for tbe protection of sWps or war, nod utber vessela and fortl1lcations
'
from tbe eaccts of cannon Jbot ond osber projectllea."
26~0. AliDREW BARCLAV, Caledon ia }'ounclry, K.llmamock, Ayrsblre, N .B .,
Improvements ln printing textile roatcrio!J and fabrles, and In mach.ln cry
U1orcfor ."
2G8 t. WII.LIAM EDWABD Gsrno11, We lllngton-strect, Strand, London," fmprovcd
m collll or opparat\18 by the use or which pierced or perforated cocoons mny
b!l spun.'' -A communication from Louis f'cr<l lnnnd P alayer, Jean Uubcrt
K eycn, D cnls Ad~lphe Enout, 11nd J oscph Elisjje IUcbord, Porta.
2682. S AM UJU. A)IPULBT, Dlrmlnghnm," An Improvement or Improvements In
ornomentlng surfaces or wood .''
2683. JOIIATIIAN EOWl!l DILLOPS, llaliwell -tcrrace, Cardltr, Olamorgamhlre
" Fixed polntll for roUways.''
'
11
2681>. FRI'DIRICK P.&RJUSSOll, Wood-street, City, London, Improvemen !AJ 1n
ladles' ahowis and cloaks."
2686. F RA..'ICIS WATKINS, Smethwlck, Statl'brllahlre, "Improvements In apparatus for mllklng cows."
2G 7. FntroBRICK Ea.'i£ST BLAT8PI!L, Wanvlck-court,London. "Improvements
In diving apparotns ond apparatus to bo uBC<I for working In deep wotcr."A con~munlca!lon from Rlchonl Alexander Kol>ltzsch, Bucharest, Wollachlo.
2G90. F RllDBRit.'K J onNSON, Crcat Chorlottc·street La ullport l'ortam ou lh
H nmpsWre, "Improvements In domcallc tlrc escaPes, noli !n ~eceptoclcs fo;
the same.''
2691. WILLIAU TAYLOR. and SAM UKL BUCKLKY, Oldhnm, Loncuhlre , "lmprovem~nts In machinery for preparing cotton onO other tlbro\18 matcrlnl$."
- Petit\oM ,.~urdtd 4th October, 18G2.
2G92. llOBIIRT PAGE, Creot Yarmouth, Norfolk," Improvement s In stables and
stnbllng applicable In port to kennels, ond to the Ooors of flsh houses."
2G9•1. J OIIN BR.ADBUSY, P endleton, nod WILLIUI DRA»BORY, Oldl1am, Loncallhlrc, " Certain Improvements In carding coglne!.''
2G9~. l>.L'IJEL LoW£, A.ston, near nlnnlngbom," I mprovements In tJae monuracture or d oor bolts nod latches."
2696. SAMUEL BOLLA..'ID, Oldbury, Worcestcn!Wro," I mprovements In mochlnery fur the manufacture of bricks, droln, aanl!ory, ond olbcr plpe3, t llc8,
quarries, and olber articles or like manufacture, made Crom cloy, morl, ond
other plastic subatonces."
2697. WILLIAM CLARK, Cbnnccry-lonc, London," Improvements In articles or
clolltlng.''-.A communication from Atr. Poul Bnudet, Boulevort St. lllartln
P aris.
'
11
2G98. J AM1!8 NIIWNAll, Crayford, K ent,
Improvements In appnmtus for
crystallising nod for evaporating.''
2699. TUOM.&.S D£ARD8, Stowe, Ducklngbamsb.trc, 11 llllprovemen ts In macWnery for culti vating land.''
2700. Srr:rnKN FJTCUEW Cox, Bri.Btol, " Improvements In w ashing a nd tanning
hides ond aklns."
2701. ALI'RP:D Vla<e&ST N IIWTON, Chancery-lane, London, " Improved appnrotUJ for drying graln.''-A communication from 4lbert llubbell Wrlg bt, New
York, u.s.
2702. C HA RLES CJJL'ISOCK, Qaeen's-road \\'eat. Regent's Pork, London, " Improvements In !be constrnct!ou or ax.le-boxe!."- Pet iti0111 r«ordtd6th Ortober
1862.
'
2703. JOSH UA R.&.A P, Allhton.undcr·Lync, L:IDC48blre, "Improvements In screw
stocks ond dies."
2704. J OSEPII SM ITJJ, Egdon, ncor Worcest<'r, 11 .An Improved scre w Unch-pln
for carrl ogesllDll ogrlculturnllmplcmcn!J!.''
2706. WtLLIAll ASTOII, P rfnclp-strcet Works, Dlrmlngbam , "Cortnln lm·
provemcnts In the monufacture of buttons for ladles' and gentlemen's wear."
2706. JAMf..S OXL!IY, Frome, Somcl"llct.lhlro, " Improvements In apparatua for
cxpre!slng ond seporat!ng beer n-om yeast or bnnn."
2707 . F&RDIIU.ND R n ALII!I, .Albcrt-street, London, ".An Improved snfety
ennlopc.''
2708 . .ALIIXANDER F OBBEB, C!Uinl·lerrace, Aberdeen. 11 Improvements In connecttng t.ogelber p&JU of vesscls formed or Un plate, and In tbe means or
opparotUJ employed Jbcreln.''
2709. JOJJN DAVII!I W&LCU and ALPRIID POJPPEN WILCO, Cutter-lane, London,
11
Improvements In machJncry for blocking and pressing hats and bonnets.''
2710. U !!.NI\Y D UNCAN P RlliTOll CUNNI NOUAM, Bury llou.s e. neor Cosport,
llampshlrc, 11 Improvements In working tbc guDJ and In personnlng other
ncecssory work on board ships, ond In apparotUJ employed Jbereln .''
2713. ALI'KED VINCENT NEWtON, Cba ncery-looc, London, "lmprovementa In
the construction of conden.scl"l! or coolei'II.''- A comm unication from Francls
Dowcs Stevens, New York, U.S.-Pttliiofll rtcordtd. 1/h October, 1862.
Pat~nta on which t he Sta mp Duty of £60 has been Paid
2357. J OHN JIAROOURT BROWN, Abbey lliill H ouse, Romscy, Hamp&hlre.Doled 16tlt October, 1859.
2380. J AWES 111 001~11 ond TnOMAII SciiOFII!LD WfiJTWORTU, Salford, Loncaihlre.-Dotcd IStlt October, 18~9.
2396. JOUN BIII/CJ>8BAW, Longslow, lll!NRY BROCKBII.&W, Rflllltock, and
WJLLIAM S0oTr UNDBRDILL, Newport, SbropaWre. -DaiAld l9Jb October,
181)9.
2364. SAJIUI.L NI!WBERRY and HIIHW :MOORS, Bnrnley, L:mca.sh!re. -Doled
l7lh October, 1869.
2385 . .AOGUSTI SCDIURER ROTT, Tba on, Francc.-Doted 18tb October, 1811!).
2448. JOUN WI8LET HACKWORTU, Pr1e~lliOte Engine Worb, DarUngton.Doted 26th October, 18a9.
23!1a. lli OUARD H OBSOII, Leeds, Yorbblre.-Datcd 19tb October, 1869.
2414. l'ET~R. JON£8 , 1\lancbeater.-Darcd 22nd October, 1 8~9.
24G2. RIOIIARD ARCiliBALD BROOM.&X, Flcet.-llnet, Loodoo.-.A communlcatlon.- D otc<l 27tb October , 18~9.
Patent• on which the Stamp Duty of .£100 h u been paid.
2354. 1'UOMA.8 VALESTINI!, DANil!L FOSTER, ond CIL£8 .ILI.WO&TII, Bclfut,
.Antrlm. -Datcd 20Jb October, IR66.
2311. EDWARD WIL&l~SOl< , WoodhOilBC, Y orksh.lrc.-Doted 16th October, 1866.
23311. :lAM UIL STATU.AM, Islington, London.-l>a tcd 18th October, 18~5.
234~. WJLLIAII. BASFORD, Peo clawd, ClamorgoiUblre.-complete speclllcatlon.
-Dotc<l l!llh October, 1855.
llot1ce•
t o Proceed.
1713. C IIARLlll B oos, Brldgewoter, Somcrsctshlre, " Improvements In U1o connrucllon of steam englnes."-P etilion r~o>dt.t 7th Jwnt, lSG:l.
1714. JAIIIP.S LO\'IIOROVE, llalston-lnne, Jl ockncy. London," Improvcmcnt.s In
oppnratus ror luspeeUng small ICIYCI"II ond drains, ond for facUitntln,~r the
removal or obstructions thcreln."-Petilion ··~o•·ded 9111 J um, 1862.
172U. JOIIN KIN LOCK nod 'l'UOMA8 EDM. 8TON, Preaton, Loncashlre, " J mprovcmcnts In looms for weo•lng."
1732. J ou :< BnouNCKI'JR INGLI'!, King Wllllnm·s treot, London , "Tmprovcmcnts
In l'CI\Jllng ond mow1J1g mnchlnes."-A communication from Wllllmn H enry
Seymour and Uoyton M organ, llrockport , lltonroe ,New Y ork, U.8.-Pecuion•
''tcordtd I 0/.\ June. 1862.
1734. JA.IIt-.8 !<UAliD IUld SAMUEL :MASON, Dlnckfrlars-rollll, urroy," Improvements In the construcllon or steam boUel"l!."
li36. WILLIAM LEIIl<AN, Daw60n-street, l)ublln, "An hnpro,·od aafety stirrup."
1736. JOUII DAV18 WAJU!, ComhUI, London, "Improvements In tbe construction of 5.Wps and vessel.l."
1737. Hlll<RY BLAND, Stuart-street, Luton, Dcdl'orWhlre, " I mprovements In
JJe\orJog machlnea.''
1740. DAVID CRICDTON, W!LLI.US DOIIBAV.L'ID, and D UNOAN C RtCilTON, Moncbester, "Improvements In looms for weovlni·"-P tlitiofll r«:ordtd lltl;
Jwne, 1862.
1746. JOHN !EOUAII. and WrLLIAM PIOARD Wooo, Volley Dye Works, Bradfonl,
Yorkshlrc, "Improvements In p reparlug colouring matters fur dyeing and
printing.''
17fJ2. AliTOtNK SALV1Al'J , Orcat P ortland·8trect, London," An Improved m ode
ol producing tndestrucllbl!l lnscriJlll'lns a nd oruu1oentnl surfilccs In gold nua
olhea· precious mctals."-A communication from Loureut Radl, Ycnlce.J>etitto"• rccurcted 12th Ju11t, 1~G2.
1759. J OON Jl~l>R\' CLEW, U owlnnd·atrcct,Fitzroy-squorc, London, 11 Improvements In sewing moclllnes.''- Pttition rtcordec.t 13th Ju11~, 1862.
1773. WILLIAll Uoucu , hlldon, Durhnm," Improvemcms In cr11ocs."
1774. RICIIARD ARCUIBALD BROOM AS, Jo' ieCt-strcct, London,'' improvements In
coking ovens, In coUeeting 11nd utlll81ng the products resulting ITem the
dbtlllntlon or C!lrbonl>allon of coal 11nll os her matters pmduclng coke, ond In
opparllt\18 employed tbereln ." - 1\ conunwllcotion from Cb orlcs Cloude
l'hlllbert Nlcola.> Pemolct, n ue de Tr6vloe, l'urls.
1776. ltOBtRT lltCKS, Kensington Park-terrace. London," I mprovements In the
manufucture or preparation of palnta, pliffients, and coloun~."-Pttot iona
rtcorded 14th Juu.~,
1~6t.
1787. JOHN U UNT, Birmingham, 11 An Improvement or Improvements In
bronzing or colouring orticlcs or copper or alloys or copper."- P11it ion
r•cord.oa 17th June, 1862.
1799. J OSBI'II W ARRB!i, 1\Jilldon, Euex, 11 Improvements In ploogh.s.''-P etltion
TC.COI'dt•t 18t/t Junt, 1862.
1806. _o\sonKw llOWAT, Famwort11, near Bol:on-le-lll oors, LllnC48hlre,
"Improvements lo tho construction or water gouge! ond blow off tops for
atcom boilers nod o tber p urposes.''
1811. E DWAJID J OON DA\'JB, West Smlthneld, London, 11 Improvements In
Lrcatlng ond preparing food for b orsc1 and otbcr aolmols."- Paitionl rtcorcl«l
19tli Ju~, 1862.
181 4. WILL! All JEYI'RliB, WC!t Dromwlch, Statrordlblre," A new or Improved
roll for rallways, and a n ew or Improved cbalr or sleeper for the anld raU."
1820. DANIEL ADAliSOif, Newton .Moor lronworkJ, Newton Moor, Chuhlre,
a nd LIVI Ltuou, St. P etcl'llbwg, Ruula, " lmprovcmeota In tbo coJUtruc.t lon or eteam boUel'll, and In apporotUJ coonec!M tberewltb, part of whlcll 11
applica ble to ablp bu.Udlng." -P tt ltiofll f'tctYrd.ed 20tA Junt, 1862.
1 83~ . liURT D.&VU PORT aD() JOIIM DAVDPOJIT, Bradford , YorkJhlre, "Im•
provcmeott In meana or appara t UJ for tho m!UIIll'acture of loom healdl or
harnell."
1840. JoBif L.t.WSON, Morrll·place, Glugow, "Improvemontl ln the monulllc·
ture or carpet.t and oOler pUed fa brtca."
1841 . E .I!U IIL Eoxolf1>B, Berry11eld, W UIAJblre, " Improvem ent. In th e manu facture of felled artlclee and fa brics, and In appara tus em ployed there.l o."J'ar1Jy a communlca Uon from Jamee Wyght, Lawrence, Hu~achUJettl, U.8 .
- Pttitio!l.t recorded 211t Ju•1t, 1862 .
1842. TIIO!II AII W ILSON, Blnnlngham, " A new or Improved dreea rut.enJoe,
which sold fastening la ol8o applicable to t he fastcn.log of bond.l a nd belli In
general, and to other like purp011e1."
1846. ALEXANDER Wllll8TMil, ArbroaUI, Forfarehlre, N.B., " Improvem ents In
muc hlnery or appnrntUJ for boring tltlte."
1847. WJLLIAM B.&RR, Coventry, Warwlclc.slllre, " An Improved manu racture
of ral.sed or brocaded fabrics wo ve n In cotton or nu, ellber alone or lo com·
blnalloo wttb wooi.''-Paitiom r«ordtd 23rd Jv.ne, 1862.
1862. WI~Ll.&M CLARK, Cbaneery -lane, l.ondon, " Improvements In plough.t."A communication from CfletUn J>cltler, Jun., Bouleva rt St. l farUn, P a ri.J.
1867. Eowuo lii11180B s uo.&, n runJw1ck, and t' IIUCIS J0111,u Wt~ DU.& UID,
Dudcl'lltallt, Hanover, "Iroprovcmcnll In colortc eorJ.uea, named • FJre-alr
enrlnl!l.' "
1868 . JOUJJ WBlT!Ull, Pcncvcranco J ronworkJ, Leedl, YorkJWre , " Improve men ta In the apparatus DJed In work.lng oU and other hydrau.Ue p. -..." Pditi0711 recorded 2btlt Ju.nt, 1862.
1876. 'l'IIOMAII UAJNPUilTO TIDBUTT, l'llancheater, "Cert4lo lmprovemen tl ID
the manufacture of soap, 80(1o, and other molcrlol employed for tbo p urpo10
washing and cleansing."- Petition recorded 2et11Junt, t862.
1919. OY.OI.\0 11 HENRY DIRKBP.CK, Southa mpton-bulldlnga, Cbancery-laoe,
London, " Improvements In procwes for tho ullllsallon of certain rerueo pro·
ducts resulllng from the manuf11ctus-e of Iron. 1ucb proceescs being applicable
to the treatment of other metallic or mine ra l eubstances."- A comm wllcallon
from Emmanuel MJnary and Jtnymond Sou.l lry, Paru.-Pttition t•t«~rde4
h /. July, 1862.
1939. Or.oROIIll£NRY BtR RB!CK, Southampton·bullcllogs,Cbaocczy-Jane, London ,
" Improvements In the construcllon ofm ccbnnlcal h orses." -.A corrununlcatlon
n-om De U ameJ, tultgard, Wurtemberg.-Pchtion recordtd. 3rd. J .Uy , 1862.
2020. SAM UEL l 'ARTkiDGI, Darlaston, Statrordlhlre, "lmprovemen ll In rallwny slgnni3.''-P ttition recorded 14th Jutv 1862•
22110. Or.oRor; \VUlT£, TOr(IUay, FIIAJICI8 B UCKLABD, Newton .Abbot!, and
C UARLI!8 Rr:r.s, Newton BllBheU, D evonshire," lmprovemonts In Jbe manuft\cture of water closcts."-Petitioa r«ordtd. 14th Avo•.t, 1862.
2401. WILLIAM Owes,notherbam, Yor.Uhlre." lmprovem enr., In the manufacture or roll way wheels a nd ty res , and In securing tyres to wheci.I."- PttUion
rtcorded 29th Ll.lJ.{!WII, 1862.
2444. JOUN COOK, Fltzroy-plnce. Kenlllth Town, London, "Improvements In
Cllrrlnges."- P ttition recorded 4th .Septnnber, 1862.
26 13. JAMI!8 TnO.M, Cnntcrbury-plncc, Lnmbetlt, Surrey, "Improvements ln
mounting or tilting orttllclnl tee! h .''
261G. JOSilPII nowBLL, .A b<:nlcen, N .n., "Improvements In piUars and
npporatua for straining wlrt>."- P elitimts recorded. l'lth 8epttmber, 1862.
2~82. L &W18 Du:EY, King's-road, Brighton . 11nll OllORG& SMITU, Angmcr1og,
usscx, "New or lmproYed mctlood of tloltng, by IJJbographlc printing, pbotograpWc portralt.s ond l.tack grourull, and embossing tb.e same."-Pttuion
rtctYrded 20th &ptemhtr, 181)2.
2633. [JJR AM U OTCIJ ISSON , Rue Not re Dome de! Y lctolre!, Paris," I mprovements In macWnery for covering \Yire with lnllla-rnbber and iUtla·perclla ,
and similar gums ond compowldll tbcroor. ond for manufacturing t ubes ond
other ortii!IC! or such gums and compounds."- A commnnlcaUon ITem
Tbom!IS Snult, Scymour,Conn ectlcut, U.S.-Ptl1tilm recordtd 21th September,
l8G2.
or
A nd not ice 1!1 hereby further given, t hnt all pel'llons hovln g a n lntereet lo
opp osing ony on e of such opplfcatlone aro ot liberty to lea ve p &rtioularsln
wrltln~ of their objections to s u ch oppllcaUon, at the lAid Oflloe of the
Comnll8sionel"l!, within twenty·ono d~ys next alter the dMe of the Queue
(and or t he J o urnal) in which thl.a n ot lca 1s laaued.
Lilt
pobl•abed dnrinr t he Weell u dilat
18tli October, 1862.
of Speci.Ac ationa
621, 8d. ; 622, l Od. ; 628, 4d. ; 621, 8d.; 625, l a. 4d. ; 626, 6d. ; 11271 4d. 1
628, lod. ; 629, t d. ; 690, old. : 68 t. 4d. ; 632, 4d . i 689, 4d ; 634, 4d . ; 635,1!d. ;
69!1, 4d. ; 697, Sd. ; 6;l8. 4 '1. ; &9, 4d. ; 640, <61. ; 611, 8d. ; 6 12, 6d. ; 1118 4d. ;
644, 8d. i 616, 8d; 646, 2s. 2d. ; IH7, Is :ld . : MS, ~d.; 649, old.; 1150, lOd.:
651, 4tl.; 662, 6d. ; 663, 4d.; 654, 4d.; 665, old . ; 666, Gd. ; M7, 6d.;
658, JOu.; 6511, 10d.; 660, 4d.; 6tl l, 4d.j 662, l Ud.; 663, 4d. i 664, 6d. ;
61l6; 4d. ; 006, 4ll.; 067, JOJ.; 668, lOa. ; 669, 4d.; 670, l ua. ; 671, 4d.;
672, td. ; 673, ls. ; OH , 10d. ; IH6, 4d. ; 676, 4d.; 6 7, 4d . ; 678, t d . ;
670, 4d. ; 680, 4d. ; 6::H, 4d. ; 682, 4ll. ; 683. 18. 2d.; 684 , lOd. ; Ul!t, 8d . ;
686, 411.; 61>7, Sd ; 688, 4d.; 689, 1ft. 4d ; tlOO, 8d.; 691, 8d.; 692, 11. 2<1. ;
603, 4d. ; 694, hi. ; 696, 4d. ; 006, 4 d . ; 697, Sd. ; 698, 4d. ; 699, t d. ; 700, 4d.;
701, lOd.; 702, 4d.; ?OS. lOll.; 704, old. ; 'lOG, t d.; 106, 4d. ; 107, 11. 8d.;
708, 6<1. ; 709, 18. ; 710, 4d. ;
•. • Specifications wUI be forwarded by post on r eceipt of the amo11nt
of price and postage (tbo latte r rarely exceeding One Pe ony). Sum1 exceeding 6s. muat be remitted by J>oet.-Oftlco Order, ml'de pay able " the
poet.-odloe, H igh B olbom, to Mr . Bonnet Woodcroft, Great oeal P a tent
Ofllce.
ABSTRACTS OF SPECIFICATIOlfS.
The following deuripti0111 are m a<U )rtml .Ab•tl'adl yrepor td up,.ull~ jor
'l'HI EMOUIUR, at tlu qfftct 0/ Mr M~uty'• Commi.uiontrl t1/ Palntl.
CLASS
1.-PRIME MOVERS.
l ncluding Fi:ud St-eam and otMr- .&ginu, Bor-. Wilwl, tllld WCIUr
Milh, Gearing, Bofkio•, rttting•, §-c.
902. J. B . JouNiON, Lir.coln.'•-inn-fitldl. London , " Rota.tlrry tnginu. " -..f communi atio11.-1Jattd 3ht Marc/;, 1862.
Th'- Invention consltt.s In tbe employmeol or o pair of dJ.ic wheell, having a
number or stfam porta cut therein , each <Ilie belDi tlxed on a aepa raae lhan of
111 own. l o place ofthe two thalli being In !be .amo axial line whb each other
tbcy are placed ot on angle, 60 tbat one ooae of lbc dl.llca will be nearer t.o~elher
thnn the opposlu: edge. 'fho steam porta or passages paw through lhe di.ICI ,
and the corre;;pondlog ones In tbc loner r&ee~ or tbo dl.llca are conneciAld by expaJUlble bags or tubes or vulcasllsed hldl~-rubber, or other aul table ma~rial.
A valve Is so nrmoged os to lldmltthc et.eom Into each port IIUCCOitlvely 11 lho
lilacs revolve, the StAlilm entering thu~ port nud bag or tube which '- situate at
the point where the cdgtlt of the diSCI ore ncarcat totlether. M tho s tum cxpandathill tuoo, lt wndi to rotate tiH.I dlicl, nnll bring tbe next JU~lng port
w1cler tho volve, which then receive• s team ln Ill turn, a nd10 oo , tbe exii&Uit
tokhli place through tb.e oppoilto disc, a nd at a point wberc the cxpallllon
of the tube Is no longer or service. ~lotion .la tra nllllltted from tbe10 di~Ct by
hovlng spur teeth CAllt thcroon, gcorhl!J Into corretpon41ng plnlo01 on a aecood
motion !ban. The bearingi whlch aupporl t b e l!halll or Jbe t wo dlilc wheell aro
made atljUJt.nllle on tbclr tablet, 110 tu w regulllte c:uctly the ang!CI of tJte l wo
th~.-.Not procuded '!DUll.
920. J . P u n a1td W . RJc nAaoso !l, Old/lam, "..fpporatw VHd for applyiltll
mot ..e power dtrived frrnn. bull«b, horu1, or IXMr Qltimatl."--Dated ht
Apnl,
1 86~
Thls lnventioocoDAIJts In toklngtbepower from two Of morepart.B o!lhe wheel
to will ell the onlmaiB oro conncc1ed. Thus tbe p&tentees employ a toot hed wb etl
w1U1 lntcronl or e l.tt.emal tee1J1 corrleil by n verllcol ox.l.e, arul In eonnoctlou
thcrewltll ore two pinions connected hy gcatllll to 11. abaft by which tbe
powe r ls con•cyeiJ. 'fM aforctnl<l wbc~l l1 provided w1th ahofts or le vera tu
which the 1mlmnls aro yoked , nnd bcnc11Lh it are placed wheels or pulloye upon
which 1~ moy bo supported. T o the rim of tile wheel arc connected beaJJill
which extend to !be cenlralth.on, and theso beoma ore s!JuL after the manner
or roonng for buildings.
930. B. nuc uua11, l'ork·buildingl, .tl.dtlp lii, .LondDn, "Apparatu1 f !11'
lubr~atinv 1«o111oth:e and otlter azlu.''-ilattd !ln<l ..fprU, 1861.
Thci!C Improvements have rercrcnco to o prevloUJ patent granted to tho
present patcnwc,dated 13th Jnne, 186 I (No. 1624),and ore a.s follow. : -l ut.ead or
placing tbe packing or smfflng w;c<l for apreadlng the oU on !be Journal below
tile Joumnl, lt 1s 1lxed above the centre or Jbe Journal, aD() In contaCt with ll,
ond In aucb n poalllon tlaat tlsc packing and Jhe brua bearing Jhall w ear
awoy simultaneously together, antlt\luj the packing rcmalJ:Js alwayaln COil taCt
with tbe upper part or thO journal os long 118 tile bearing la.llts.
047. J . LEe, Lincoln," 7'raction f!lqina a1Ul boiln1.''-Dated 8rd ..fpril, 1862.
'fhede hnprovemcnlt In traction engines consist In giving motion to the m ain
or driving pnlr ot' wheels by o Jllnlon on tbo crank ab a ft or tho engine
georiog Into on lntenncdlote wheel, on the nx.LI of whlch 11 another rmaller
wbecl wblch geol'll Into a toothed wheel on tlto axJa oC the m ain o r driving
whce'-· The lnt.ermedloto wbeela tum on o st ud which p roJccta from the
bracket which carries !be cra nk 8haft.; thls stua, tbe crank shot\, and ll\o a xis
or tho maln wheels are 60 placed that their ~trca are oU In one vertica l Ur.e.
The lmpro\'Cmc nts In bollcl"ll for trocllon , locomotive, and other purpoiCI conaiJ~ In construcUog tbem 10 !bat the horl:r.ootal tubea w Wch pau from lb.e Arebox conduct !be productl of combUJtloo Into a smoke bolt or chamber, from
the top of wblch they pou away through vertical tubes wblcll rl.lo up U\roueb.
!be d ome or ate am chamber or the boiler, !Uid on the exterior or \be dom e the
tubes open Into a chJmncy w Wch can be turned down w bM tbe tnbea requlnl
deonlng. The 61lloke box or chamber above menttoood 1.1 fonncd by the plate
w b lch recdves the endl of the bomootal tube• from tbe llre·bolt belna bent at
righ t angle!, the portion bent down at rl11bt allilea receh1na the ver1Jcal tulica
wWcb rile up lbrongb tbe dome.- J\IX p!•o.udtct. witll.
052. J . C. K .&T and W. H.unu, Bu.rv, .Lamcutw, "SUam mgiJWI," -Da.Ud
i t h. .April, 1862.
This Invention cooaieta In certain Improved arrangmenta ot the air pump
condenaer1 !Uid b ot well of borl.zoutal aud otller cou4tOIIJii 1\tAID qtnea1
ur4
THE
•
252
of th0ancUon ond ddlvery vnlvl's In conncetlon therewith. The objects or the
tmpmv~mcnts &re, by lncr~&~lng tho effcetl,,e conden~lng aurfnoo ond providing
for the froo dlacborgo or nlr onll wnter, to secure n good vocuum, to ahnpllfY
tho mcchanlcl\l arrangement M for working the olr pump, to economise spaco, to
obtain greoter sl.llbUhy, and to ntrord racWty In obl.lllnlng access to the valves
And various p&rU. The lnvenllon cannot be dC8CrlbC<I without re~rcoce to U1c
drawtnp.
9~.
T. SlLVU, Philadtlp/.ia, U.S.. "Got'trnorl f.n- ,.tgulating the lpttd of
lltam. a~tcL otlit'r tnffinu. "-Dated 4th April, I 62.
Oovemon1 oonstruct<!d ncoordlng t o till! ln,·cntlon oorulst of two plli'U, one
part b<'lna rotated by the enj!'lne or machlne to be regulated, nod the other pnrt
moy either bCl rotated by nn ln!lependent engine, or auy other convenient m eant
or obtaining or producing uniform mollon; or, when not rotnted, may bo connected to 11ny convenient orrnngemcnt for obtaining unlfonn power or real!·
tancc. \\'lleel gcorlng l8 employed lntermedlately for converting the dl~rcncc
between the motlona or the two pnns composlng the oppnrotnslnto n movement
by which the throttle Yolve or other mcallll of rCI(ulntlng the ndml881on of
power to the engine I~ cll'ccted. A fly wheel t" employed. ond it mny either bCl
keyed rnat upon the ~ltnf'l when the ~haO ts free t o re' olve In the drl\'lng plllley
and othtr portion or the npparlltus, or, when the drlvln~ pulley Is keyed fMl to
the thlll\, the tly wheel muuntNl thereon ts, tC~~cthcr whh Ita portion of the IIJI·
parlltWI, l'rcc to revoh•Cl nntl mny rc'•ol\·e In one ltlrcetlon or the other within
t he llmll assigned to 11. Whcro 11 mellns of rotntlug both portions of the nppn·
rotu&-thc one pan nt n unlfom1 speed, the oth er hy the revolution of the
engine to bo regulated-le uol 1\VIIIIot.lc or adopted, hut n<lvorltllgcls tnken of
any non-rotating meona or Insuring unlfom1 rcslstoucc to the one pnrl of the
appnratus, while the other Is, nsllefurc stuted, euused to rovoh•c by th e cnghto
t() bCl reJllllntcd. Then thu non-revolving parl or I)Ortlnn or thn Ollpnmt us 13
either connected to a spring, stcnm t>ressurc (\lsc, or other cl:utlc medlllm of
rctlstonce, or n counter wcl~:ht moy be emtliO) Cil, ond the fly whl'<'l may oo
fllnll•hed with ''llllCi capnblc or r('<.:ulntlon or of ll!'lr·a.dju•tment. h lst.cnd of n
lly wheel with ''llnCB, ccntrlflll{lll weights mny bCl employed for producing the
nccc;;snry rc•h!tnnee. The \•lhrntlng eros•hcnd, upon n p..ortlon of which the
wheel gearing l8 moun ted, ~cn·es to work the throttl e vnlve, this ei'068hcnd
taktna the place of the onllnnry ~lldlng sleeve usually employed.
963. !;. FtELOINO,$. t' t£1,01110, jun., R. FIELOINO, onfl T . F tELDINO, S•aiL·
br•(lge, fltal· Rorhdult, " Yalvt•."-Dotcct 4/h April. ISU2.
Thlw lnventhm conBIHI8 In n new urrnngemcnt of volvc which Is nctunlcd by
a rotary movement derl"ed from the uu\ln shnft by mc11us of toothed gearing,
or by 11ny other mechnnlcnl contrh·nncc.
9i9. n. TllO»PSOl<, ll'al!·t,., fi ((IJ' ll'ncCIIItlC·tcron- Tim• . .. Steam <nqint&''Daltd 6th AprU. ISii\!.
•
Tills Invention con»lsts In o method or cotull·uetlng ttcom <'ll:!htcs for the
combined use of high pre -urc tlHw~r 11nd '"ucuum power, whh slide~ or ''alvc~
aa arranged or dlspoS(.'d M to elfcet t he dh•lslon of the atenm whh which the
cn~rlno I• served Into ecpurnte I>OrtionK, nftcr such ~tenm shall ha,·e gl"en ou t
111 llrc&Sure power, 118 dlstlngul;.hcd from it, ,·ncuum power, nnd 80 thnt n
portion Hhnli be suffered to escnpc ond n portion moy ~ccome condcn•rrt.
CLASS
2.- TRANSPOH.T.
l ttcluding Railway• and Plnnt, Road-fllaldng1 Steam Vuull, MacAirwry and Fittill!JI, Sailing Vu1tl1, BoaJt, Carriogu1 Caru,Ilor-
raut, d'c.
8(1.1 . W . D. LORD, Plyt,\OVtll, anct F. H. CU.BART, Bri.tlon, "An imp,vad
ltamf dip. "-Dat tl 3111 March, I 62.
Tbla hnme slip or npt>nrntuslntcrposcs between the hnmc Bnd trnce (lt might,
Jr desired, be connected with any other pnrt of tho hnrnc88) ond hooks on to the
bame (whlell Is furnished with an open slot or ring), nnd Is compose<! of n
piece of mcllll hn"lng two deep OJ)(ln ftlots cut In the hrond or clrculor portion
t bereof; these slots or cu\4 divide t he clrculll!'port of the metal into three pnriB,
"hlch mny be termed ~hcelul. A tlln hole ts mndo In tJ1c Inner and ccntro piCClli
or cheeks, Bnd In the outer o key hole ~hnpcd ~lot. A splndlu JIR&el! throul(h
throe boles, and worka longltudlno.lly thcrcln freely. '' groo,•e l8 cut alon!( the
bottom of the >J~In<l!l', Into which a I!Crcw wkes, Ute ll!'rcw oolng passed throul(h
the lower part of the centre check, thus preventing the •fllndle turning entirely
round when Ill~ wlth~ruwn to nllow the trace to drop from between U1c Inner
nnd centre checks of the •lip. lll nged wltb or Into one end of tho spindle Is a
T or other shoJICd piece scrvlug to rull out the spindle 1\8 fnr 08 the atop, or
poAh lt bnck In· Its tJince, ontl In co njunction with th e slol secnrc llln position .
921. A. V. NEWTON, Clta11ury-lt<M1 L 011d01t, "/)itl/0>' traininfl 01' lulidlli•lll
'llicio-.1 ll01·n•."- .A ccnnm.uniratitm .-JJatcd 2nd Ap~•\t, 1862.
.\ ccol\llng to thls lnventlon the bltls formed of twobRn!, connected centrally
by a plvot,liU that they may c:<pnnd and open or dlsteml thCl mouth ur the
animal, either by an nntomntlc arrangement, or nt the" Ul of the rider or
driver.
931. S. fl1Jl(TEII, Nt:traullt·ttJ)O•t-T.IfJit, "A>Jrhor•."-Dflltd 2nd A pril, I G2.
This tn\'entlon cannot bCl dcsertbCd w1Utout rell:rcncc to !lie drawings.
93:'>. W , LEOPARD, IIIJI'IIJ)itrpoint, S~ltJ', " Jloi/troy l)l•al•c ap]>«rat~ "Dattct 2nd Ap1·it, IRG2.
This Invention relotcs t o the application of Hrff.nctlug hrnkcs, thnt Is, llmkc~
Jn which the momentum ortho Clll'rlagc Is utlllscd to produce the JIOwer RPillled,
ond consists In the nrrangcment or ports whereby the power 111 trnnsmltlcd
from tbe shaft receiving the Impulse from the ruunlng wheel axle ofthe carriage
to tile b rakes. To receive the power the JIRICntcc employs no endlcM screw,
IDto ~
screw wheel nnd 111Aft ts lowered when Ute brake Is appUcd ; Ulla
ebaft 1
longitudinally ot mldbrendtb orthc corrll\jle ; at the oppo~lte end
from tile
wheel Is fixed n bevel wheel, gearln!f with onotber bClvd wheel
or ~enf t6 t eeth on a " crt iCllll O..'tl8; Ibis vcrtlcl\l nxls corrles a a pur pinion
4ltpoee4 between two horl%ontal raeks, one on eh her side, ond bClth gcnrlng
with ll at aame time. '1'he raclul ar0 mounted ou rods on which they nrc free
to tilde, but tlle ends of the racks, when moved in either direction , abut ogol nfit
turf'acea termlnatlng t he ends of rods which communicate the thruBl to the
brake bars. The broke bnrs ho disposes acroM tho breusts or trends of Uto
whcell, nod aupport8 them In suitable guides. 'l'h e thrust rods ho supports In
gul<le boles In thCl middle or tho tranavel"80 bro.ko bnrs, nnd oppllcsthc thrust
throuah the medium or aprlnga nbout snme length as t he trnnwcn;e llRn!, on
which coliiU't ou tbe thruat rod• take ctrect. The rods on '~hlell the rnckJI
llllde may be Oxed In one or the thmst rods, 11nd slide In sultRblc sockets ln the
other to support and keep them In n direct line with each ot11er; or they moy
be lhort, and Oxtures to e ach thrust rod, ond be received and slide In aockcts
or holctln the racks, the ohject being to permit or tho rock pinion operating on
either, and yet to produce the snme etrect ln opplylng the brakes, which combination of rock pinion and thrusting bnrs cous tltutcs the feature of tills port
or the lm•cntlon. Sctr-ocllng brnkes oro usunlly lll)t>llcd by means of n lon~;l­
tudlnal shal\ conpltd continuously throughout the tr11ln. In applylng these
brake. it Is of 11dvunln11e to use them ln ordinary for ltOpplng the trnln, on(l to
apply them partially, thntls, \\1th less thnn the wiiCIIe force, and keep t11em
on with slight prCAattre. l'or this purpose, nner tho continuous shan hM
operated to throw the screw whedlnto gci\J' \\1th the acrew on the axle, which
he docs by means or an eccentric on the coounuOilS 8hllft, he turns lt further
round, and 80 wlthdrawe lt, but which at the 110mc lime caulle.l on ovol cnm on
t he aamo shal\ to tnke etrcel on two levers between which it ls placed ; these
levers Bre mounted on fulcra. and ore ottRched at thei r lower ends ton steel or
other broke strnp, which encircles the periphery of o drum or aurfoco fixed on
the 11erew wheel shnft, 80 tltllt, WhOII the levcn~are a cted on, they grip the shaft,
and to prevent it running back by the recoil or the brake SJ1rlngs, ond thu Gkeep
t bo brokes on nner hnvlng dlaconnccted them from the motive power. The
ecccnt rlca or cams ho employs for npplylng or remo,•lng the screw wheel t o nnd
from t be acrew he atrlltes or fo>nru In port or n c:lrclo described from the shnn,
..o that they may o.IJ be applied at once, at the IIOJIJCl t ime o.llowlng lllr n little
twllt on the oonllnuona ahllft, or alacknwln IU coupllnp.
943. R . ll. TOOOOOD and J . L.t.TBotrasE, /l'~port, JJor.mOUih, "Rail~tay
croui.tg•."-Datecl 3rd April, 1862.
This In vention coutlata In forming welded CMt 1tccl croBSings by welding
neuemcr or ordinary cut s teel railS from tile pohll or tbc V or heart plceo to
thCllnte"'cetlon of tho two raJis.
!lf> l . J . F. WOODALL, Ortllard·ltrttl, Portman.-•quart, London, '' Ymtilati•lO
oorriagtl/01' common road~ "-Dated 4th .f pril. 1862.
The pntentec claims the nppllcntlon or the ~yatem of ventllntlon to cnrrlogCB
or v ehicles for common row wherein fresh olr ls ndmltte<l through openlnga
lllrmc<lln the front or aldc~. or ooth, or the carrlngc, whilst the lutcmlll olr Is
cauaed to cseapc either directly through on opening fonncd ln the roof, or
through an openlng Into a conducting tub<', whence it pnsscs out th.r ough on
opening at the back or the cnrrlnge, the Bald openings for the Ingress rutd egrcJ;S
or the air b<'lng either uncovered or more or less hidden by suitable grating~ or
ornaments, ond eit her JlrO,•ldc<l or nol with soltnble ''lllves for regulating nt plcni!Ure the extent of vcnlllntlon 88 described.
96~. J. ScEn Es. Llo.vd•, Lo,•dot~, "S~tt,.ino •liiP• ·"-Dottd 4th Av•·il, l8G2.
'Ihlslnventlon ls Intended chlctly to npply to tho steering of sblps or great
length, and comlstt In llttlnlf ono or more rudders on the sldei of the VC811CI, In
nddltlon to the ordlnnry rudders. The nddltlonnl rudder or rudders, when not
ot work , enter a receu or recellie8 formed in tbe ship's side to receive them, In
order that there shall bCl n o projecting surface to lntc~re wfth the ship's way
when the addltionol rudder or rudders Is or are uot In nctlon.-.1\'ot '/fi"OCCtclul
tdtA.
974. J COLLIN0 1 &alt4m, J>vrlt4m, "Bc(/l.ng 1hip1' llli/1."-DaUd. 61/> .April,
l8G2.
Thlt Invention applies to 1111 squoro snlls thnt arc distended by yards, and
contl818 In 80 tilling Rlld em1Jioytng tile por\8 employed ln tho rectlng that
greater focllltlcs will b<' ntrorded, and the nctlon of the reeflng tackle better
Insured than heretofore. In rcellng aaUs the pntcnteo cmploya a roller on
whkh ho wind• thCl aaU 88 hltlocrto, whlell roller ho disposes ln front of the
yard, to thnt the 1\lll etree t of the nren between tbo yards may bCl rendered
nollable. De mounu andanpport8 the roller by b<'artugs from the y&rd ; two
()( auch ~ga carry t he pivots on wblch the roller rcvoh·es, wbUe othcl'll
carry blocu or abeaves through which the rccllna chaJns or ropes oro led on to
t ile rollers. Theiel rcetlng ropca or ebalru llovo the etroct or rotatJng t he
roller, and also to uslsllog to bold the roller a nd yurd In poaltlon to sllde freely
••11 aDd down the wnat wllUe rtetlng or unrceftnt IIlo eaU, by rca80n or the
OCT. 24, 1862.
ENGINEER.
lnlf velvet In the ordlnnry manner lt I• cu~t om11ry to In troduce th ree &hoots or
wen belwccu onl' JliiC wire nntltho next, and n tntb tic ha$ not been mn<lc with
n smllllcr nnmiJN' whcro a complete pllc wat·p hM been looped O\'Cr each wire .
'fhe pntcutccs, however, use only two shoot.! between the pile wire~. nnd they
s till get a sore tic, 88 there ore, ln fact, tilur ehoou between one loop and the
CLAss 3.- F ABRICS.
n c.'tl or the arune pUo thread.
lncludirag M acltiMr!J and Mechanical OperaJiOTII c<mnecled uritl_a PreF'. SPEI'CD, Pm.Jld011, IAJtCJUtt?', "Loomi."-Dattd 4111 April, 1@62.
paring, Manufacturing, Printing, .Dyem,q, and .Dru~ing Fabrict, ~c. 953.
Thl3 Lnvcntlon hn8 re ference to that part of tho loom known u the '' letting879. T. CoL£, C<lt•tntrN. " ,V allufacturt of ftqurtcL ribbon• a11a other tt.ttile oil' " motion, or tho mcehanl!m for Ullwlndl"f the yam otr lite warp beam.
fubrki."-Dattd 29th Narth, I G2.
and it oonslstsln supporting the warp beam upon roUen1 to wlllch n 110&1th·e
This ln\·entlon contlsts In 5ubstltutlng ror the jncqunrd m11chlne empiO)'ed In uniform motion ta gl\•en nt every pick. or after every two or more plckt. Tll0
the mnnufncturo of ribbons, n machine ron11ed of a horlzon tnl barrel or cylhulcr motion for thCl rollcl'll mny be dllrlvcd fro)'lt the tappet Bhllft, or other conwith wtrostuds attached. These s tuds, In revolving, pres~ on Iron bolt~. which venient pnrt of the loom , nnd ns the surf'nco or tho wnrp bears on the rollcn!, it
come In contncl with hookc(llod8, nnd prc88 tho 81111\C to the grltr, nnd U1c grllf Is e"ldcnt thnt the motion gl"en to the roller& will unwind a unlfonn qunntlty
rni8CS the rods to fom1 the figure 011 the ribbon. Sometimes the Inventor u~es of the wnrp thrca cls, notwltltBtondlng the grndunl reduction or the dlnmoter of
sh\ls studded with Iron s tuds ottoel1ed or not to the cylinder, ond lnstcnd of t1 tiUl warp on the benm. In order to prevcnlthc illtliJing of the wnrp beom, n
C) finder n plce\l of wood or squnro or octagon ahope mny ooused.-Nut proetedtd wcllfhtmny be su.;pcndcd to n band pw.:Jing o'~r U1c cud.il of tbo txoom.-Not
VIII /J,
procttdcd tcith.
8 4 . J . PLATr 1111. 1 w. Rtcn.a.aosos, Olclh?m, "Curding mginu. "-Dattt12!ltlt 959. C. MOt:'LTON, Jtfancl•tlltr, "Pmtagraph tnathintl v.scd for tnqrat'illp
Marclt, 1862 .
rolltr• or cvluuJtrf t~ttploycd in ~alicou and other •urfacu."-.Dottd 41/•
The pntcnt<!".s elnlm th e use of n accoud crank or era nu , nud balancing oppn·
.April, 1862.
rot us, os dCIICrlbcd.
Till~ ln"entlon con8l818, Fln;t, In the employment nntl opplkntlon M a clrculnr
90G. 1'. R. Coucnooo, Pa1'V, "Loomfo,. ma.tvfactUI·iiiO chtnilu, d:c."- Dottd tool holder hnvlng n mortlc~ for placing umllnller of points around the C) lhut<•r
to be trnccd or en)lrnvctl. 'l11c sntd clrculor tool h older Is formed cltiiCr In 1111
ht April, 18G2.
Ins tead of mntdu:; ono ch cnUic 11t n time, the l>ntcnleo makes, on this loom, anth·~ clrde or n Kegment of n cl.rclc, mul In IJoth cases the tool hold~r I<
two , three. four, or more, nntl thnt without forming se,•ernl gut.! or wlrcM, ono sup1)0rtcd nt two pnrt• placed In sultahlc posltlonH. Secondly, In construct111g
gut l'nly being t~ed for se"crnl chcnlllcs, If desired. 'fhe lmt>ro,•cd loom Is the suppot·ts or bnl'll 1\Jr carrying Utc snld clrculnr or scgm~ntnl tool holdero.
cum posed, csscnthlll~·, n~ follows :- The patentee <mploys &cvt·ml bonnls or ..a thot they may tw tmrt~lt18under nnd mode to trnvelln opposltedlrcctlonl for the
cyllndr!Cllll plate~ pierced with hole~. nml dcstlncd to receive nu Indefinite plli'"Jlii'!Cl of rc,·en~lng the pottcm. Thll\lly, In ml~lng and lowcrtn~; the tnblc
numb<'r or spindles of o l11rge toothed wheel plllecd ooncnth, the two plutes or which cnrrles the pattern plate, ln~t<'nd of ha' htlf it tntlonn.ry 88 :11 prci'Cnt,
bonnls reeel\·tug motion from the motor anti t rnn=lttlng lt throughout the for t he purpo.,c or r~gulatlng or adjust In~: the len!fth of tJIQ lc,·crs from the
mcchnniBm of hoi.JI.Jin• or @pools which funll•h tit~ fllundntlon wires or gut ur cylinder to the pnttem t1lnte, nnd thl'relly cn11blln~! the sketch to lx' adnpted to
the chenille. ThCSClthrends or wires, to the number or two or moro for eocl1 any slight dln~renccA rcqull'«< on the C) thulcn!. t 'onrt llly, In fonnln~r •lOtll In
chenille, nro Intended to hold the cut thrcnds or which the cbeniUe Is mod~. the vertical nnn~ or le' crs, so thnt the llDien tec mny emtlloy dltr~renl lcnlfl.)bt
There nro two or m ore endlc88 cords turning round flOiicys rrom the Interior to of the hncket that curries the trncer currlogcan(t Its bnr, nnd nl80 t he whnft
the exterior of the mnchlno or loom, nnd there Is n tl.xcll knife, or one hn,•lug 11 that cnnlci the rntlo pulley, for the purpo<cof altering thedlmlnutl ons.
eome-nnd-go motion, cutting tile g ut which Is lllrmcd by the sllkR lcovhllc( thu
spindle~. 'there Is or ut'Cl one or more friction rollt·l"l! to en<·h chenille, lnt~nd•·tl
C r.ASS 4.-AORI CULTURE.
n nt only to tnke and holtl thu chenille o.s it leove~ thc other a.ldc or the rod
where the gut la ronncd, but tho friction ruller nearest the knlll! acrvc• to
I nc'uding Agricultural Enginu, IVilldlalltt, lmplement8, Flour
nppronch ruul firmly holtltho gut by the prct nrc or n screw spring or other
;I/ ills, cJc.
mcchnnlsm, so thnt the knlf~ mny operate liultnllly. There oreolso two btL•kets
!l. R. YOU NO, 0/nl(lm~, "Apparat~ for cleaning, 1oparatinq, 1t«<l•i•l!l, Utltl
or ooseJ Into which the chenille fnll~. on ho,•ln~: the pulleys plneedln the uptlCr
payi••fl yrain ." - JJutt<l311t Mnrcl•. 1862.
Jlnrt of tllc loom, nml hy the mo,emcnt or which, nnd the plo,y or toothed gcnrThis
ltwentlon cnnnot bCl drserlbed without reference to the drnwlngt.
tng for tbls object, th~ chenille Is twt.ted, RB dc•ff'\'(1. The In nu lion nlso enmprlscs n crnnk. bnnct chnln, toothed gcnrlng. or ~lmllnr mellllll of FCtll n:; tlw l11om 1197. lt. ('. nANSO~JE,/pmich. "Tlll·a•liitlfl auflt/1..,,. macl.in( l"l/ tclitn rnrn O•'
nt work, ond o tlCtlnl for •tOIIf>lng or setting the loom In mol IOn, whcther~tcnm,
{frO in. i1 rtfjwired to lie rai~ectfron~ Olltl~vll to aMtlttr."-Dat<ll3 1" Jlcorch,
hor!!c, wntcr. or othe r power be u!'<'d. In 1hc h:c•kct nbo,·c mcutloncd I~ 11 comII!G2.
pnrllncnt, by which menu~ the elJeniUe, which rises, does DOl encountet· thot
F or th e j;urposrs of this hwcnllon n rovol\'lng whocl or surface la employed
which descends.
on the periphery, or nt a distance from tho central nxls, of which arc OllPIIed
!11 4 . •). U. JOUNSON, Lincoln'•-i•l11·./Ul<ll, Lofldon," A pporaltU/OI' IJ>tnllillg prOJ)I!IIen~, buckets, ur paddle boards which wu rk 'v1thln a chamb<'r, which it Is
cott011, &·c."- .A communie<~lion.- Doltd l•t A1n·it, 11161!.
prcicrred shoultl be or" cylindrical fonn, nnd of on lntemal diameter and dlmenThIs ln,·cnlfon relate~ more pnnlcularly to what ore knowu 08 mule ~pinning alons somewhat larger than the dlomctcr of tbo wheel or revolving aurf~,
molchlncs, nnd CCinslstl!, F I!'Ill, oConn Improved modi' or driving the 8plndles ; for ,v1th the propellers. pnllctlo honN.s, or buckets th~I"OOn,ao that such rropcllcrs.
whlcllt>nrpose n double groo1·ed whl\l'\'11 or puUey Is fixed or fonncd UJ>On the paddle boords, or buckets mn,y work freely within such case without, however.
lower portion of cnch &flllldle, nnd one strand ot nn endless bnnd Is mndc to pn-s allowing the groins to ~:et nwny between the propclicl'll and tbc case till tlw
n1tcm11tely upon O!lf)C)Site aloll'.'l of the npt>er series or grom·es. whUe tl1e Ollf>OSite groins come to the proper outlet In the CII-<C. l t I• preferred thot U1c rC\'Oivlng
81rflltd of the some band 1~ slmllorly flB..<scd round the opposite sllles of the lhwer wheel or surf'uce shoultl be on o horizontal nx la, but thLl Is not wentlnl. 'J'he
set of grooves of thoscrle8, I>Oth sides or strnnlls of thu end less hnntl being thus wheel or rotntlng ~nrfncc Is caused to rotnte nt o high velocity, by which t he
mn<le to opernle equally upon the opposite ~ltle or cuch spind le. 'fil e hnml before corn or groin Is cunleil round within tho cnso, go that t11c grulns nttnlm n high
entering nnd ntler len\'lng tile series ofwhnn•cs or 1111lle.1·s Is guided t.y ~tntlon­ vrloclly by the time they nrrtve opposlto the outlet from which tbcy pa-s out of
nry guide pulleys from nllll on ton larger grooved tlrlvlng pulley Fltuatc Ill ench the case. .At the outlet there ts on Inclined ptpo or flii88Rge whlell riiiCS to the
cud oftlle machlne, motion bclug trommltted to the boml nt eoch end •lmul- po ltlon up to which it b tiClllred thaltllc corn or gralu &hull bCl rollled lulhrnsll·
tonoou•ly. The Secomt pon or thl• 111\'entlou oon•lstsof o pccullnr cou1troctlon lng or other machinery. " ' hen the com or groin 1!1 to bCl riddled or dre~~ed.
of spindle whlcll the Inventor t>roposesto mokc much 1horter thnn the ordlnory then ll I~ 11rcferred t hat th e lnellncot JIIJlC or pa'llloae through wblch the iJ'RIM
.plnOics, and or n ht'llow or tobulor section, In lieu of M•lhl, excepting 111 the top pnss should tennlunte "lth nn Incline, In onlcr 10 deftcet otr the grnlns t.o the
and bMC. Thi s Sflln!lle Is supported upon n lower rnll, null Is steadied by IJcln~: sieves or riddles or tho mnchlncry. In .ome m achlnl'!l, In place of the corn or
pn~sce through t wo cntlllo rails, sltuntCl obo\'O the $Uf'portln~: rnll porallcl grtllu bclug ~d In nt or ucnr the lower port of the ct\!e, Ills fed lu 11 1 or ncnr
thereto. The Third portuf this hweuuou oot~l8t8 of n f><'Cullnr fonn of 1he tip of lite the central nxl•. nntl t>M•cs Into rndlul, or, IJy l•rcf<rencc, curved chnnucls leod~plndlc, which ltls proposctlto muke eh her coulcul orollghtiy ronnded nnd to form
ng frum tile ccutre to the outer elrcumfercucc or periphery, 80 that the grnhu,
n hellcn l slot or groove therein Into which the ym·•• entcrs,nndpu.sscs thence into n o' they move from th e cen tre outwnrel, will obtlllllll higher and n higher velocity
amnii central OIICrturC:mado vet11eolly lnt he tip ort he spindle, from wh lch cem rnl 1111 they nrrtvc nt the outlet, where the Inclined tllf)O or pnJ>sn:;Cl Is sl tunted, ond
point the ynrn rcccl"eM lts twl~t. In 11lacc (ll' flllllSin~: o•· sllt>l>lng over the cud of the tllrougll wlllch the grains will J\1\Sll np to the IIO.iltlon wherCl they 11rc to be
splndleot each revolullou:ns heretofore. 'fhl' Fourth pnrt oftht•luvcnt tom t'Ou•l•l• deii\'Cred.
lu lubrlcntlul( the •IJhtdle~ by the DllPIIcnth,n to the Jlllrt• requlrlug htiJrkotinu of
\\', )[. CnANSTOS, c;nq Jrilliaul·ltl·ttt. Lonrlon , .. lllac/iiMTjl (or
n piece of fdt or other ut.•orbcnt motcriBI soturnted In oil or o ther l!ood lut.rl- !l0-1. CMtli••(l
CWfl and Ollit•• u op1."-.A CO'Il\niUUication.- Dattd 31ft .lfo.rch,
cont, ~uch plcec or onturotc<l moterlftl b<'hll! euclo:-«1 In n sulta!Jic bo.-.. nr
186:!.
recetllncle provided with n hinged co,·cr, whlciJ. "hen closed, will t•re
the
'l'bb
ln,·entlon connot be d~crlbell without ref.!rcnce to tbe drawing•.
mntcrlnlgemly agnhtst the port 10 bCllnbrll'nt.c<l.
9 1G. 11. 'iV. WmT£111:&0 ancl 0. Dn&v, ued•, "Macl.intry fo,· carJi,•o !)2j. S. WARREN, udbut'll, lltrfj'o,·tllhio·t, "Macloillff"!J for lmnnnilti"g
con<lnct by nnd e trccl of their lending blocks and b<'nrlng stnnol:ll'li81Jcforc menUonecl.
tDOOl,
~..:."-Dated
l1t A prcl, 186t.
These hn11rovement• con~lst, Jo'lrst, In lntrO<Inclng between the cylinder or
swill , ami the dotrcr of n condenser for carding. a revolving cl reulnr snw or
roller nrmed with teeth, so thttlthe teeth ~hnll work within the srnccs hctwcen
the rings or" caret clothlug" on the dotfcr, uml sllnllthcrcby etfec111ully complete the sepMnllon or the~ strip~ or wool or other ttbre, nml shall detach l'ro111
the dotrcr all wool which may b<' b<'twecn tltii'C ~t>nce•. The wool so dt·tnched
will be delh·cred by the 110w or r..Uer on to the C)lhtder or swlil. either d irec tly
or by mellllll of n stripper to 11o Introduced to r thnt purpose, nod by thls memu
will he mbed "lth the wool on tJ1e cylin der or swtn, ond returul'd with it on
to the <loiTer, thlUI aceurlng thot o.IJ the wool shnll be properly opcroted by the
" cnrd clothing." Sc<-ondly, In Inking the wool n-om the dotrer of none dotrcr
condenser, the Inventors pr01>0se to use n crunk nnd doffing kntre or the s11mo
construction, ond to \\Ork In the Fam e monner as the crnnk und dofllng knlfll ol'
uny or,lfnnry scribble r or cnrdlng mnchlne, nmlto u~c only one such cmnk nnd
dC>tllng knl~. They nl~o proposu to eonst ntet the groo,•cd roller which rooelvcs
the wool from tllc dofllng knife with sharp nnglcd a~rooves, Instead of rouuliU<I
g rooves, os heretororc.- NIIt 1iroettdtd u:itl•.
!li S. J. PLATT and W. Rt cu AnosoN, OWham, "Multi /OI' 1pi11nit10 and
drAlbling.''-Do.ttd lit April, 1862.
T11ls Invention rclntcs to communicating the ortllnnry lntcnnlttent motion to
the" chnnge" o r" cnm ahaO," for whtell pi1J1)0$c the Inventors use on n.rmngement slmUM to that known in cotton mnchlnery utile dUTcrcntlol motlon.-
Not ]n"OCttdttl u:ilh.
!l2!). 0. a>l(l J. COLLIER, 1/alifax, •• Loom• fo r -u:taving co.rptfa, d:c."-Do.led
2ml Ap1·il, I ~G2.
This ln"cntlon consists In a new nrrongcment nnd comblnntlon or mcchnnl-m
for Inserting ru1d withdrawing the p!le wires In wenvlng c~ rpets nn•l other pile
fnbrlcs, whereby Jfrcnter Bhnpllclty and occuri\Cy or !lie working pnrta ure
obtnlne<l, so thnt the loom Is en11bled to run at a quicker speed. The wires 11rc
wlthdrown from the ftlbrle by mco\1.5 of a hook mounted on or Oxed to n
carrlnge capa ble or sliding to ond rro on n ~:uldc rnll, and they nre hhertcc:l
Into the shed by an Instrument whlcb may Lie rolled n spring clip, and "hlch ts
also guided In lt8 to and rro movement by nn Inclined roll or slot, which the
pntcntecs prefer to he nxeil nt one end, nntl cnJioi.Jie of slight movcmenl nt
thnt end nenreslthe fuhrlc. The wlth<lrnwlng nnd hii!Crtlng lnstromentM nrc
conn ected together In such manner that they move olmull.llneou~ly to nnd f'rom
tho fabric, nud the wires nre trnnstllrrcd from the hook to the Slll'lng clip by
mean s of the Inclined guldo roll or ~lot bcforo named, which forces the Sfll'lng
clip on to tho wlro head, while the loiter Is still held by tho hook, ond just
before the wire bM b<'en coml'letcly wlthdmwu, the hook being freed n·om tho
wire head lmmedlotcly U1c return motion Is given for lnsetrtlng the,wlrc. When
the wire la ln..ocrted Into the shed, Ute lny IICataltupto the felt of the cloth,
where B cnteh holds it In position 10 bCl wo,·cn tn. The point end of the wlro
when wltbtlrawn from the rubric, Is rort1ed opposite lite open shed by n lever
having n rCC~CSs In Its upper end cnpoblc of rcceh•lng and fi\Uitolnln~ the wire,
the le,·er being opernt.cd by n sultobly shopcd cum , ao as nJ.so to support ond
guide the wlre during Insertion.
!l33. J. T . LoFT, JJroo!.:lyn. Nt1o Y or!.:, ·• Macl•ine~•yfor priMing ill colow·•·"
-Daltd 2nd .Ap1•il, 1862.
The motn Improvement In this machinery conslstK In a no,·et mode or applyIng the colours to the act or series of printing aurfllccs which together con8tl·
lute the design to bCl printed. I n carrying out the Invention the PBteutco proposes to employ ooth ra~Md nod sunk printing surfncea, but In ~rcncrol he prefer!!
to operate whh ra~Md surf11ces, the Lnvenuon oolng m0:11 npf)llrollle to block or
type printing. The paper to be printed heprovldt'!!, by preference, In the form or
n roll, wblch he mounts on the tympnn of the press. For printing In three,
four, or more coloun!, he Jlrovldcs, soy. three plntca or lonns, which together
conotltnte the design to he rrlnted. These he 11rmngcs sloe by sldo on the
lllldlng hed of the prellS, nnd nt s uch dlstnnces np11rt o.s will insnr0 thch· gh•lng n
pro1>er register. On n level with this l>cd, nnd close bcsllie it whcntho IJCd lij at
hll backward rench, he tllnces on htklng o•· colour table, th e surr.1cc or which 18
comt>Osed or detoched p!lrnllel slnlls. A trnver!!lng Inking roller recelvets the
colol11'i! delivered shnultoucously from a series or fotmtnlns set nt the cod of the
tohlc, nnd, thus charged, it Is pnssc<l over the table, rcccl\'lng In Its 1>nssngc n
slight endwny motion for thll purpose of spren<llng thll colour the more C\'Cnly.
F'rom the lnltlng tahle the Inking roller ll888C8 to the printing surfnccs. and lmplll'ta to them at one operlltlon brood or narrow Unes, as t he CII8C may lx', of IIlo
vnrloUll colo11n1 wiUt which ltiJI cbnrged.
!l44. W. KE»P, Spilal·I'Jl•art, (tnd T. CowLI!Y, 1/al'l'l·lant, Bttlmat.(JI•mt,
Lofldon," Stl!.: pile vtlwt."-Daltd 3ra April, ISG2.
J\ coordlng to this Invention, In munufocturlng ploln or unflgurcd s ilk vcl"ot~.
t he patentees employ two pllo wnrps, en eh hnvlng 11 complete numoor of threads.
Tho WRI'J)S nre carried on two sepll!'otc llenms, and two pUe worp threlllls
(n11mcly, one from eo eh b<'nm) arc passed through each dent or the reed ; nod
they make tltesc two threads loop or pRSJ over the wires ultemntely, t11nt b to
suy, If one or these two threod8 loops ar pa.ases o'•cr one wire, tbc oUter Is mndo
to loop over the next, nnd to on. Aceordlnlf to this lnvention, also, they caUI\C
that portion of U1c plle warp wblch ot any momenlls not engaged In mnkJng
the pUe loop to pa5.'1 on the rurfnce or the fabric lmmedJntely Ulldcr the pUc loopJ
fonned by tho othel' portion of the pile warps, so that the surface or the body
nbrlc, the 1hoot of whlchmny be or cotton, bClcomea coated with aUk. In weav-
moti01o o~tui11tfl by ''llilnal)>OJCtr to au··kultural a.td otlm· macl~t71ti."­
D~W•l 2111I IIJ•ril. 18G2.
This ln"entlon ~11nnot bo described without reference to the drnwln:;a.
945. lit. A hiOS, Wutbui'IJ·Oil· Ttym, CLow:ute,-, " Unrrow1. "-Datt<L Srd A pril,
1862.
For the purposes of this Invention lite Inventor fonns or Cll8ts numcrou• thort
bo es, cnc.h hn,•lng naQuare hole horizon lOlLy through it; on one surface or
cncb bo.'B n tooll1 111 fonned, ond on U111 oppoaltc aide or the boi'S another tooth
Is tormt•<l. TIICSO teeth he makes of dltrcrenL dimension• in order th!lt 11.
h11rrow compo'ed or these bos$es mny on one aide hRvc one elOM of teeth, ond
on IIlo other aldo hQ\•o nnolltPr elMs of teeth, nnd thus llo suitable nl dltrcrtnt
times to perfnnn different classes of work. On to o square bnr he places fuur,
or lt m11y bCl any other number, or these bollSCII, nml on the two ends or the bnr
he funns aul tnblo h ooks , eyes, or tnstrutnCt\18 for connecting the bnrd to~;cthcr
end to cud. lie conn ects tmy destred number of these bnrs togctbcr cnll to cml,
according to the width or lt lll'row hCl proposes lo construc t. 111 order to connect togeth er ~e,·erul ot' the rows or teeth thus produced, h0us~.il chnlns which
h n \'O squurc llnlul ut lntervalls In tllelr len.!lth, ncconllng to the di8101•CC npnrt
ho wl~hes to htwc the several parnllel rclws of teeth, and bcfor0 coupling the
square bnrs end to end he pusSC!I such of the ends or these bat1 M mRy be
required U1rough the square link!! of the connecting chnlns. Uy the c means
rows of teeth will bCl produced running In a dlrcetlon rrom sldCl to aide of the
barrow, and they will bCl oonnected by pnrnllel chains runnlng ln a dlrectJon
from ftont to bnck of the hnrrow.-Not p.·oct.tdtd wtth.
CLASS
5.-BUILDING.
Including B1·ick o11d Tile Machine$, B1·ick.•, Tilu, .D1·ain Pipe~, ancl
flotue Fitting•, lVa1"111ing, V mtilating, r~c.
824. T . CnnAL, Dtl~iunt, " YtntilatOl'l, "-Dated 2f>th March, 1862.
The potentel' clnlnn the nrrnngemcnt ofn rototory ventU!IIoror f<ul, the cn8e of
whlell communlcotes with on outiClllMSugCl Increasing In sectional nrea M lt
passes away from the cnse, and which hus n rcogulotln~e slide lllllowlug the cur,·e
or the cnse to adjust the •lze of tile outlet th erefrom, M described.
84G.
On&&N8TR££T, Ptnton. plact, Kcnni.tgloa·I'Oad, Surrey, " Window
l«lllti."-Da!td 'J.7th March, 18G2.
This Invention cons lst8 In con~tructlng the sn.~hcs of windows In tho following
mnnncr:-First, lnsten<l or mnklng the sides or the l'rnmework of the aush 8011<1, as
h eretofore prnctll!Cd, the Inventor fornu cuch aide or two pieces or 81 rlp11 ot wood or
other mntcrlttl, one or which Is tl.xed to the top or1d oottom rolls or the anah Ol
encJ1 side thereof, nnd the two other pieces nre loosc.ly connected to the tlxed
plcecs, each by n screw which scrvCB as a lli\'Ol on which to turn the IIO!Ih hulde
out for cleaning or repnlnJ. The nfol'C8RIII loose plcec8 Ot lnto the "1ndow frnme
In which the snshcs .Udc, nnd are connected by lines to sash weights. In order
to keep tbo H08h nlr-tl~tht, h o forms a groo'•e In the edge of the loose plcec8 Moresaid, nnd aii'O Ln the cdgeofench of the ll.xed sldo ploocs or the sash. llo also
forms a groove tn the oottom edge or the bottom rnll of the oottom 108h, Into
which h o ploccs n strip or vuleaolscd lndln-rubbcr, long enough without llrotchlng to reach up to th o top ol' the M&h In the {Crooves or which lt tlt8 Ill cnch side,
M nlso In tbCl grooves In thCl loose plcees before mentioned. ll o 1\lJio t\xca a
piece ofmctolto each eml of the lndla-rullbClr, by pulling which the lndln-rubbcr
will be stre tched nnd wlthdrown from Ule groovCB In tile loose pieces nforelllld ,
nnd mny bCl h eld In thb position by Inserting the aroresold pieces or m ctol Into
holes lllrmed In t.h e top roll of the bottom 14..'111 onclthcoottom rallofthc top lUll.
The window con then bCl tumed Inside oul on Its ph•ots. He also lrulcrll antt
tlxes n strip or vnlcanlscd lndla-rnbb<'r In a groove fonned In U1e top or bottom
iasll for the purpo.c or excluding nlr or dtUit.-Not pro~cdect 1111th.
8GG. E. T. NODALIII£R, Pari1, " Ymtila lor."-Dattd 28th Ma rch, 1862.
This lmpro"ed ventilator Is Intended to considerably lncrCIL'IO the draught or
the chimneys nL tho llxtremlty of which Ill~ ploccel. It Is csscnllnlly comllOSc<l
of two hollow and con centric cylinders of s heet Iron or zinc. These two cyllnde!'ll nrc In their entire length seporntcd from each o ther by n amnii circular
spnc0 which leaves n free passage for the air. 'l'ho loner cylindc.r repTCI!Cilll but
the continuation of the chimney Oue; it terminates nt nooulthe middle of the
length or the exterior cylinder ln which ll Is contained . This latter Is completely closed at the extremity which corresponds with the lower extremity
or the Inner cylinder, and contrary to wh lch l.s lmmovnble; lt wUI ptvol with
the grentest facUlty nround Its oongener when U1e illghtest rotary motion Is
given to lt. Further, it presents on one of 118 races a lnrge open U1roat, and upon
Its opposite face n species of wing, wblel1 forces tliiJ tllront nlwnya opposite tiJe
wind.
924. Rev. 0. ScBATrO:<, Stickney, Lincoln, "Shadu or blind• f or wind01ll."
-Dttttd 211d .Apl'tt, ISG2.
T hl8 Invention reloues t o lmpro''emenu In shades or blinds for kcepl"f tile
sun's dlrcet roya oiJ windows, the nbjcets being the obtainment or an lmprovemcmln tile nppenronco of sucb bllnda, whlllt Utcy ndmlt n grelll amount of
light through the "1ndows, and pennlt or on ngrccnble prospect outwllr<lt. The
lmpro"ed abode or blind Is composed of o scrlea of narrow rrumes, co,•crc<l with any
llull.llble blind or ahn<le material, each frame b<'lng dliposed vertically, nnd nt a
shorter dlstonco osunder 80mewhat less thon U\Cl width of the frame, tbe aet
formlng n row ln front of the window to be sltndcd. These allnde or bllnil
T: o.
•
Ocr. 24, 1862.
ENGINEER.
THE
frames nro sustnlncd In position by pnlrs o r pam!Jcl hortzontru bars, Into whlch
each f'l'nmo hinges, one edi!O or eaeh frame Into ono bnr nnd tbo other lnto the
fellow bar. Thell() bnrs arc or cotulll length, ond sro ~tcned by turning pln~
(ottllL In cases whero the edges or one or tile &hodcs nt Cllcllstde or tltc window
become the turning plna) to bmckcts or crOMploces fit Led on to JK'rl)llndtculnr
~plndlcs or side bol"!l, one Slllndlc or bar being placed on one ~lde and one on the
other ~ldc of the window. The eplndles or bant tlmt lrecly In Oxed brackets
mntlc to recch•o their ends or 11xto pins Ill the ends. If the shadcs arc Intended
to llc rcmo,•ulllc, the tron11 or brackets mu11t be fastened to 11 pcrpcndlcull\r piece,
on~ on ench ~ldc, which pieces flllltcn nnd unfl\lltcn with bcmd !!Crews or studs
and slots to the wooden ovoto, or otherwise, no the ca•e muy be. Tbeso perpendicular piece! moy be jolu('(l at tho t011 nnd bottom, so 11' to form n light
frnmo. The ~hndc~ nrc OJl('ned nnd closed or @Cl to whatever tnellnntlon Is
tcqulred by turning thCl 8tll111Jics or vertical side bnn< on tbctr n.."'cs. Whnte,·cr
motion Is given to one St>lndte or bur Is communlcnt('(] to tbe other, nml to n.U
t he lntcrm('(]luto shndcs shnultitncousty.
!!GO. A. Wooonouu arul T. U UNTllll, Jlindpool, La.••caltt>·. "'Ktln• a•1djluu
/or burnl11g bt·icb, tilu, qua•·•·iu, J:c. "- D(Ittd 4th .A p1·il. 1862.
This lnvcnUon consists In certutn hllt)rovcmcntsln the construction or arrnngcmcnt of kilns for lmrntng bricks, tiles , und o ther urr1ctes, und In stoves for dryIng brick~. tiles, nnd oth~r nrtlclcs, tho ot.jccL or the Invention llctng to u"o U1c
Wllllte hNit obtnlncd f'rom ono or more kllu• to heaL the brick~ or other urttcles
In on ndjotntng kiln or kilns, ttnd nftcrwrmt" to conduct the ~uld Wllllte hent
to stovca for drying bricks, tlles , or other nrUctcs.- Nut p •·ucct<ltd 1o•th.
97~. A. CLAnU, Oau-rll•cct, Lincoht'f·inn-fttltl•. l onclort, •• Revolving 10indoto
II>Ulttl"& a11d bli!ldf."-DctUd 51/o IIJ)ril, 1862.
Thcso Improve ments In revolving shutters nnll IJIInds consist, 11 lrst, In the
nptlllcntlun of Ont, coiled, or voluto at cot te mpcrCII "tlrlugM, cumlllncd wltb n
bnrrcl or CJ\80 revolving upon nn nx ta for th e purpose of coll! ng or rolling UJl
tho &huttc~. The ~econd JlRrt ufthc lnvctulon refers t o mortising holes th mugh
the Inth~ or revolving shnu~r~. to receive tu pes or dleel strip~ for conncctln~r
them together. The 'l'hlrd Jlllrt t•clntcs to the manufacture or sash bars nod
mouldlu~;s and hrcus null honrtl JIIRlcs.
' 97G. L. 1-'ACO:oi:<ET, P«ril, " Tiltl. "-Dctlrtl blh .A ~ri', 18G2.
'fhcse hntll"O\"Cd tile• offer 11(\'Crol n•lvuntogc~. Ouc od,nntnge Is that on n
roof covered with th clll no onriRJiplng will be nppnrcnt; thus. If co,•ered with
~CJIIe or @hCU·lhlltJ('d tlk~. no dl•comtnulty will he prc~cntcd, nod 1t will oppcar
M onCl whole, and If of even tit~ lt wlll fonn n pcrfcclly ptnnc surft\Ce, nnd us If
mnde of one slngiCl pl~c. 'rht~ Is cffcctl'(l hy ~:tvlng to the tJle ISC,·cral reo! or
llppnrent thlckncssc•. making lt, for cxamptc,thlnncr ut top nnd bottom thnn In
t he lnlcnncdlute pnrt- thnt which Id olonc vl•lhlc when the tile Is placed.
'fh~~c thlcknc••c~ mlf(ht nlwo~" be rent, llut In hUcb c~e the weight of the: tllo
would be cou•lderublc , ami Its otrCllfllh umtccco;.•urtly great. When these
thicknesses are not rent tho tile tlre~ent~ on tu under ~urr.tcc n cnv lty more or
less deep. In either cn&e thc•c dltfcrcncca In the thickness of the up11er Jlnrt of
the til e may be overlapped, uml th e lower part of the tile mny overlap the top
of two other t ile~. without dcstroytng the plane, tbot Is to ~ny, mnlntalnlng nn
l'vcn surface. Each tlhl cnrrlc~ h<'ncnth Its upper pnrt (ond on each stdo of lt
has n reo! cn,·tty) n strcngthcnlnl( rib, which mny be strnt~:ht or c urved,
nccordlng to the shape of the tile, nmt n third rib mny be oddl-<llfdccmcd necesl!llry. I n the centre, and rtlll on the under surfncc of the tile, Is fonncd n
notch or groove, the depth of whlclt Is to receive thG border or edgo
of n Cllllal, nn<l tho width Intended to fucllltntc moving Uto tile rlg ht
and ten. In dovclnllln.l( or lllllng lt. A ~moll rib ploccd on the UPJlCr
~nrfnce nnd ncnr tho totl, In whlch direction IL ellghlly tatJOre, not
only strengthen, the IIIo, but scrvCII to dlville tho current of wnter Into n cunni
or et~ndult. 'fhe hcntl of tho tile mny be pointed, rounc.tcct, or nMrly ot rlgbt
11ngtes, nod huvo ono or two cltll!tl8 or catches. On cnch side, nut! In the middle
of the tile, le 11 storing c ut, which fucllttntes tho flow or wntc r to the cunni,
ond nleo the plnctng nnd nutng or t he tiles side by ~Idc. The guide mnrks nt·e
plltCC(I n t top ond bottom nnd out~ltlc tho tUo to gutdo the tJter nml pre,•cu t nny
departure front n strolght lino when lnylng the:: lllcs.
980. C. S. I)UNCAN, JJay1roater, " Ventilating, cooling. or fUpru•i,tg fl•·e in
Jnwlic and 71rn•u.lt llllilllhlfl' qr room1."-DWtd 1t" .Apt-it, 181i2.
1'hts Invention consist.:! e•~cntlo!Jy In nn ormngement of plpll.!l for dlstrlbullng
wntcr over the rooOI ofbulldhtgs or rooms for tbe purtlO'o of cooling l hcnJ, or for
extinguishing nrc, nnd In cnrrytng such piJlCS Into e'•ery room of a warcholldo
or otlu:r llulldlnt;.
shnll entirety prevent congutnllon or Uae powder on U1c tmltle or t ho b&.mll.
Ench Enlletd rifle llliS n screw threndli l on tho point or the ram rod; tboy
screw on to thl~ point n ~mnll piece of mctol with open @
Ides (wbcro t he ramrod
hl\llno screw thla 11lece IJ 1\irnl!hed with n spring lo aclzo and hold tbe point) ;
to tbiJl ptocc hangs a cylinder or cnpnclty to hold the exact charge or powder
required to toad. At tho bottom of the cylinder (wWch Is partly open) 18amll3hroom voJve, connected by a pin which pn~cs through the oottom of the cylinder
to a deeply-grooved projecting head or hnll . 'fhe action Is tbll3 :-Tbc piece
being scn'wed on to the end or t he romrod, tho cylinde r Is p111ced ou the btu-rei,
where IL hnnp vertically, tho rllmrod being Inn horlzootru posiUon; the cbnrge
or powtlcr lft then pourC'd Into the cylinder, thCl ramrod rnlscd vcrttcnlly PIW'CS
the ryllndcr down to tho bn'ech, the head or ball on touching lbc bottom pushes
UJl th~ mu•hroom vnJvc, nnd the powder nt once escapes Lllrougb the groovcs
or tho hentl or bull Into the llrOCdt. 'fhc lllltmrotus Is U1cn retired, lllld tbo
loading comple ted In tho u~uol manner.- Not tn·ocudttlwltli.
!lG~. W . 1•:. !\P.WTOII, Cllllllftl"l·lane, .Wndll", "Pt·ojtctiu• fen· ortlnctnct."- .A
cou&munlcrttion.-lJttt•ll olth A pril, 1802.
The prlnctpot object or this tnvc ntJon Ill to obtutn n projectile which will not
rtcochCL on striking tho surfttce of thu wntcr, but wilt enter the wnwr 01ul
pcnctrnto t1odll•s which 11ro "lllJtncr!IC<I, nnd thorcforo !Je eiTectlve ngulnst
umtour plated vcssciH which htt\'0 th~lr tJlutc~ continued dowuwnnls only to or
ullutc below th o wotcr tine. In order to nttoln this end the projcclUo Is cottHtructcd extcrnnlty or cyllnllrlrnl orothl'r form toOL the IJOre of lllc gun In which
Ills to bcnKcd, nnd Is twllowcd out lnt~rnully In tnpcr fonn. (ly this mCJml!
a ~hurp front odue or clrculnr or nnnul!lr form, corresponding with the bore of
the gun, Is nuul o nt the n-ont end of the tJroj cclllc, and 11 boUow pnssnge Is nnldll
ctenr through th e proj~ctllo which I~ provided nt Its rcur end with n ~abot or
plug which cloiJCI! tho nrcrturc, nnd ol80 lUlslsl:l In expnndlng the renr en~ of
the ,;rojeetlll•, wo 1" to mukc Itilt tho IJorc of the g uu. -JI'(Jt procealcd 1ritll.
!>71, M. 'VAI. KKn. Orauclu~rch·•t,·at,.Wntlon, "lmpt·ovemmt~ in ltruc/,.fn,.til•fl •·IJlu an<l utllcr ;r.·t·at'lltl, a.ll<l in cn·<f,taloce."-/Jattd 4111 .Ap.·tt,
1802.
In cnrryhtfl out till~ htvt-nllon tho ln,·cntor constructs breoch·JliCC<'S for
llrecch-londln!{ rlllc~. without requiring !!Crew nctlons or compllcallons of leveno,
by cutting nwny or gro<)\•tng out the ~tock ut or ncur the brcecb end of the
barrel, nna fitting the •nme with n brtech-ptug or t>lccc tor stoptllng thclJrC{"Ch
end of the bnrrel cnpnblc of twtng turned on n cent re to, out of the l!llmc line
with, the anld breech cnll (tr the bnrrel to lond the rllk Thu~ the Inventor hlll! o
br<'OCh· tllug mntlo to enter tho end or the hnrrct nnd close the some, which ptu~e
should be made In two pnrts united by n joint, the pivot of wh.lclt j<•l lll •hould
protrude nt cndl ~lde of the tllug. untl ~tide In ~olot~ nt cnch stdc or the l!rocdt·
piece, nn•l , ne 1•urt, thnt fllrthe•t frcnn the end or the bnrrcl, when In n lino
with 11, being Clllmhle of h<'lng tun1cd on the ~llld Joint, and nllow the wholo
plug to be moved. sons to ndmll thc chnrgc. 1tftcr which the plug t~ to be placed
In Its fonncr po<tuon, clo•tng the breech end or the bnrrcl reruly for tiring. llo
amxc~ the niP)llc In tho bnrrd nud connects the bnrrel to tho otock In the ordinary wny.- ;\ ot p•·ocud~d 1!Jrll<.
CLASS 7.-FURNITUH.E AND CLOTHING.
Upllol:sier!l, Ornamtt~tl, JIJ mical l n•trumentl, Lamp• , ftlanufactu•·ed Articlu "/ Drus, ~c.
I ncluding Cookinq
Utt~lliil,
781. J . 0. TuoMPIOII, P orclltllcr-vlact, .Wndon, " PianojoJ·tt~, organ•,
harmoniWIII, .~c."-Dntt<l20tli March. l 86t.
'fhls Invention consl8ta In tho application to such Instruments of nn
cnhnnnonlo ecntc, thntl~. n ~cries or r~rty·one ~ounds In each octtwe or gettlne,
whi ch will gtvo tu jus\ lntonotlOn C\"Cry mr\)or and mhtor scnto In n !!Cries pt·o·
grCSShll( UJlWnrds by tiOh" from V /IUL tllrough C llllturol tO V ~hllfll, or from
7 lints tlt rOul(h e 11111 11rol to 7 sllllrJM, to u<hl tlL the slgnoturcs gcncrnlly used tu
mu~lc with thCl chromntlo nnd cnhul1t10nlc I!Cnle or ench. Also In 1he npJJIICn·
lion to such tnsu·unwnts of 11 key llonrd ahltlcd by pedals, by which ono Is
cnnblcd to IJ(·rform In nny of thll uho,·e scnle:~ ut wilt (t,y ahlftlng the oonrd to
the 11ropor llO~Itl on) while ono Is using tltc fingering of the cn•lest or the gCRles.
viz., U n11turut mnjor nnll .\ natural minor. There nre pocuUnrlllcsl n the wny
In whtcl\ the keys 11re jolntC<l nnd kept In their Illncea.- .1\"ot !Jrucudtd 11:ith.
7!lS. J . J)A vu;s, Kmningta.~, Sul1"t!/, " IVillCl mu1ical i.ulrllmetUI."-Dattd
22n-l M a.rclt, 1802.
'l'hiJ! tnwmlou rclutcs to Cf•rnets nnd other wind ln,trwncntl!, and conslilts,
}'l rst, In nn hnpro,•cd mode of worl:tug tho \•Oivc. 'rile shot\ or plug which
wot·ks the vntvc tlns•cs hllo o tube pro~cctlng from the fnce plutc, which ~hnl\
CLASS 6.-FIRE-ARMS.
hJlll n part cu t nw•lY eo Ihilt lt• cod utny enter 11 slot In a ~hurt plut; 11rojocllng
Including Cun11 S1oord1, Cannqns, Sllou, Slud/1, Cunp()Wder, l mple- from the vnlw. 'fhc ~ltnn I~ llfO''IIf<-d "'lth a shoulder, nnd there 1-! n cnp over
Its outer cud to !.cCI> lt Bl<'ndy. To the bottom of the piston rod b joint('(] a pin
mettll qf War or /01" Difence, CUll Carriagu, cJc.
which JlM<C' through n hulc In the fhoft, nnd neu 118 n lever rbr working the
127. C. CCLI.INC , Dow• ham bfarJ.tt, ll'orfolk, " Firt·a.•-m•.''-DaJ~d :J.;th ~ohnl\ nnd vo!vc. Uy these nrruug<•mcnts the patentee obtnlns n ~tcufly workMorch. I 6<! .
tn~o or the centn', nnol pcrJ)('ndlcuJnr llCthm of the Jll<tou rod perfectly lree from
For lh• purpo<C.', c•f thl~ hn·cntlon, In order to rcn.ter flre-nnns IC&J li&IJie o•clrtntlon. ~cundl)·, he c<1nstruct~ o chamber on the fRee Jllalc, wllhln whleh
to oo dl<chrm;cd by a~l<h:nt, UJlPtArutu~ I~ nt•plled to n llrc-nrm to such mnnner chnmh<'r the nturc•ctl•! rhomht•r 1'1 mnde to work, tbe whole action IJCtug
ruJto holtl or r-ctntn thCl lunnmcr or trll(ger, ur p11r1.:1 htiCrJlO•<\-d between them, cnclo'lcd by 11 catl. In one 11rmugcmcut he conveys the wtntl from ~le lower
>O thu~ the rtre-orm eh nil uot oo dl<chnflll'tltlll the chcc:k or the person n&hlK the chnmto;:r of ono ' ·oh •c through the IIJltl<'r chamber or the nl'xl, or VIC, 11tr10.
llre-nrm b prc~cd on 1<1 the stock In the ac~ of took Ins; ntong the barr~l or 'fhcoo cluunh<'r~ nrc hnmc'llutely nttuched to each other, !Jut not nt equAl
barrel~ In tnktng ntm. With ll•l• ohjcct r• check rest or c u•hlttn !s oppllcd to
•ll•tanc<'~ npnrt, n nr y~t In lite ~OtiiC 1l11c, fvr the llUrJli)Sc of llrlnglng tile finger
thnt pnrt of notock or o tlrc-Rml u~aln~t which the check of t be JlCn!On when nlm- J)lot~ ccntrtrl with the Sllrhtl: IJoxc.<, und m equal ond cotwcnlcnl d~loncc•
ln~ Is pre•!Cd; the rest or cu~h!ou Is constnolly pr~Ctl outwnnts tw the netlon or nput·t; or he oblltln~ tho ~nmt- ntlvnnllll!~· lly cnuslng the eh am be~ <'Onllllnlng
n ~prlng, nnd 18 In connccllun with n bolt, cmch, ot· ,lftcnt wltlcb nctl! on ami the vntves to be plnccd In nn ohllttuc •llrcetlon, and lta,•hlg the wind pn.:;11gcs
retnlns tho hnmmcr or trh:~cr or other pnrts or the lock rrom monment until nrrangcd uccordlngly. To rcgulntc ll•o tK~•IIIon of th e voJve so thnt the
t ho rest or cuahton I~ flcp•t8'cd by tho check pre&Jiug UJlOn lt, oml then the nt)Crturc• mny he OJlPO•IIc tho wind PM~nges In ncllon, he Clllllloys n cl rcul<ar
mollou of the rest or cushion ,, communtcntcd to the bolt, cotch, or dctcnt, tllrlle, tm•lng upon 1t another plnte pnrtty clrculnr, ur with o tJOrtlon cul awny,
which moves so M to tenvo the lock free to net. The rest or cushion 111 fixed nnct cuusc~ the plute to IJe held to the chumber. ,\t the cnll of the volvc tltero
ton rod or to the encl or n l<wct· wbtch poise.~ lntt1 Ut" Interior oflhc stock, ami 1~ n pin or JlwJc••tlon which c<•m ~i In contuct wltll the edges of the tllutc,nnd
euch rod or lover Is connectetl with the bolt, cntclt, or detcnt lly n aullltbto pre,•entsthO \"lll\'C f'rOIIl being l!ll"lll-d lOOfur.
connecting part, or pot·ll!. When IIJltlllocl to rHics, the check r~t or Clll!hlou
mny bo made ndjustul.ltc, so ns to 110 cn.lly rnlscd and aduptcll to tho height of 82G. W. l'ALM&n, Suttoll•ll,eet, Cambtltctll, u Lamp1."-Dated 251" Mo1·cll,
t sa;l.
lltCl sight, nccordtng to the rnugo which ulny he t"Cflulroo.- Nut p1·ocuduL 1oith.
For tho purposes or lit is ln,.cntlon the oil or Outd Is placed In the upper com840. Jt. OntvJ•tTus, Mornington·~OIId, llt[Jtllt"l Pm·k, .Wr..don, " 1Yca1J0n1 of pnrtmont ot' n vc~scl , which Is fonned with two compnrlmcnts, nn UIIIJer ond 11
1Datfarefur tl4trot vur{Jolti."-Da.•tot :lC.th March. 186".!.
tower one. From the UJlJICr eompnrtment one or morctubcsproceed,nccor<llng
This Invention COJllllsts, J'lrst, In tho a JlJIIICutlon to vessels of wor of an M the vcssctlstoHuptllY one or more burner~. and the oU orllulddcsccnds by grnvtnpporntus which mo\y be t>utln motion n-om tho Interior of the vessel by means tatlon through such tube or tubes to the bun1cr or burners. From coch bum er oflhe
ofeLCam or other motive power, 80 M to foreo ou t n Altdlng oolt or IJOits agnlnst lomp another tube proceeds lo the vll.!lsel , tbo other end or such tube being conthe oottcm, std~s. or nny otlwr pc1rL of no enemy's vessol, In order to punch or nected to tho tower compnrtmcnt of tbc ' 'essat, so that tho oU or fluid which
pierce holes therein below the wa ter lino or ~l!cwhcro If dcstred.- Not p1·o· overflows from tltCl burner tlcsecnlls through such tube Into tile lower comportcudtd 1Dith.
ment or the ' 'essel. In the tower comportment of tho vessel Uu:ro Is n plunger
841. W. L. Wr!fA!It, JJ1-ig!.ton, "A tttlO or impro~-e<l mock of mounting, an1l or piston, which on bclnJ rotsed carries UJl t hc oU or Ould, nod Clluscs lt to pi\SS
UITough n valve In the partition wblcb tttvtdcs the upper f'rom the lower cotnapparnht~/ormanQIU~ring, ordttan" in. la.ulfortijlcatwtl4. "-Dated 27tiL
Jiartmcnt of thCl ''CSscl, on11 thus t.s th o oil or Ould wWch overflows retlllned to
March, 1862.
This lm·~ntlon corul8ts In mounting the gun or oUaer piece of ordnontt, the uptJ('r compRrtment or thCl vessel. In ploco of employing n vessel with two
together with tu carrtngc, on a plntfonn which Is capable of being rnlscd and comportments, other ronns or supply may bo usod In combination with two
lowered by &Learn or other powt-r. 'l'hls plotfllrm wUI be momtted on on under tubes to tbo burner, as abo"e e.xpllrlnod.-JI'ot proettded witll.
framework, on which tho plntform (with the gun Utcrcon If required) will oo
made to troverao on n ph•ot , so tbnt the gun or otbcr piece of ordnance moy oo
t urned round In noy direction.
CLASS 8.-CHEMICAL.
872. J. Doucusn, CaiiWtnctll ll'tw-Toad, London, "lmpr01:tmn~t1 i l l rijltd l nc/udin,q Sptcia/ Chemical and Plwrmac~ical Prtparaiion1, Fw.l
ordMn.ce and j!re-an.u, ana in th~ prtjtctilu to be uu4 tlltrtlllilh."011d Lighti"!J Materials, Prl"paration and Prun'tlatWri of Food,
Datcd 'l'Jth. March, 186:!.
Brewi"$._, Tanning, Bleaclting, Dgeing, Calico-Printing, Smthing,
This Invention rclotcs to tho orrnngement anc.l construction or r!Oed ordnance
Clau. Potl~ry, Cement1, J>ai11t, Paper, JUan'!lru, ~c.
1u1d 1\rc-arrn~. anc.l to tho ndolllntlon of J•rllJcctJtcs thereto, In order that grcater
Initial velocity or the projectile, ond, coll8ettucntly, o tower trojcctory t hnn 67~. W . e u aK. CIWfiCtl'!l-lanr, London, " Colourtd.iili."4.''-.A comnumi«ltwn.
heretofore, may be obtntnecllly reducing the rubbing surfaces of the projcciUoor
-Davd t~t/1 Murch, ll!G~.
the barrel, or both, and l!y Increasing the ctfocLS or the charge of powder by preThis tnventlou rein tea to tmvrovcmenteln themnnufncturc of red, blue, green,
venting t he g~ generated by the explosion of the powder fmru escnplng or violet Inks from plsehlno or outline. t'or this purpose tllo Inventor dlsootvcs
between tile projectile nud the bnrrcl nenr tlHl breech, belilrc the bullet Is fUlly n certain qunntlty or nnlllne or plgchtne, nccordtng to the colour or the Ink
cxpnndc<tlnto tlte rllllng. ·rho fomtt-r ohjoctls ottolncd by muktng the grooves destre<t to oo ol.ltnlned, In n sullnlltc ' 'ulume or wntcr. Ue tben brightens tbe
C.'( trcmely ahnllow ontl concnve, the edges me rglug grndunlly Into the orlglnnl solution by me111as of nlcohol, nntl thickens I~ with sug11r or gutn. 'l'he Ink Is
cylinder or tho bare, so thnt there nro no sbnrtJ nngtcs whoLCvcr ntth c: sides or then rcntly ror nse. Tho snmo bci!K's llcrtved from tnr may lJo tmnsformed by
the grooves, nnd tho lnttcr object is nttnlned,prtnctpoUy, by making the groovt-a known proccsgcs Into blue nnct green colout·s.
lie employs sucb colours
olmllower uttho breech thnnthoy nrc nttho muzrJc, eo that the re Is no .. wtnd- resulting fl-orn the transr.mnntlon or 11nUtno for tho mnnufuc turo or IJiue or
n:w." Ill! the projectile cxpautl8jjroduolly Into tho rttlntgns 11 proceeds towards green tuks.-JVut ,,·ttcccdt<l •cWt.
the muzzlo. T he hntlrovcln~nt In tJrojccLIIe8 coruotst~. tJrlnclt!OIIy, In forming
them polyt;onnl, or mnny-stdcd, not dO 118 toOL Into tho grooves, butllavln:c a 711.•\ . a•lol W. COt.&:! , lVrJr.h-IIUtl, Str"CIIl•l, Lot!dOII, "1'•'1Uitl for Caltl of
ltemlo.."-J),,·,t l ~t" fitw·th. l tiG~.
t:r~ntcr number or~tdcs thnn the number of " tunds" ond grooves IJl the l.lorrct
'l'he kind of tt•n•• to which th~;u luttlrO' cmcnt~ uro appllcnhtc Is thnt for
(whether 8tmlghL or tncllucd tu t ho tllrcctlon or tho rllllng),thc mtmbcrof ~uch
which
tcuct•g Jlllll·ul.lwnrhllf dlllc the 6th t!uy or July, 1 ~2 1 (No. 4SG7), were
~Ides being ao proportlon~ll to the numiJca• of "lunds" und groove, th11t the projcctUc cunnot be placed tucorrcclly In thll barrel when toodtng even In the<lnrk, grnutNI to Wllllunt l:olrs (stncctlccelll!ed),nmtln wltlch the puds nre connructed
ltncl thus n 1\ill·slzed pn•jll<·tllo will he kCilt fulrlylnltsplncewlthout uudcrgolng with stllrul 8JJrln~:~ tor the lllll"f)OSO of lldnt•llng and Cflunllslns; lho pressure
too much n-tctlon In loudltai, tn t~o,cs lJclnK thus kept JlCrfccUy coincident wltb thereof. l n tho cu;t• or theee, und of ull other trusses httl•crto made, lt hns been
tll!IL of the barrel, ntthe snmc time that tho tnconveotcnccs of n mochnnlcall y necc&3ary to htwe th ll trusses <:xprc,.•ly mnnufoctured for each description of
nbdomtnnl hcruht, tua•much Mitts rtlftulsltc that U1c pods ~bould lie ntllUTercnt
Ottlng projectUc nrecntlrcty obviated.
angles to the b<Hly ~prlng, nccordlng to the kind of hemtn under treatment.
873. Y. PAoPnBv, Upper JJclgrav:· place, Pil•tlko, " B1·uclt-loading firt-«rnu." This olljcctlon Is oiJ' lutcd by tho present ha,•t-nllon In the following mnnncr : -DatuL 2!ltli /ola r<ll. Ilit 2.
A piece ot mctnl constructed w1U1 n tongltudtnut ~lot therein Is connected wltlt
Tilt& Invention cannot be d~rlbed without rcfcroDco to tbCl drawings.
the botly spring or the trullll by mcnns of n seL screw, whtcb acts as a pivot, ond
888. J . JonDAN, Liurpool, ".Jrmot•r plal(tl t:tueu, 4:c."-Dakd 3l&t Jfarch, works In n smaller ~loL at ono end of the snltl piece or metal. Tbe front pnd ls
1862.
connected IJy Its bnck with the ~lolled piece of metlll by set llCTOwe pll8Slng
The F irst pnrt of this Invention coll8lsts to tbc oppUcatton of toughened cast through the tongttudlnul alot, thus enuhllng the pad to be sblftc<l and dxed by
Iron armour plotes to nrmour plnted vCSl>cle or other like structures. The mcau11 or the I!Ct <~Crews, th o rceult h<'llltl thot the truss Cllll bo leogthcnod or
armour pllltc.• arc to he composed or a mlxturo or pig Iron and mnllcable Iron shortened M mny be de&! red, whllo by ren!On or t11e snld elottod ptoce or mew
melted together In such prutJOrUotu n~ mny oo found ndvnnUigeo113, and nner- being plvottcd to Ut~ body ftpr1ng, as before mentioned, IL cnn be plncll<l nnd
wa.rdll properly 11noellled, and U1oy mny oo ca.so hardened. The boles for the ftxcd a t any rcqulrect nngte thereto. Jt wUIIJo mantfesL thnt, by thc.<e nrrnngeoolts may bo caat or bored to or through the pl11tes, or nuts or w rougM Iron menu, t he snme tru•- can be rendered oppllcable to CIL>CS or lngulnlll, femoral,
may oo bedded In tho mould, nnd tbo metnl cast round them ; and In this cnsc scrotal, or cmml hcrnla, or, In foct. ony other dC!ICrlptlon of abdomlunl bcrnla,
tt Is preferred to rorm the nuu not so deep os tho lhlckncss or the pi aLes, so thot by simply nc1justtn~: In manner IM!forc mentioned tho position of tho pad nod the
no holes shllll oo required through the plate!; or tho ootts mny be I!Crewed Into anglo thereof with reference to the llotly spring. The posterior cod or the botlo
the platea any required dlstnncc, but so ns not to nctuBlly Jl('r forate the plates spring Is also ntrnlshed wltb n longltudtnlll slot, wbercby the bnck pad Cllll by
on the outside. 'fho Second pnrL or this Invention constsu In tho use or aultnble altered nnct ad.)uHted, set screws being employed for Oxtng tile ~ame, thus
cement plnced between U1e jotnu or nrmour platcs, nnd between the armour affording on llddltlonol odvontnge owr thll trussl'!! In ordhtnry use. Although
plates nnd wood hoc king, nnd ntso botwcon nnd behlud the wood backing. rho In the prcccdlnll tlcscrlptlon tho nrrongcmonu requisite for olngte trusses urc
nppllcolloo of ccmcut being to nu up solid nnd form 11 good fouodntlon for th e only Stlokcn of, yet these lmprovementd ore equolly nppllcnble to double trusscs.
ptntea , nod to 011 up every defect or tllllnlf between nnd behind tbO plotcs 720. u. Y. D. ScoTT, .Orompton •.Oarrat kl, neor Cha.tllam, .. Cement. "- J)aJcd
lllld the timber backloi. - Nol procttckd with.
14111 March, 11102.
T he pntcnteo ctntms subjecting lime In tho pulverised stnto to lbe ncUon of
896. w. B. J.OBD ~na F. n. OrLBAIIT, Brl:clon, "Loading lfre-arm~. "-Dated
1ulphurous ncld 11n•, nud nn oxtruetng ug.cocy , lo tho ruunaer unc.l for U10
3111 Ma.t•dt. 18G2.
In carrylntr out this Invention tho Inven tors propose to uao.~an a ppnralll3 which pu1•posc dCIIcrlbed.
--
•
•
253
•
722. J . AVJ:RT, /lfar/c.{Q,m. 1Mt®11, "Purifving wal."- .J communicaJion.Dat~d 16th March, 18G2.
The colll, oc:cordlng to tltll Invention, Is p111Uled by being subjcct.od to tbe
action ond hen\ of free stcnm tu n sultnblo cncloaed chamber, nod also to t ile
chemical nctlon or coolUiou solt, potll8h, quick lime, aod 8111 nmmonlnc.
721 . J. n oon·, Jlut{ord-road North. London, " Jfanll/aduriitfl and ro'fning
IUgai·.'"-Dottd 15th .Ma.r~h , 1862.
I n cnrrytng tlliJI tnv~ntlon Into ciToct, In plncc of employing the ordlnury
vacuum or other pane nuw In a•c In Ute manufacturing nnd rcllntog of sugnr, a
rotntlng vCl>!ICI Is cmrloyC'd or n aultnllte fonn, by preference or n cylindrical
ahntJC. with hemlspherlcnl or cun •od ends, within which t ho sncchnrtno fluid Is
placed null hented, the encchorlne fluid only occu pying n compsrotlvety emnl l
portion of tho cubic cntlaclty o r t he vc..sct, by which menM the uccharlne
fluid In tlle VCII•el will con8tnutly grovltnte to thCl lowest point, wllllllt the Inner
surfoco or the vc•iclollo''e the bOily of the Onld Utcrctn wUJ be covered with n
llhn of the lluld, by which n very extcnstvo nnd compnrntlvc:ty thlo surfot·c of
tho ttuhl will be prc~~nted for cvupornllon, and this extent or beating s111fnco
mny be cxtcnllcd, If desired, by muk.lng tho rotntlug vessel ot' corrugol.Cd o r
other ~ult11hle m ctnl.
73r•. 11. Tooo,l1v1nl CJntl Perr«n Sm~Uing Worll, ne~~•· Jl.tl>•&ouLli, "J/atau·
fucttue u/ untimonv Cllld t/oe oxidt of antirMny."- D;tttd 1711& bturc,.,
18G2.
'rltt~ h tvcn tlon con~lsts tu burning thesulphtdo ofan llmony, or the oxy-sulphl<lo
or nutl tnony, by throwing IL uti n lire In nturnocc, or by U\lxtn~; lt with n cnrbonnccous subs tu nee, nml tmrnlng ll inn crucible, retort, or fumocc, u nd en usIng t he usccndlng vnJJOllt·~ to pu,s with u curren t of nlr through nucs or coudcn~c~. l•Y which procCM uU the ontlmony contained In ti re oro w ill be
tiCt)osltNI In the ~nld contlcn~crs or Oucs In the state or oxide, ond the sulphur
votutlll~c1l In the sttato or sulphurous ncld gns. 'J'o mnnulhcturo nntlmony
the o:-tclc or nnthnour ol,tnlu~d In tile Ctucs nnd condenser• by llto nbovc prOCC88
t.• to Ill' mixed with 11 t•!lrllonuccouuubstnnco ana nlkall; nnd smct·ed In cruelhi t•s ur In n r~-tort or 1\arnnro 1o0 nrrungcd that nny llmtcs nrll!log from tbu proccs~ of r<>tlucllon mny pn~~ Into Ctucs or condcll8Crs to lie deposited.
7<12. W. (;OtiSAO£, IJl1dllrJ, Lancmltr, ",lJanvf actllrt 0/ IOda. a.ndpotcu/J."Dcrtt t 17tl• /I/arc". 1862.
'fho putcntcc c:tulms thu mnoufncl11IC of sodn ond potn&b In n cn113tlc stato
by cnu•lng cMbonl\tc or l!()(ln or cnrbonote of potll8b In n state or solution 10
become llltcrcd throu"h oloked lime, as dC!ICrlbed.
747. )1. A. Jo'. ) l £Nl'Ol'ol, Paril, "Tht appli<atwn to tht manufacture ofp~ptr
pulp• qf a. uvttallle product notlouhuto ultdfor th.at purpolt. "-A com'''u"icution.-J>atca 18th /olarch, 11102.
Till' Invention consiJts In the application of lite Atruks or branches or tho
potato ptont ( Holnmum tubere«um) to the monufscture of paper pulps. Tho
srntk.s <tr brnnch~:l to oo t hus npplled arc cleansed, bleached, and reduced by
the procc"3Cs lldoptt'<lln the treatment or mgs ond other 11broll3 ma terla!JI, nnd
the resulting pultJ Is onerwnrds con,•ertcd In the ordlnory way Into pa per or
cnnl bonrd of the dliTcrcnt quulltlcs rcqulred.- Not prrxeuttd with.
7~0. 11 . DAILY, &.ctttl'·, 1/oU-cQltTt, Cannon-1trttt, !Amdon, "M mvjac:ture OJ
1 apn-frorr&1DOQd.'"-.A COltlllllllticaJwn.-Doted 1811• March, 18G2.
'l'ho u1achtno ~mployed to reduce thCl wood Into pulp Ot for pnper Is comp<~Md
of n circular grntrr In temperc<! slccl, prcsentlng oo Its clrcumftronco a
Jlunc turo or splrnl cutting. 'fbts grnter la mounted on n ~tond llke tha t o r a
grhodstone, nnd rcc~tvcs n movement of rotation n-om live to alx hundred
r cvolntlonM 11er mlmM; 1t Is surrounded on oiJ sttlcs wllh u metlliUc envelope.
or which the lowet· purtls tcrrnlnuted by nn orifice ecrvtng na n tunnel or fccdor
to the wll!Cr nntl thu llliiJl. In this envelope oro bored In the upper pnrt , ollll
pcr,,cndleuJnrty to th o oxJc, one or sovcmt openi ngs, serving as receptncles to
t hu I>locks or wood cut to 1heir mc1~111c, which (lctc rmlned weights sliding on
u vcrllcol ate1n forc(l ogntu~t tho Mperlttcs thnt nre presented by tbo points or
thcgrutcr,so ll tot,lJcl ng In contuct with 1110 WOil<l, this grn ter In ll8 rotntlon
btnr~ ou tho lll(ucous 111Jrc• of lh(l wood, ami thus reduce, them to ll tnmen tnry
pulp. Ou cltch slflc, 11utl ncur the ml(l(lto of tho ctrcumtercnce of tho grnter,
ore two tnt'"• n·om wl tlch o jet of water Oowa, und detnchc., the pulp wh ich
mig ht ndhcrc to the JlOiuts or the grater, nnd forces lt townrds tlle lower p11rt
of the envciOJIC, so thnt lt otuy flow Into o trnmll or box llnCil wit h One metal
~hccts, from which thll wntcr cseoplng lca"es the pulp nlmost llry nnd cnt y tt>
be trunoportl-<1 to lilt: cyllnd~ra to OniPh Ita entire prepnrallon, to whiLCn a nd
Ox ltsclt' t.y the urdlnury methods ClllJlloyed for tmlp of rog.-ll'ot p~·oeucWJ.
1DUII.
7GO. R. A. llnOOliA!f, .flat ·ltrttl, Lo>tdo'n, " l mpro-.:emeriU in the manufacture ojllar~lu u.ut ba•}lt~ prodmt1, and the a.pploca.twn of theM •ll.h•tanca in tllema.wjactu e qJ 1ugar, a.nd other u1u."-.d wmmunicatwn.
-Da.Jtol tl!tlt /1/ttrcll. lbb2.
In corrylng out thl~ hl\·cntlon the Inventor takes caroonnte of bnrytcs, and
t reats lt necordlng to the proccs.es knowu ns tlto..<c or MC-'I!rs. Dubrunfaut ond
~tJlmy ,thnt I~ to any, he pulvcrt;oescuriiOnntcor barytes, mtxc, lt with powdered
coni, tutd colclnc~ lt In u rcvcrbemtory 1\imace. ;\ftcr bn,•lng been suhjcctod
to hcnt for frotn RIJOut Ove to •lx hou~. n product Is obtnlned composod o r
cnuJtlc IJur) tClS, cool, nml a•h known 118 row barytes. T Ws composition ls
cooled out or contnct with the ulr; lt la nftcnvlll'lh!llxlvluted, and n solution or
lJoryt~ I• ohtulucd odnptccl to ciToct the precltJitntlon of sugar. The cawtlc
solutions at-e O~t dc~ulphur[,(,d hy laydrnted oxlde or Iron, or by hydrated oxldo
or zinc; thry nre then concentrut('(] In Iron vc....,cJs, beotod by the goses frotn
the rcvcrbNutory 1\irnnccs, ur othcrwt~e. \\'h~n the solutions hnve oequlred tho
greatest dcn•lty or which they uro cn,mhtc without forming n Oeposlt, they arn
rcmo,•td to Iron ''C.•<cls ehnllur to thlll!e 1UK·d In the munufucturo or caustic
potash nnd soon. The ClllU<tlc bnrytcd I~ reduced In these vc8Scls to tho state or
dtsootvcd hydrutc with one cttulvlllcnt ot water; lt Ll next run Into iron pots ln
blocks cnsy to cnrry. 'l'I•C hl\•cntor etutcs tbnl thll! cconomtcoJ method ofprepnt·tug bnryt~s will cuublc lt to lJc sold at so low u price thntl tt Uie wUI spread
tor n111ny I)UrJlOSOd. 'J'hu h)druto mny llo used In ~ugur reHnertca for prcctpltnllng t he trcnclo, nnd thu cnrhouutcd muy bo return('(] by the refiners to tho
monulhcturcrd to reduce. Th<l tn·ocesscs nbove dct!Crlll('(] lor nnturnl caroonato
of bnryLC• nt>tlly to tu·tiUclul cnrl!onntc~ ofiJurytes,nnll the bydrntcs ofbnry tos
tnny he monutirctm·cd by mcung ufdulvhntc. l"or thnl purpu~e he rcd<ICClS In 11
11arnncc sulpltntc uf tmrytcs mixed with coni , c:uactly o~ ubove stotcd, for tl•o
trcl\tmcnt ot' thc r uriJOnntc or huryte~. lle thus obtohts ruw sulphu(ct , which,
by w!ll!hlng, ylcldd sotutlun~ or ~ul tJhurcl of burh.uu. 'l'bcsc IIOlllllons, t rcnted
by n current of corlx mlc ucld, yield cnrbounte of barytes, which I~ trnosformed
luto hytlmte by tbe 11roce~.scs niiOvc described. t'ulpburcL of borlum mny oo
tl!!cd tn excess to prcctpltc tc augur; thetl the sugar of b,u-yLCa nnd the mother
waters treutcd by cnrbonlc tlcltl will )ICitl cnrboal(IIC or borytes, which muy llO
t reated nccordtng to the JJTUCe88C8 hcrclnbctorc d~rlbed to obtalu the bydrate.
780. W. CLutt, Cliatu;et·y-laue, IAJitdM, "Soap."-A commun~ution.-Datt4
201/t Marcli, 18G2.
TIJia trwentlon relnte~ to lite manufocturo or !01\ poiMh sonp, or hnrd soda
soap, "1tlln sulphurous bnsc, wbtch soap muy be u~cd wltb nthnnur:;e In all U1c
ordtnnry nppllcotloll8 of .ontl, C!IJX:elolly M n medical suup for discuses of tho
akin. lly thll tenn sulphuruUJI bllliC the Inventor simply wl!!hcs to lmtlly till\\
sulphurous mnttcrs nrc ml,_cd with the ortllnary soop.-.Vot proc<tdtd 11:<f/t.
787 . J. FAWCIITT, IPol;.fold, "Soop."-Putt'J. 2l•tMaTc!t, ISG2.
The patentee ctotms the n,lJJllcatlon, ul!C, 11ntl nddllloo uf the jelly producCil
from lichen or mo•s to 1dkulb un1l oil) ur fatty mntt~r., In <1nlcr to tnnnuf•tcturc
soup, wbtch Is llllrtlculurly nppllcubh! to the scouring, ctcandlUJ>, wad tutUng of
woollen or other cloths, •ulltltuntlrdly ns~pcctOctl.
802. J. (J.JINNt:<os, lloll•nd-4t•·ut, lJllclo:.friar•·•·oad, .Wndon, "JJi cuiti."/Jo.ted 2-l~ttl Marcll . 18G2.
F or the pnTJIO<C~ or tltl~ tnvrntlon cuch htscult I~ ntntlc hollow. ond Is bnllod
In such mnnucr <1:1 to rcmnlnlt••llow, which muy be nccotutlllsbc.t In any convenient mnnner lly snltnt•le lllllug, such Mu vtero vf mctnl, glolS!, ur otbcrwtsc,
which cmt be removed ot1cr tho blocultl• bnkc•l. m,cult~ thud mode mny Rl
uny tlmo bo llllc.t with minced mcot, ur jnm, or butter, or other oubatuncc, nn<!
thus lx:como mcnL or frutt or other duutlwtch lll•cult.
803. 'f. l\1. SmTu, lliu!.·fll"tel, Kou .. ryton, "C:at~tllt!.'"-Do.tuL 22nd Mat·ch,
I~G2.
Thl~ lnv(•ntlon consldl~ In combi ning JuJlllll or ''c.;etnl•le WlllC with t•nrntlln,
which llolng tnclt~d tujjt•thr t·, t•llhcr wit h or Wlthottt uthcr Ct\liCliC·IIlnklll!j
mntcrtal~, mukc <I vnluulltc, yet u cotup!ll\lllvcty IJI~:>J~<:ll!!lve, cnnd tc etull'. - Nut
f)I"OCetdtU 1Dit/1.
CLASS 0.-ELECTltlCITY.
l nrlu.ding l!.'lectric, flfagmtic, a11d E/ectro- ,1/agnttic A ppaml~a,
Elcctl·ical A ppat·c.tus, Galcanic Batteries, (Jc.
GG5. A. J . ltuu&t.L, &lfnburgit, •• Bll cl.r~ con~ v.c ortfOt· .v.bmtwinettltgrop~.
-A commutoil~uiou."-Dotcd 12tlt }olurcl!, 1862.
This Invention conslHtsln t wlstlllt;, colliHg, or wlndtng tbe conducting wires
ror submarine telegraph• BrOUJid the cubic or core, thntls, giving them the fonn
nod dlrcctJon or hcllcal or aptrnt wtr~. huLCod or strnlght tongltudlnlll wires, ..
heretofore ndoptcd ; and t he tnveutor now tl!l'& from one to eight or more such
twisted or coiled wires or conductor~. the lnsulntlon of encb being tru111od b7 a
covering or eUk; and over thLI he now prefer$ lo UMla covering or Insulator or
gutto-percha or tndto-rubber, nnd o'•cr Utls ngatn n covering of hemp tbat b ..
been steeped In tnr, grcusl', nnd such like suiJstllllccs, and over oil tbe external
•heutb compo!Cd oh tu .ill corda or hemp, or of hemp and doe ated wlro, that
has been steeped In greusc, tar, and each like substanccs.-N ot prOCttid«.t vil.\..
708 .•\ . J . PAn:..oN, RJinburgh, " Bltctric tcltgrllpll cablu."-DaUct 1.,~
March, 1862.
Thlil ht,•entton consists In lbo employmen t o r a ftulble or Jointed pipe or tooo
or series of tubes, "I thin which tile lnsul&tlng conducting wires are plnced. The
pip~ or IUIIcs po ·c.•• gr~ul tensile strength, nnd may be made watc r-tlibl b7
~:uun-pct·ctur, tmllu-rubbcr, tarred hemp, or may 8"ultoblo mntutol, or combination of mnterlut~. "lth or without wire, M circumstances mat require. Thla
tulllng ntiiY IJo protected n-om corro•ton when mndc ot' met811Jy gntvnnlalni, or
by bclni coated with guttn-pcrcho, murine ilue, or any other !Jke prolecUili
t'lgCULI!.
74 9. J. llANKI, &uillbw'11-llrut, Adttphi, IAnclon, "Blcctro magnttic: teuvraph
printi11g «ppara.tUI or marking illltMIII\ellii."- Duted lllth M arch, 1 ~62 .
'fhC4lO hnprovemonts In tile n.rrugcmcnt of clcctro·mngnctle tclCirapb
THE
printing apparatus and trUUIOllttert conal!t In employing two helical coUa,
which the patentee prefoN~ to place vertically , and to ueq or employ projecting
polar tenntnatlollt, 10 lb&t the armature may be attracted upward to the under
1lde thtnJOfwhen the polar terminals are applied at Ule upper cnd8 of the 10n
Iron coree, and l111tca<1 of employing a bar armature. ono end of which Is made
to come In contact with each pole or polar t erminal, be employs a circular
armature In the furm of a disc. or a ring, and mounts lt upon a spindle or rod
held and guided parallel to the son Iron cores with a means of adjustment
appllt'd at the a~p bearing or pivot. This aplndle or rod, 111th the circular
armature, 11 free to rotate, and so present a dl1fel'l!nt part to each polar terminal
ttom time to time. The aplndtc or rod Ill prolonged beyond the armature, and
bu on Ita extremity either a button·shaped s triker, or a mnrker or nny convenient ehape. The marking part of the apparatus Is carried by IIlo l!llmo
t'tamlng or mounting aa the magnetic coUs, nnd thus, If the coils are placed
vertically, and the marklng or prtntlng apparatua applied above them, th o
paper strip or rtbbon may bo Indented from tho under side, or Inked or otherwtae marked on Its upper face during Its p11858ge through the sheath or guide.
l nltead of employing a rotating disc mounted on a spindle working In ftxed
bearings, such disc being (tee to revolve In the direction of the paper, or made
t o reYolve in a contrary direction by means of clockwork, he either employs n
roller nlmllar to a printer's Inking roller, mounted at e. sbort distance above
the papcr,and capable of revolving t'teely, or be employs a thin cake, st rtp, or
rod or &Olld lnlt, held or cont ained In e. sheath mounted In a carrtnge, or supported In any convenient manner above the paper, against the point or whlclt
solid Ink marker, or against the printer's Ink roller, tile paper Is pressed In
contact during the transmle!lon of t he electric currents through the hellcea or
eoU. ; thus, on making nnd breaking contact, dots nod spaces or Unes and
apace~ arc formed on the atrtp of paper.
CLASS
10.-MISCELLANEOUS.
l tteludi11g aU PaUtlu 110t jound u~ the preceding head1.
662. G. D.a.vu:s, &rlt·ltrut, Lincoln'•-inn., London," I mpro-remntta inattac1l-
;ng art\ftciaL tuth. to pl.IUu and to each oth.t~·, ana ( n. m&ulda for jrmn.ing
art\l!cial unit.. " -.A commuroicntion.-Dated 11th /I'Inrch, 1862 .
The Flrtt part or this Invention consists In securing artificial teeth to molal
plates by Interposing between the sald teeth and plates a strtp or mass of gum
or lndla-rubber, and vulcanJJing or hardening the same aner the teeth have
been a.cljuated to the plate; ai&O In forming dovet.tlled recesses ln artt6clal
teeth,for the purpose of securely attaching the teeth to the plate and to encb
other by vulcanlsable gum, or any other suitable cement; also In the nse of
ltaples lmbedded In an111clal tutb as e. roeana of securing the latter to vuleaDlaable gum plates In the manner tleacrlbed. The Second part or the Invention
collltetl ln making moulds for forming attlflclal t eeth, substantially as
deecrlt>ed,ao that depree~lolll of any size or shape may be formed In the bMes
of the teeth. In attaching teeth to a metal plate by menns ofvuleanlsablegum
a plute or the desired form te fint prepared by nny of the known processes, and
at the point where the t eeth hnve to be secured a metal rib Is soldered or otherwise secure d to tJ:te plate. Thlll rib may be plain, but it Is preferable to make
lt thicker on the outer edge than lt h1 at the point where lt Is secured to the
plate, or the rib may be pnforated or serrated. In the teeth or block of teeth,
u the cue m11y be, 15 formed a groovo or recess to coincide with the rib or
projection of the plate, t he groove being 10mcwhat larger than the rib, Md
dovetalled, as explained hereuner. A strtp or sheet of vulcanlsable gum Is
placed over the rib of t he plate, care being taken t o keep both the teeth and
plate warm. The teeth arc now applied to the plate and pressed tightly a!falnat
tho eame, &O that tbe rib of the plate may penetrate the groove of the teeth,
carrying with lt a 1ulllclent quantity of gum to moke a tight joint, ond to 011
o p all Irregularities or lnterttlces. The whole Is then placed In e. mixture or
pluter of Parts and whiting, and the gnro subjected to a vulcanlslogorhardenl.ng prooct~, when the block of teeth wUI be found to adhere wltb the required
tenacity to the plate, the Interstices In the block, and between the block and
plate, belqg filled -.vlth the vulcanlled gum, and the joint presenting 11 smooth
8114 unllorm appearance.
863. W . CL.t.aJt, Cllan«ry-lant, /And(nt, " A pparatu. for <fftcting lllbmarine
~ioou."-A c1Jmm1tnicatiqn.-Datea I Ill• Jt,rch, 1862.
This Invention relatea to the cllnstructlon of a aubmarlno boat appllcnblc as
an engine of warfare or for l)tber submarine operations. The boat fa formed
of two concentric cyllndert. having a space between them In which to Introduce
water to any deal red amount, for the purpose ot Increasing tbo weight of the
boat, and so cause lt to sink. Tbls water chamber may also be emptied by
means of reservolrt placed In the Interior of tbo boat, the water being ejected
behind for thn purpose of lightening the boat and cnualng Jt to rlse to the surface. Tbe Inner and outer cyllnden are Independent of each otber,so that the
m ovementa of'the exterior cylinder sball not Interfere with those or the loner
one, which should always retain Ita normal position. An ether or other engine
and boiler are placed In the boat for Imparting motion to a screw propeller, aud
aiiO for emptying the water contained In t b~ chamber between the two cyllnden. The boat Is also fllmlsbed with lrutruments of cles1ructlon or working
tool•, according to the purpose to which it Is to bo applied. Its equipment also
Jncludee electric apparatus, steering gear, with roan holes suitably arranged,
and buoys.- .Not proceeded with.
864. A . R. L~: M. DE NoaK.t.!fDY, Clopham. Park, Sv.rrey, "C(ntntcting 041
and •·Iher pipu."- DaJta 12111. March, 18G2.
For the purposes or Illla Invention the pipes to be connected are modo plain
at thei r ends, that la to aay, 111U•out sockets. flanges, or projections, and a dlac
or plate with a hole ln the centre or l t-the diamet er of which should be
rather larcer :ban the external diameter or the pipes-Is then slipped over the
ends of each pipe, and a washer or packlog of ••ulcani5Cd India-rubber, mall er
than the pipes to be unlted ,l.s then slid over each end or the said pipes, &O os to
~P them tightly, or a 11·asher of other suitable material other than vulcanised
lndla-rubber, such, for example. as gasket and tallow, or gasket and red lead, or
other rlmllar or analogous substance Is taed ; the said gasket should he tightly
wound round the end nr each of tbe pipes, leaving, however, a portion of each
pipe to protrude beyond the eald washer's pllcklng, and af'ten,·ards over the
ends of the pipes, and between the said 11•asbers or packing, a short length or
tube, or plain socket made jus~ to lit loosely to t he exterior of the pipes, Is
p&IIMd. The ends of the pipes to be connected are then butted end to end, so
u to meet about midway within the short exterior tube or loose socket. and
t he plates or di!CS are drawn towards each other by 1>4•1ts, the wasbert being
by tbla means compressed between t he platea or dJIC8 and the ends of the abort
t ube, and a secure joint IS thus made.
866. J . FAWCET"r, N ew Swindon, _ Wilt&hirt, "Crank~ and crank cu:lu."Du.ttd. 12th March, 1862.
This lnventtnn conslsta In mnklng such crnnks hollow Instead of &Olld ns
heretofore. The mode or making cranks for locomotiYe and other engines
according to th.ls uld Invention la by taking a numb4!r of bars ot tlbrous Iron
and welding the same together In the form or e. tube. and afterwards bending
tbero to the required form for a crank, which crMk the ln•·entor prefct'l to
make hollow from end t o end. T he same may, bowevtr, be made solid at
each end of the crank abaft, and hollow In the cranked parts. He also pro))08ct
to make aucb cranlla by casting In steel or other metal, In wbicb case he prefers
to Introduce a core, &O that the cranks mny be hollow when cast.-.Not p rvcudlct with.
667. W. H. L.a.TRAIK and F. C. W. L.t.TUAM, B •ltlm, "Perforating and
mmtbmng pape>· or other •ub~tanrtl to bt e»~plov(a 01 lic4ttt or 111here
othu counter revutrati(nt ;, rtquir•d."-Dat~ 12th March, 1862.
This lnventlon conslstl In the combination of two machines, one for perforating the hlank sheet to subdivide it Into the formt required, and the second
pan. for nwnbermg, the pas.•age of the sbcetl being either continuous or
aeparate. The apparatus for petforatlng comlsts of any number of discs
arranged In pairs and sliding upon rotating triangular bars, the upper discs being
provided l'l1tb pins, and the lower discs h&\ing corresponding orlftces In their
pertphertea, so t hat, as the paper or other material Jlii._"SCS between them, the
perforations are etrected, the orltlces receiving the pieces as they become punched
out. It will be evident that this arrangement or machinery may also he
employed for perforating In Instances when numbering Is n o~ required. The
apparatus for numbering, being 11 Second part of the Invention, consists In the
employment of a se.rtes of change rings, having tho numerals projecting rtom
t he surface. and arronged as required, the unit ring being from one to ten, tbo
r ings bavlog registering bolea tlttlng on to pins on tho sban. upon wbtcb they
are arranged to Insure precision; or it may be so arranged as to use 111\t ban
of numerals placed 81de by aide. The rollers for supplying Ink to the said rings
are mond by a cam and lever, &O as to come Into contact with the malo Ink
roller, and transfer the Ink to the projecting figures, the paper or material to be
printed passing between them nnd a bed rolicrbeoeath.
668. W. H. and F . C. W. L.t.Tu.w, Bolton, ·• A pparattu fw cutting paper
p41ttboard, ltc.''-Dattd 12th N arch, 1862.
'
This Invention relatea to that class or machines used for cutting pnper
wherein a vertical descending knife or blade Is employed, and colllllsts In Imparting a motion to each blade which shall cnnse the blade to describe an entire
circle ttom the commencement of Its movement In ducent to the completion
tbueof In Ita ueeodlng coune, by wblch means tho patentees ore enabled to
obtalll a better cut , and l'l1th cleaner edges of the parer or other material, thnn
hitherto. the motion la etrected by meallll of cnroa, eccentrtes, or cranks conDeeted to tile blade and aetusted by a pair of wonn wheels driven by wonns In
U1e driving sbl\1\1, oo guldlng or parallel bart being required.
~. A. "'.t.no•, Glrug0111, "Ilot-prtui7Jg apparOlu..''-Da.ttd. 12th .bfarcll
1862.
•
•
Accordlni to one mod111ce.tloo of this Invention an Improved plate Is formed
by taking two malleable Iron pla!e8, and forming counterpart grooves or
c.banoels Ut the Inside face of each In such a " 'ay that, when the two plates ore
united together, a continuous channel or channcls la or are formed for the
circulation or the steam or heated fluid. The combined plates are rlvetted or
acrewed together, and may be made water-tight ot their edges by varloos
uwana; but lt ls preferred lo caulk the edges or to rivet one over tbe other . Or
a strtp or layer of a compreealble or elastic material, such as vulcani5Cd rubber
may be Introduced between the platea In a gfOO\'e near the outer edge, or more
or'- O'>'er the 111:r11aeet. By theee means a comparatively Ugbl 8114 tbln plate
M ob«a!Nd, lVbueby the heal may be applled rapidly and e1fecttvaly. The
l mJIN'ed menn• tor lnii'Odllcl.D8 a. .tom or beat.cl 111114 Into we plates
OCT. 24, ] 862.
ENGINEER.
con•isla of tbln metal tubes attached to each plate by ordinary rigid screw
coppllnge. These tubes a.ro made mtb coils or bends, and or sulflclcnt length
to allow for the entlro movement each plate requires, both during tho pre8tllng
nctlon, and durtng the Introduction and remo"al or the goods, th e coils or bend8
giving the tubes thO requisite amount of elastlclty.-.Not proctedtd WJLII.
672. E. Monnox, jun., &aviev, Bnn.ukerry, Ireland, " Utiliting the 111a1tt
1uat of tilt pr0<1v.ct1 of combtution 41 they UCO.Pf from a f 11.matf."-Dattd.
12th. Marcll, 1862.
Tbls Invention consists In trtm!fcrrlng the waste heat of tbe product.s of
tombustlon M they escnpe from the rurnaco to the air which 15 supplied to
support the combustion oftbe filet, by forcing (hy means of a fan or oUterwisc)
tho hot products of combustion and the nlr for supporting the combustion to
paaa alternntcly through n tube containing rootnl In n Onely divided st.ntc, such
u petforated sbceu or met.n.l, wire gou:lle, or coUs of wire. The bot products or
combustion In trnverslng the tnbo are deprived of their beat by the finely
divided melal, and ore then allowed to escnpe. Tile air for supporting the
combustil)n Is then ndmltted (at the end or tile tube from which the w!IJltc gases
eBCBpe); as lt travels onwards it takes up more or less of the beat that Is ten In
Ute ll.nely dl\1ded metal, nnd Is flnnlly allowed to pass Into the furnnce.- Not
procuded toith.
G73. P. 00NDOLO, Parif, "BoJ:ing own."-Dattd. 12th. lJfarclt, 1862.
l.n carrying out thla Invention tho pntentce hea:s the oven by means of a
melal or other retort, In 1whlch be bums coke by preference, corr,bustlon taking
place by means or tho nlr drown by the furnace under the bars, nod by t·cverberatory etreeta of the heating retort. This retort, wblcb forms the furnace, Is
furnished with root.ol flues circulating under the oven, and communJcntlng witlt
an open space &llrroundlng 11. The oven consl!ts of a chamber of any suitable
fonn or brick or roelal, and completely closed, so aa to pre•·ent any products of
combustion or heated air from entering, In such manner that the baklng of the
artlclea placed therein t.s effected solely by contact with the heated surfnces
and by the radiation of beat. The fumaee and Its flues should be entirely t'tee
of aoy brickwork, so as to beat as much as possible the air wblcb mixes \\1th
the products or combustion dispersing around llle oven. The arrnngerocnt of
the fiues may be varted, or they may be entirely dispensed with, their purpose
being to distribute In a uniform manner around the oven the beat and products
of combustion which escape from ti1c furnace. Dampers are also placed at
each side (\f tile furnace for directing the heat upon the sides, or for causing it
to pass otr at the dome. In order to retain tile whole of the heat around the
oven be dispenses with t he ordinary chimney, nod thus has no draught nor
entry of cold air. lie, however, appllea a small damper lo one side or t11e
lorlckwork surrounding the o'•en to afford an escnpo for the earbonlc acid gas
evolved ln the combustion.
676. E. ToLJ!AIIStl'(, Paril, "Spinning w humming U,p."- A comm11nication.
-Dattd. 12th .M arch, 1862.
Tbls Invention conslst.s ln so colouring tite outer surfaces of top~ that, when
set spinning, they shaJJ exblblt a pleasing combination of etrcular stripes of
various colours, hues, nnd shades.-.Not p!·octtdtd witll.
677. J. E. GatsDALE. Ozfwllratrut, London., " Photourapllic camer41."-Dattd.
12th March, 1862.
This invention relates to n peculiar construction and arrangement of folding
or expanding and contracting cameras. In the Improved camera the two ends
are connected together on the four sides by nn arrangement of the well-kno'm
" bzy tongs levers," which, consequ<nUy, admits or their being readily drawn
nearer to or fllrtber from each other, wbllst the parallelism ot the back nod
ttont Is preserved. These sertes of la:~;y tongs levers are braced toge!.her or
strengthened by hoops or melal braces, which pass round and enclose them.
The whole may be covered by the ordinary beUows covering, or by 11 bng. l.n
lleu of the methods hitherto ndopted for securing Ute lens tube Into the front of
Ute camera, which wUJ allow only of ooe sized lens being used with ono enm era,
unless a separnte front be provided, and In lieu or UBlng the "adapter" the
Inventor proposes to employ three or more pairs of radial flaps or arms, which
are hinged or otherwise jointed at tbel.r outer extremities to the t'tont or th e
camera, one set being ptnced outside and the other Inside thereof. The Inner
ends of these fiaps or arms converge towards the lens tube, and tend to hold lt
when made to approach each other In Its proper central position, two rtng• on
the lens t ube, one of which Is adjustable by the action of tbe ho.>d, or otherwise, serving as the lntcral bearings for the ends of the arms or flaps. By thls
arrangement lt Is obvious tbllt diJfertnt sizes or lenses may be readily fitted
Into the same camera, the pceullor holding nctlon of the arms or flops ahvnys
Insuring the proper central position of lllc leru. Sui table provision Is, of course,
mode for excluolng the llgbt, wblch would otherwise enter llle camern when
fttted with tblll arrangement for sccnrlng the lons.-Not procttd.ed 111ith.
681. F . B. FOiiTAtsa, Part., " Rtprodv.ci•g pfll·tographia, drawingl,paintift{ll, and t~tfTTa,ing• mgra'IJtd.. on !'IVtal.. "-Duttd. 18th March, ISG2.
In reproducing engraved plates by negative stereotypes the Inventor pours upon
a zinc plate a solutlou composed of distilled water two ounces, gelntlne abou~
one-quarter or an ounce, and satarated solution of bichromate or potash about
ooe-1!1\h of a cubic Inch; when dry be places the gelatinous surface of the plate
In contac~ with the printed side or tbe negative stereotype on glass or paper or
the dra\vlng to be reproduced, exposing lt to sun light about seven minutes, or
dl tfUBcd IIgb~ about twenty minutes. B e then removes thl' zinc on which tbo
M!{lltlve srercotypo will now be apparent, and hnmedlatcly places lt In a basin
of lukewarm water to diBsolve the bichromate, and In n few mlnuteq lite picture
will appear engraved In depth sensible to the touch. He then drains the plate
and sponges lt with tissue paper, then pours upon the picture or Impression a
solution or galllc or perogalllc acid, and again " aahes the plate. B e now bas
a stereotype, tlte hollows or cavities of which are &Olldlfled ; he tnkcs an Impression from this by pouring on the stereotype dissolved and tborougbjy
purlfted guua-percha, and when this Is dry he takes a cake ofpureguttn-perdtn
(a little larger than the stereotype) wblch fn I~ preparation has been melted
l'l1th at-out three tlmea Its weight of linseed or ot11cr thick drying oil. The surface of this cuke Is heated by a red-hot iron nnd applied on the stereotype In
such wise thnt the con~ or purl6ed gutta-percha already on the stereotype
unites with the cukc. H e ~ubtnJts the whole to pressure, and permits it to cool ;
he then removes the pressul'l!, nod the solldlned stcreotyre being lncoropntlble
with the gu ttn perch a, lt follows that be eaally detaches t'toro tho primitively
engraved stereotype o second one In gutta-perchn, which reproduces the picture
or engraving In relief. Aner having submitted the gutta-percha stereotype t o
the l'l!qublte prtparatlons, he places lt lo a gah•anlc bath, and thus obtains an
cngrnved copper plate, reproducing the ortglnal with exnctnCS!I, Md In such reduced proportions liS may be deslred.-.Not procndtd. WJlll.
684. J. H ONT&a, A yr, .N.B., "Rt1M11ing 1lag from f uTMCu.''-Dated 13th
M ardt. 1862.
Tills invention Is designed to obviate lhe loss of Ume hllherto cxperteocod In
r emoving slog from furnaces, and the destructive wenr and tear of the hogglcs
or wagons employed therein. In cnrr.vlng out the Invention according to ono
modlficntlon the top or platform of the bogglo la made hollow or cellular to
receive water, by the clrculntloo of which it la kep~ cool and proven tell t'tom
becoming distorted and dnmOGed from the heat or the fresh slag. To receive
tho slag the boggle Is placed under a kind or lnclosure. the three sides of
which consist of cellular or hollow casings ftxed upon pillars or ot her supports,
while the fourth side 13 dosed by doors.al&O made cellular or hollow. The slag
15 run Into tbls box or lnclosure, and upon the boggle. and when lt Is sufficiently
cooled to retain Ita shape (this being attnlncd more rapidly than hitherto) llle
doors are opened nnd the boggle Is drawn awoy with the block or slag upon 11.
To facilitate thl.s retnovnl the lnclosuro Is slightly narrowed from the doora
townrds tbe buck. Various arrangements ml\y be made for dlrectiug the circulation of the wnter. Two or more water casing lnclosures may be fitted up In
juxtaposition, wllll provision for receiving and filling two or more hogglea at
oneUme.
685. o. Euas, Manchuttr. "Ca1t fw thl pl'otutwn of thrmd• of cotton
rill.; ltc."-Da!tot 13l/l Ma...-h. 18G2.
This lu\'entlon relates, principally, to such threads Mare wound upon spools
or bobbins, or In the form of balls. or are produced In other convenient forms for
use, and generally known as se•vlng thread, the object being to protect the
thread from soUing and entanglement while being unwound, and to provldo n
permanent case for the thrt>n6 whtn not In use. Jo'or this purpose the pawntco
employs a case or receptacle subdivided Into compnrtments,each comportment
being for the reception or a separat e ball, bobbin, or spool, sotnewhllt sltnllar lu
deacrlptlon to an ordinary work-box, such case being closed by an outer lid or
cover. Now this Invention consists in the Interposition of an Inner lid between
the top oft be partition a and the outer lld, such Inner lld having perforations or
&lite therein for tho pllS:!age of the thread or tape, and, consequently, correspondlng In number to tbc number of compartments, so that the Inner perfl>rated lld closes the compartments, and the threads project through the perfOrations. and when not In use the outer cover Is placed on, and such ends are protected from withdrawal ; or the outer case may be perforated nnd the Inner one
dispensed with ; or If preferred the lllrends may pass ou~ or the tides of the
case.
687. J . W AnswoaTn, Str{ford, " :Mova.blt or ad}wtab/e huu for boot1 and.
thou."-Dottd 13th Jfarc/1, 18fi2.
This Improved modo of manufacturing movable or a(\jtatable heels for boots
and ah04.5 conslsla, First, In means of stamping and compressing sheet met.nl
In suitable dies, and completing the construction or lhe metal parts of the tame
by k»w:llng or mUIJng. Secondly,ln the coost ructlon of the Improved movable
heels with a cent.r al boss or bearing, In which there t.s a spring attached to a
ecparate plate. Tblrdly,ln the employment or wood boiled or steeped In oil In
corublnatloo 1\1th leather, as the material whereof the wearing parts or such
movable or adjustable heels are composed.
689. E. T . BoollES, Chancery-Lane, London, "Furnacu for c0111Uminq •moke."
-.A comn1umccuion -Dated 13th. March, 1862.
This Invention cannot be described l'I1U1out reference to Ute drawings.
G!l l. M. IIEN&T, F ltd·llrtrl, Londqn, " Stt~fflng bozu."-A comm\lnication.Dattd. 13th Marclt, 1862.
This Invention relates to a previous pa~nt dated 22nd November 1 Gl
( No. 2940), and wblch mainly consisted In the employment of n roovatle 'oox o;
tube, or a tubular piece, or a block or piece having a passage bored or formed
through lt, such box, tube, piece, or block surrounding the piston rod or other
article t o whlchlt waa to be applied, and partaklni Ofthe playor wabbllng motion
l.bereof, and the box, tube, or l!lece ("Wblchllllgbtboroade In one or more piece.)
was called In the said apec111catlon e. packing or surroundlng applll.lnce. Now
•
•
the chief ohjcct of the present lnv~ntlon I! to render the nCorCMid arrangement
more effective, e8peclally when applied to engines worklng at blgh and continuous pressures. For this purpose. accord ing to tho present Invention, a stu.fllog
box or o rhor mechanical contrlvnnce for n!lalnlng pncklng la connected or
attached to, or Is formed on or with, tho surrounillng or packing appiiQJloo In
such manoor that the said atuJJing box, or other mechanical contrlvnnco,
together l'l1th the hempen or other Oexlble packing l'l1th which lt t.s furnished or
which lt retains, ab411 move with -.r partake or the motion or the l!aid surrounding or p acking appllance.
692. R . A. BaoOM.t.l'(, Fltd·ltrtd, Lond011, ".A.pparaLu.t•for meaturinll and
rtgul4ting thljlow ana prun~re of 0"'• part• of which are applicable to
hydraulic rtctlivu• and to 1tta111 gm~·atOl'l. "- A communication.-Daud
13th lofarch. 1862.
This Invention eonslst.s In coostruotlng'nn appnratus which lscalculnted, Flrtt,
to regulate, Indicate, nnd contrl)l the qunntlty of gas pns;.lng through 11.
Secoodly, to Indicate the pres;:ure of the gas entering nnd leaving it. Thirdly,
to cause 11 unlrorro light from every burner In anyoneestabllsllmtmt, whatever
the number or such burners. Fourthly, to compensate for any ueglcct by Its
hermetic closing, nod by tbe rl.n glng or n bell, which takes place on the extinction of the light ttom the last burner,nt wbatc,er distance lt may be from tho
apparatus. Fifthly, to prevent any explosion or loss of gM by Instantaneously
lndlcntlng all ~pe. however Elllnll the quantity may be. The Invention cannot
be described In detail without reference to the drnwlngs.
693. G. CALVl:RT, Uppfi'·Btl·td, l llington, London, "Ccutor1.''-Dalri 1311•
lllarch, i862.
Tbfs Invention relates lo spherlcnl castors, nnd conSists In ntung In th<!
socket an Inverted cup, h~Jd by a stump or bar, and In placing above llle upper
end thereof n spring. Grips or claws aro continued from tile bottom of the
socket to prevent the sphere from getting away; or, Instead or claws, e. cup
may be used. The sphere revolves In contact l'l1th the edges of the Inverted
cup, which Is t'tee to revolve round the stump; or the stump and cup may be
ftxed t ogether, and then the stump nnd cup may mo"e In the socket M ono
piece.- .Not procttdtd. with.
695. J. B. HOWELL, SlltUltld, "Chain• and cl~ain cablu.''-Dattd. 13th .4f1J.rcll ,
1862.
I n cnrrylng out this Invention the Inventor employs steel or Iron, or a combination of steel and Iron, rolled of nny r equired llt.lckncss and breadth. with
one face concave nod the other convex In transverse section. The metal so
rolled ho fonns Into links of such shape as may be required by coiling lhe strips
of metal around a core or centre which corrCFpoods w!lll lite Interior of the
link to be made, nnd towards which the convex surface of the metl\ll$ placed.
Be lops two, three, four, or more coils contlnuousJy, the one lo the other, the
convex surft\CC bedding Into the corresponding concn,·e surface. F or tills purpose be heats the metal bar or strip In a oultable furnace too welding bent, and
while so heated wind s it up on the core or centre before m en tioned. and welds it
throughout us lt Is being coiled up, pressure being exerted by n suitable bar or part
nt the point of contact and welding to Insure tile uniting of Ute mctul. To
further Insure and Improve tbo union of the coils of the link be causes n current
or blast of nlr to Impinge on the point or contact nod union or welding of the
metal, which has the effect of Increasing the heat of the Iron, and removing any
oxide or scale formed on the unlll.ng surfttces.-Not procedea 111ilh.
698. E . BoLTO!'(, JVarrington, "Apparntu. for tra~n-ri11g liqtti(l7114tttrl
from OIU wUtl to aMtkr."-Dattd 13th N arc/1, I 62.
In adapting tltla Invention to the use of soap boilers. for example, who
require to transfer the saponaceous mlxturo whlle In a liquid state from one pan
to another, or t'tom the pan to the soap frames, or from tbe pan to
a cistern or receiver, the Inventor tits through 11 socket In the centre
of the pan e. tube whleb passes down to the surface of the soap or
other mnnufactured liquids. This tube wlt.lcb Is closed nt the top, nod
opens Into the pnn, hns a branch or branches (either melal or Oexlble) leading
oil' to the &Onp t'trunea or other vesscla In the same room or rooms nbove or
below. The pendent portion or the tube Is 6tted with a steam jacket, Md 10
also Is tlte branch tube or brancltes lead.lng from the upper pnrL «> the soap
frames or other recclver.-.Not proc«dtd. with.
701. A. QDrv.uo, Paril, "Jfacllilll f!YT manufacturin g haru-111« naiu." Dated 14th March, 1862.
This Invention cannot be described without reference to the drawings.
703. G. n. DIRitBECK, Soutlulmpum·lnl.ilding$, Chancery-/ant, London.,
" Improv<mttnU tn. tl'll#u IYT bandagta, antl in pu•ariu to be 111«1. thtl·e1Dith.''-.A communicotion. -.Datea 14tll March, 1862.
This Invention relates to the arrangement nnd combination of n jointed Md
movable pessnry, a replacing nod graduated relle,•lng apparatus or Instrument
for keeping t he uterus In Its place, and Intended for the prolapsus utcrt, and to
remedy the displacement of that organ. This lnstntment Is connected to or
combined wllll a double jointed hypognstrfc bMdage, with a posterior pad or
cushion, by a curved supporting arm of swan neck form which tits tho convexity of the pubis. and which can be moved as reqalred to tlte right or ten, In
order to adapt Itself in the roost convenient manner possible to the nltra-vagloal
rod which cnrrles the bowl or hollow clastic instrument for supporting the
deranged organ. The mode of jolntlng the nltra-vaglnal rod with the curved
arm or swan neck connection allows t110 rod to move freely round Its vertical
uis, so as to perform the latern! nnterlor, posterior, and all the motions Intermediate to them, and, lastly, to describe n clrcllltous movement. 'fbo pads or
cushions are jointed to the hypogastric trusses. wblch are capable of being readily
ftxed and adjusted In any desired position; these pads or cushions are lnteuded
to sustnln llle weight of the ob<lomcn, or to exercise n pressure on the region of
the arms, or upon any one or more of such points.
704. G. BBWio"ET, 1Yutmimter, "Coating ana cowring of wrOII.!Jht iron fw
the purpoae of prucrving il and prevtn.tlng oxidation "-Dated 14111.
March, 1862.
To render the Iron flt to receive the coating and covering it must bo prepared
In the following mnnner :- The Inventor mixes with ten gallons of cold water
I Ih. of solphurtc ncld, In wblch bo placea the Iron Intended to be coated, and
lets lt remnln six hours; he then takes it out, and scours it with sand or emery.
wllsbes it well In clear spring water, nnd then places it In a stc.,•o heated to
212 dcg. Fah. for ten minutes; lt is then fit for U1e coating. T be coating Is
made as follows :-'l81b. or flint calchled nod ground ftoe, 14 lb. of borax
pulverised; t heae ore calcined together till they are fused ; he lotll them cool,
and adds to them ~lb. of potters· clay ; he t;'linds these Ingredients In water
together to tile consistency or paint, and contll the iron with this to the thickness
of about one-sixteenth or on Inch. When tilts has become set, which it will do
In a dry plnce Inn few minutes, he then proceeds to apply the covering, which
roost be cnreflllly dusted over it before lt becomes quite dry, nnd which Is made
of 621b. ol whlto glass, 12lb. of borl\l<, nml I0 lb. of soda; he grinds these to a
tine powder. nnd then lets them be vltrltlcd Inn crucible. Wlten cool he grinds
tills compound In water unUl very fine, nnd then places In a kiln untU quite
dry. He then takes of this composition 22 lb., and 8 oz. of sodn, mixes them
thoroughly together In hot water, submlu them to a moderate bent In a sto,•e,
and e. One powder will be produced. llc oll\.s this powder evenly over the
contln~. and then places the Iron so covered In n stove at a temperature of
212 deg. Fah. to d ry. llc then places lt In a kiln, such as Is ubcd by chlna
manufacturers for flxlng enamel. The kiln must be heated to o sulflclent degree
to fuse the covering; the Iron must be gradually heated at the mouth of the
kiln, and then placed In the full bent till tbe co••erlng Is 1\ISed, when ll must be
gradually wit!\drown to coot.-.Not procudtd.'lllith.
705. G. 11. SAN BORN, lJO'ton, U.S., "Ga1 rtgulaUn-1.''- .A communication.» Ud 14 th /Jiarclt, 1862.
Tbls Invention has for ltB object Improvements In gas regulators, and consists
In arrangementS for regulating tbe pressure of gns between the main or 6lrcet
pipes nnd the burners, to check or reduce t he pre~oure on the remaining burners
when some of the whole numller of bun1ers are not being used, and to keep the
flow of ga• to the burners uniform a nu steady, and nt the most economical
amount whatever number of burners may bo In use.-.Not pl'Ocudta with.
706. L . G ABL£8, Btr>Jard-llrtd, and M. YINOLER, C1"ant,i!le-.trttt
" Manuractu1·ing articlu frrm~
1862.
iVOl'lf
Lond'>n
and bOIU."-Datea l4til Narch •
,
For the purposes of tbls Invention tile patentees talce h'Ory powder or waste
Ivory or bone, nn(l reduce it to a nne powder; tblll powder they mix up Into a
dl)ugh lvlth a cementing llquld,sucllnsn solution of gelatine or ~rum ammoniac.
They then prcs.~ th is dough Into a mould or form. so as to shnpe it Into the
article reqnlred. The article may have any ornamental pattern upon Its surface, corresponding with that ou llle surface or the mould or form used 1n Its
construction. The mould employed Is arrnnged so that lt may be closed,ln
order that a considerable pressure may be applied to the dough without causing
lt to flow ou t. The joints of the mould are not, however, so light as to
prevent the eBCBpe of the water or liquid wltll which tbe Ivory or bono dust Is
mixed, one prlnclptll object of tho pressure helng to expel this liquid and the
air. 'fho article Is nn.cr n timo removed from the mould or form. and soon
becomes a! hard as Ivory. which In other respects lt resembles. Colouring
matters may be mlxcd Into the dough If desired.
710. W, Toaslla, /Jockley, .Nottingham, "Boluri own1, d:c."-Dattd 14th
March, l S6 :
Part of this Invention consists In employing a square or other suitably
shaped oven, ha,•lng metal doors extending the enti re width thereof. These
doots are lined or cased with tlre-clny, tlre-lumpg, or other suitable material
and are hinged nt lite top on a straight bar wblcb extends the whole length of th~
brenst work of I he oven or ovens, tho said bar being ftxed parnlllll with the
spring of the nrch o r tbe oven; the doors being thus hinged their own weight
\vlll cause them toOt closer, and thereby the oven .,..Ul retain the bcut hotter
than If the doors were hinged from tho sides or bottom thereof. These doors,
whether there bo tbrco or more of then)., nre Intended to open noel shu~ lndepeodcntly orench other, or they may bo opened or sbut altogether If desired
an operat ion tilat may be ~rfonned by connecting the se.''eral counterblllanc~
In;{ weights employed to open and ahut them. The Inventor also uses a furnace
and llue, and pluces the furnace doors ID a parallel or nearly parallel line
with the oven doort, and causes the llue to rl.sc from tho contrary or oppo$lte
corner to that or the fum>~.c., by which arrangement the whole area or the
oven or O\'en& become• equally boated. The fumi.ICO opening on tbo 8(iuare aide
of the oven opposite to that of the fine will aJford a greater radiation of beat
than would an opcolng Ol\ the angular al4e~of ao. ordinary oven, Whore the
THE
Oor. 24, 1862.
ENGINEER.
255
1\Jrnnro 11 tiJte<l on tbo rlghl hand aide oflhe oven, the nue wJU of couriiC boon
tho left hand aide, nod trice vcrtll.-Not 1fTOccedtd 1eitll.
713. n. l <:MAWUEL, Broolt-~trtct, 1/anovtr·~quart, London, .. Ornament• for
ptTIOMl'IDtUI'."-DattcL 1111/o /o/arc/1, 1862.
:Ennmelt bltllcto used for Ulc bodlca, ~elllngt, an(J mouoUngs of brncclcts,
broochca, pins, nod other ornaments for penonnl wtar, nrollable to fty or crack,
nnd U1o onlRment becomes Injured or spoUt. Now tho object of lbla Invention
Is to Improve the mnnufi\cturo of ornaments for per11<1nal wrnr by pro,•ldlng n
eubttltutc for such ennmels by the employment or n mor;> durable sub tnnce
never hitherto nppUed or combined, which $hall pr<'•ent at the aamo time an
equa lly or even more etrcctlvo upJ>('arnnce. }'or thla purpose tho Inventor
employs Ivory wb!ch h o uaCII ns the body mounting or selling of tho nrtlclc,
thus : -lie tnkcs the Ivory In n pll'Ce, oud cut~ or othcrwl~ll ronT\8 lt Into the
M'lrcd ahnpc, nml he comiJinr~ lt with mctnlnutl with gems (real or artificial),
Htouo, or other nrllclos usut\1 lbr ornnmenta. t;y cuttllllf or ut herwlse forming tu
t ho Ivory 1\ recc~~ or recesses, or openh•lf or openh1f(1, oncl wMn rcqulred h e
borca or drlllll ortncesln 1uch reccues or opening~. nutl scte the gem or 8tono or
oU1er nrtlctc In a rlm or ll<'lllng of golcJ or other metal, whlcb bo &ttncbc.s by
c~mcntlng, J1,•ctllng, or othcrw!J!o Into the tvory.-Not proceecucl •cith.
gM, or otber Ould nets u pon tbo dlapbrngm, lt raises tbc vertle&l rllCit , and
moves round tbo wheel, to n'bJch lllattl\chcd the lover weight, and which ee rvee
to keel> t110 lnlt(!Jt Inn vcrtlcol position when n ot otbonv!J!o ncted upon. Tbo
prCBSuro on Ulo dlnphrngm C/lii 'ICS U1o lever we ight to rise towards the centre,
at the sam o ttmo giving m oUon to tho pointer, ond tllus lnOicates the
pressore.
740. J . JIJCJte, 1/altort.·flardm, London, "Mm:vri4l baromtfer•."- Daltd 17111
Marc/1, 1862.
Tl:tla Invention consists In tcrmlnnUog t ho barometer tubo at top In 11 coli ,
ln•tcod of employing 11 Rtrntgllt tube 119 heretofore: and for some purpo•ca In
fonnlng tbo tube throughou t In tbe Hhope or n8plrnl coli. Ills nece ~ory that
the length or straight tu~o. together wiUJ 1\ atrolght line cnrrled through tbc
centre of U1e coli, Mllould mnke up a lcn111h of from thirty-ono to thirty-four
Inches. And when the tuhc Is to tbe fonn or n h ~llcul coli from the bulb up·
wnrds, then n s traight lino rroo1 tbc bulb to th e top of the coli must m eMuro
from thlrty.onc to thirty-four lncbcs. 'l'h c ohject of the Invention I~ to obtnln n
more ex•errded ~~IIIo than Is procur nt;lo wlllt 1\ fttrolght tube. Thll Inventor
propo~cs tbat tho ll('alc sh nll be splrol, nod thnt tho coils or rtnaa or tbo
801\le sbatl bo plnccd between tho coils of tbo barometer tube.- Not procu<UcL
7 11. ('. N. K&TTULA, Belle l•lc, Middl.tux, "CombiriCd •oap•."-Daltd. l ilt/&
Jllnrch. lt.G2.
Thl! ln,·cntlon <'On~l~ts In the combination of pearl Mh with combined aonp~.
whether with ruch comiJinetl sonps 119 rcsuiL from the combination or n curd
with a hytl mtcd sonp, nccordlng to thntnventlon patcntc<l by Jnmrs Bluke nnd
Fro nets Maxwell, thr 30th Auguftt, 18~G (No. :.:01 G), o r with such cumblued
HOIIfl8 M result from 1he combination or a c urd 80Ril with elements procluclug n
bydrnted soap, no ml\tlcr In \\hat mnnner they moy bo mnnlplllntcd, comhluctl,
nnd nntshed. Or, with such combined soups o' rC~&ult frum tho comblnntlon of
any ordlnory OniBbc<l 110np with a hydrated Poop, or wltb the clement.~ pro·
duclng n bydrnted aonp, mottled or not, nnd with <1r wiUlout resin
71 6. 0. ll. PETTtT, Ntv:J Orford..,trcct. ltnvlon, ".A• lrrtt·TOC•d f7Vlhod of Olld
appnratu8 for luati>VI v:altr und other liq,.id•, ?ppllcable al10 to U~
n:a,ration. of lirruid1 ... - Date/ 1f>t/t Murc/1, 18G2.
'fhts Invention con•l~t~ tu hentlng water for bnthft nnd other purposcs, ond In
evnporatlng liquids. hy means of whnt the pntcntco tcm1s n .. Oontlng Ore."
Tho nppn•·•Hilll consleU! or n cloubto bowl or CUll or ~hect m etnl, " llh n spnc<'
betwceu the two cups. with tubes establt.l&ln~e commuuleRtlon hctweeu the
lnAicle of the Inner cup und the water In wblch lllO appnrntu~ llout~. nnfl "lth 11
etntr~~l pipe rl•lng from the bottom oftbo lnn~r cup nbon• thc line of lloatutlon.
Ho ln'!('rts a ptpe-c:onn~c:tc<l ton gas supply by flexible tube or othcnvl•e, ond
Ottoo ntltalower cntl with 11 burner with radial jN1-Into thl~ccotrnlt•IJX',RIId
llxed lt 110 tbnt tbU jet' Ah&ll not touch tbc outer cup. lie plo~cs n eo' er or
mica. or other transpnr~nt motcrlnl. on the central pipe, ond tlgbts the gn.• Jets
prior to ln•crtlng the burner. Air cbBnncts for suvtylnll air fur.upportlllll cum·
bUl!IIOn oro carried down U1e outer cup. I o somo c11.•c1 h e dl'!jlcnscs "hh the
con trill tube, nnd forms tho burner on or ntl nchcd to ono or other or the cur1s.
.Accord lug to the slr.e nnd purpo~ to which the nppnrnttll! Ill to 1>0 nppllcd 110
must the number of gas jets bo vnrlccJ.
717. W . l\lc.\DA~r. Ql(J~(/011!, "/Jloch, pulltyl, artd t•tigltllfor '1Dir,do1o laflte~,
d:c. "- DaUtt ISill Marrlt, 1Rfo2.
'fhlsln,•ent lon relates to th e nppliCIItlon of cto:v or other ~ultnhlc: mlnernl;;ub·
&In nee, either In the furm of cnrtbonwarc or l(la..,to the mnnufucturc or block~.
pullc~'· Bnd weights. nntt which hll'C hlthcno t;ecu mnuutilctured c.f mctol .
unll1•r ono modlftCIItlon of tht&!C Improvements, n1 nppllcd to the han~tlug ot
'"lndow @a•hcs. the block or fromo In which 1hc pullt•y ur pulley$ ruu Is tunnrd
urctny moulded to tbe rcqulrvll form, nud ofttr\\tWI' ~~~~~eel nnd ftre<l In the
uaunl way. The shcnvel! or pulleys nrc nl<o ronne<l M ~lmllnr mntcrlal~. mul
vnrlou~ kinds of clay, such ua 18 used In the mnnufucturo or porcelain nml ni l
l<lud s or eartllomwarc. mny be employed. Just end of n•lng Iron or other mctul
for weights lt Is preferred to mBko them o r the hcnvlor kinds or cnrthc·nwnrc.
ThC80 wetght;o nre either mould eel I!OIId or with nn loteruot cnvlty to bo Oiled
with " mine dmt," or other 8ultn1Jle mlnernJ mntcrlnl, or wt.lch may he mixed
w1tb tbo c!Jly for Ulo purpose or Increasing the specific grnvlty of U1e wclght.l.
1Diih.
723. 0. U.um.ro!f, Wlllow·ltrract , Jllington, " Tumbvr loc/:4.''-bottd llllh
!tlorch, 1862.
This Invention hll9 for Its ohjcet the 1!0 con~tructlng t umbler lock~ thnt the
proper posttJons of tho tu m biens for nllo" lng the holt to be shot may not be
<lctcetPd hy npplytns: prcs,ure to the bolt In the well-known mnnner. t•or till'
purpo8e the pntcntco mnuntathc tumblers on 1u1 eccentri c, tho pin of which Is
carried hy the cnae of the lock. 'fhe tumblers nrc cnch capnblo of turning
nround the eccentric, ond, when the tumblers Bro C<rrrcc tlyset by the key before
lho b<>lt Is shot llnck, t11e ceccntr1c will not be caused to turn on Its pin; but
when tho bolts ore pr<',•('(l t;nck before the tumtJicri oro correctly ploce<l the
stump upon t11e bolt will press agnlnstthc tumblcu nnd cause them to recetlc,
tbo ceccntr1c by turnhl~t on ItA pin nllowlng tJ1cm to <to ~o. The tumlnl{ of the
<lCC<'ntrlc on IU! pin lt arr&nfl<-d to bring Into octlon 1\ cntch or stop for Ulc oolt
to come ngnlnst, and he alftO arrnngCII Ulc lock ao t hot tho bolt, when furtlwr
p ressed on, shall, by llCtlng on tile •lop, cnu•o the ceccn trlc still further to turn
on 118 pin, nod so mo,•o llnck the tumblers awny n-om the 6tump un the bolt, In
order that the stump ahnll no longer press agolnst them.
72G. J. T. and T. P ~:wnL &oonv,.lJurv. "Lvbricator. "-Dattd l fltl• l>fm·rh. 1862.
'fhla Invention con~I8U! In nn Improved form of l(rctuo cock for luhrlcntlng
cylinders, plltons. pu'llp~. nnll otbcr mcchnnl8m, which lubriCIIllon Is errectNI
by the action of tbe mnc!Jino lt•ctf. Tllo patentees con~truct tho cock with n
funnel a t the top of tbo ltjUnJ form fOr rccctvlnK the oll or other lubricating
motcrlnl; the cone or plug they make hollow, nnd filled with o stuffing box nnd
p rojecting spindle of nuy convenient form; tho plul( o r cone bas M aperture
corresponding In size wit h the hole to the bottom or the 1\Jnnct for allowing the
oil to pa..c.o~ Into lt, ond noothcr bote ~ plnccd nenr this 1119t mentioned one,
coln cldlng wltb a tube p~~Ming up through the centre of tho 1\mnel holding tho
oil, having Its mouth nbove the aurfuce of the tnllow or oll for the purpoao of
Bllowlnllthc CSCI\po ofalr. A third holo Is fonnoo In the rpposlte sldo of th o
plug n-om the two IMtmcnlloned ones, which Is turned oiTwh en the two oth ers
l\fO In position, a pipe pll&'llng up through Ulo funnel or the cock connected with
tholnalde oftlle cylinder, or with the boUcr,l'O M to ollow U10 PMMifO of tboatcom
up tbrough lt. 'fhll plpo Is connected "ltJ• Ulls 1119L h ole. A possago Is fonncd
Ulrough tbo stem or the cock po •lng toto the cylinder In the usual manner .
The operation Is as follows : -T ho cock being turned SQ 1\S to bring tbo aperture
In lt eo as to coincide with the hole In the 1\Jnoel, tho oil will run <town nnd 1111
the hollow plug, the nlr going off by the pipe pMSing through t he funnel; the
plug Is then removed by n lever, or other contrivance connected with the
mnchlnery, whlcb brings lt over the pusoge In the stem , oml nlllO t11e t11lrcl hole
In cooucctlon with tho pipe from the cylinder or boiler, which, by mcnns of the
pre@Sure oflhe steam, forces down the stem &nd Into tllo cylinder; Ulo lever on
Ulo eplnclte then turns tho plug , tuld tbo @omo action Is repented.
727. W. C'LABK, Chanctrll·lhm, Loudon, " Water meter•."-A communication.
-Dalul l7thM"1'CII, 1802.
This Invention co08lllts In ll1c orrnngement within a atntlon11ry cyUndcr or
cylln<lrlcal piJ!<! or two or more ot•llquc-btodcd wheel~, &ceurcd at sultabto
dh•toncc• aport on a cen tral shan. 1<0 a(lplled 119 to rotnto fi'eely within tbe anld
cylinder or J)IJI<!, nnd two or more scrl~_, of ~toUounry Aplrtll wnter pUMol(es su,.
roundJn~t U1c' sbon In thl' apaec' between the Mid whtd1,euch p~W~oges and tM
blade'! or tbo said wheel~ bclng set nt anglcs or •I ~ dcg. or Ulerenbouts to tho
nxla or tbc s han. nnd cylinder or pipe, but their oiJIIquJty being In opJ10$Ito
dlrecllonll rclntlvcly to tho @nld axis, so t11nt water paa•lng through the ~nld
cyllnd~r or plpo mny bo cnmcd to stri ke thll blade• of the wheels pcrpcndlcu·
lnrly, or nearly 110, to llw fnce~ thereof, t;y whlch 'Ystem of wbcctt and
pwnge' Ulc water as 11 piUI.-c' Ulrough Ulo cylinder or pipe la made to net on the
several whcels In euCl~•lon, 110 thot greater power Is obtained to l(lve motion to
lbc man, and tht Indicating apparntus which 14 fiCB.red therewith, than coulcJ
bo had wltb a ainglo wheel, wblle nt t.be arune t lmo tbcro Is no mnterlallocreaso
or friction o n tlle sbllll.
728. A. S. and A. K. STOCIUJII, Wolt"trllllmpton, " ComtniCtion ofrMtal boot
"P'
/lull and
andltoriC·Ihl1t•.''-Date t 17th. frl«r•h, 1862.
Tl:1lll Invention conolst~ In the mnoufnctnro of mctnl boot beets nnd tip~ hy
rolling or otbenvtiiC, fonnlng the rods of Iron, out of which they nro to be mndo
In such manner 119 to cnuAc them to bo Indented . or or uneven surruce or surfnces on Uloao shies which have llllherto been rolled ontl ul!cd In a ptnln Atuto,
and In bending or counteT¥tnklng auch or oUler herlt nnd Lips. 'rho Invention
also con!l~ta In tho manufacture of hor-c·shoc' by the employment of certoln
<lies caat,eunk, or othcnvl.,. ronstructed In such mnnner,ond of the deslrc<l con.
llgurntlou, Into whlch Iron or other mctnJ, bnvh11t brrn befurehand properly pre.
pored, Is Intended to be forced or pre..,·ed, " 'hlch, by thrald orsuchdle~.nncl tho
pr~•ure applied thereto. nnd tho article to be modr, will cau'iC the crude metal
to tuIeo the fonnallon Intended, nny aurplut web or wutr attllCbed to tho dhoo
bc,yond Its proper form belna removed by tile old of cllrrplog tools, ns IJ well
ttndorstood In Ule trade.
729. w . .£. 0£oor:, Wtllington·ftrcct. Slrand, London, "CriMlinu."-A. corn·
mu.,icotion.-Dutcd 171/l /Jiordt, 1862.
Jt Is rro~d, occorcJiniC to this Invention. to IU'cOmpll•h the covering or
crinoline steel by mean' of P••t~Cr In coml>lnatlcm with nt•twork or open tl•~uo of
very II11Llt labrlc anti lncxprn•h c mutertol. Tlw papu of any colour to~ to be
plnccd on eacb snrf~~~:e or the ~trel. nntl co'-c""J with the tl•<u~. both 1!4!10A' ~r<·nt..
rally of the Mmo colour, amlthe Jlllfll'r may bo wound on tbe owct usn hand or
puled or glued tb~;reoo.-.t\ot pro u 1td ¥llh.
73 1. L. 1' . .MO!i~Gai."&:L, Parll, "ColcL ({J.p~ur (JtMrtJtor."- DtJttd 17tlt Marcll,
18b2.
Title l.ovenllon cannot be cle~crlbed wttbout rcf!!rt·uro to Ule llrnwiogs.
731 . J . ancl W . W t;t&ll, Joll!lltont, R~(l", ".A ppara ttu }>r indicating
llv prt,I'Ure or quantit1, and rt(IUI.atinq I/le di1c/1urv• of jluid1.''-batccL
17tll Ma1·ch, 1 86~.
One part or th esl' Improvements relates to t he arrnngcmentnnd coll!ltructlon
or apparntll9 for indtcntlnlf the preo!ore or llo.ld~. On e modltlcallon, M npplleol
to a ttenm prth!uro gauge, tons!sts of a dlnpiii11J!'Dl or lndhvrubt;er, mctul, or
othtr rultable material, lltttllln 11 amull &team thnmt.er. To tblil diaphragm la
11ttoched n rotl, the upper pnrt or which forms a rock that fCivc.s mollon to a
w beel; depeucllng from this wheel 14 a ltv('~ or rod wltb o bn.ll or wcl11h t
atli\Cbc<l to l!s eAtr<'mlty. T he epii\!IJe OC tbe Wheel projecU! t.bTough IIIo dlol
oc hl<tcx fRee, wblcll Is grn<tuoted to ~bow the pressure In pouncla, and to thla
eplodJo tlle pointer or Index la llttnclled. Wbco the prcaauro or lho atcnm, lllr,
741. E. SanTu, Carlille-.trtct, Soho, Lond011, "Watch. l:· y•.''-Dattd 17th.
Marrll, 186!?.
This Invention consists In constructing wntch keys which net In n similar
manner to lllose known tl3 "Brequets," but whic h nro llPPIIcoblo to wlntllng
wntches, whether the wlu(llng lM c lfectcd liY turning th e key from right to ten.,
or viu •oer1ri. In tJ1c broqu et keys n key winding by turolng from right to ton
wiU n ot clfect the winding or 11 watc h where the key hn~ to be turned from le ft
to right. 'I ho Improved key consists or n Btllncllll uolted to a t:>ntl or oth~r piece
free to be turned In n rotary direction upon n pin eorrlcd nt Lite upper part or o
gunrd or cogc, which c:ogc Is large enough to allow o r t he bnU revolving within
ll, nnd whic h 11 conncctoo at bottom to a coUor wiUlln whlcl• Ulo upper pnrt of
U1o Rl>lodle I• tree to rovotve.-.t\'ot 7"'0CttdtcL wit/c.
74 1. '1'• .MnM, Bnghlon, " Mder• for fiUtUII.ring ga., u:atcr, or other fluid•."
-DaJtd 17/h Mard1, 18G2.
Tht• Invention conslsU!, Fln~t, or 11 menaurlng cyllntter furmshe<l with valves,
volve-b<rJCCII, nnd tlucts so nrrongcd 119 to net with lho requisite acnellh•onefts,
nnd thtH the action ~Jtnll only be cnrrlecJ on clurlng s upply, nnd Hllut otr lmme·
dlntely the supply cco~<~:•. The cylinder la nttoo with n piston hnvlng n piMonrod protrudlnfl t;eyoneltho top uf tbo cylinder with colloTil I hereon, between
whlth work~ the end of n le,•cr supported by 8tnndnrda with n roller nt ono e nd
to prevent frtctlou, Ulc> other cncJ being forked to gulde nnd work A alldo ' 'olvo
maclo of brll"i!, or ollwr sultot;tc matcrlol, or rollers w b lcb prc upon a dlo·
phrogm vnl,•e. mndc t•f lncltn.rubbcr or oth~r clnatlc or pliable moterlnl; ouch
elide or dlnphru.gm v~tlvo covers se'•erol ducts (Ove, for Instance), but tho
pntentce does not t'<lnnne hlna~>elf to ony pl\Ttlculnr numberofduct•,thrlrlihnpe,
~IZ<', or p~ltlon. 'fhe slide val,•c. or the roll~rs nctlng on the dlnphrngm, nrcao
l\rrang(.'() as to prcs' upun ond c lose ono or more or the anlcl ducts nt on e tlmo •
Homo or t he tiUCtH (two, try tltefcrencc) lend @OmO (oue, IJy prcrcrCIIC~) to thO
uppe r nncJ 110me (one, by preference) to the lower pnrt of the cyllndcr,ond h cnro
upon water, gl\9, or other lluld being admi tted by tho supply pll)o, 1t will ,
nccordlng to tho po•ltlon of the piston and tho uttacboo piston-rod, cause tbo
opeulng of some of the duel•. and nllo"· UJCl wate r. gl\s. o r otller fluid to enter
either aoo,·c or ~>!'tow the pl~ton , Md thllll keep lt In motion.
N6. i\f. A. F. M c,11o11s, Poril, ".An imprtWtd combinaJion of roolinq ancL
fllttrinq opfHJrllt.u. Jo,·m i•IO t• •aft for the prutrt·ation of 60lia and
fluid p r011tliO>II."-.A comrnunicatiJm.-Dattd. I IIth March, 181;2.
l'hls IBventlon con not be de$Crlbed w lthoot rc!Crcnco to the drnwlngl.
74R. M. A. t'. 111£11110118, Paril," Nudte tllrtadinq opparatiU. "- A communi·
crrtion.-Dutcd l Htlo March, 1862.
'f ills Invention cnnnot be dcacrlbod withou t reference to lbe drnwlngs.-Not
procced•d 1eith.
7r.3. C. ILCS, Birminqll4m, " Umbrtl/41 and para10!4."- Daud 18th
~larch,
I G2.
Thl~ Invention rclntC"', First, to the corutructJon of an Improved top n otch or
runner notch for umbrellll8 &nd porMOis. The !'l<'c:oocJ pnrt of Ulc tnvrntlon
consists In making middle biU! for umbrella' oncJ por11110ts lo such mnnner thot
tlte pllrtB whlcll come Into wntnct with t he fork have a raised p rojection In order
to strcog thetl and widen thlll part or the middle bit. T be 'flll.rtl part of the lm·
provements con~l~l9 In m aking the hnudte1 on(l Ups of ombreliM and pnr.uots
ol chlnt~ or oth er vltrc ncd mutcrlals ; nlao In the use of hord cement, such us
Kccno's or any other Plmllnr hnrd coment, Clltlablc of bcnrlng a smootll uud
poll~lwd surface. Fourthly, the 10\•ent lon consist~ In mnklng tM hcn~a of lho
rive ts U1ICd for connecting tho ml(ldJo bits nnd Atretchers or umbretiiM and pnra·
110111 of a rounded, dome, or $0Utcblng pin shape, nod when t he ri vet la puaed
llirougb the hole the Inventor stamps In IJlllt ablo dlc.s a heacl of a almllor fonn
on the other end, or a wo•ber may be ptnccd on tlllt cnd which mny be rlvctlcd
or nompcd toconucct the 6trctchcr nnd middle bit Onnly IOJ:etbcr.nnd by theoo
means he mnkClln very strong and nen t Jolnt.-N~t pr•cttdt..t 1Cith.
76 I. A. A. B£AtTM011T oncl J. A. E!CAt.um, Parll, "Plying top."-Dattd 18th.
l>fal·ch, 1862.
ThIs Invention consists In th e construction or n h ollow top forming tho centre
of 11 helix to which If Is nxe<l; tho lower port of the top Is reduced In elzo to
nllow of Its being ndjuslcd to a boncttc made to receive lt. The h oudlcts h ollowed
out cyll ndrlclllly nt 118 Uflt>er pl\Tt ln order to contain n bobblu, on whi ch nsmoU
cord or 11 piece of 8trh1g I$ wound for giVIng n to nnd rro mollon to the bobbin,
whl ch Is provided ntll..i uppe r port with a cup or o concave forn1 to receive
wllh f11C1IIty the top. A hole Is mBde In tbe handle for tbc ptl.9S8ge ort he cord
or string. This toy Is U'ICd by hotdmg Ulc hnndlo In one band, nnd lmpnrtlng a
rotatory motion to t he bobblu to wln<l up the string; the top Is U1cn placed In
the cup, and ltls only neCCBI!nry to pull the string to CI\UliC the top to tty off and
turn Llln verUeBI dlrcctlon.- t\·ot proaelb cl with.
7M. J . A. JAQOES and .J. A. F' ANSOAwt, Totttnham, and F . JAQO!a, D•·ovlu·
don, L«nCt•fltr.
11
lJw•tic l!l<rface rol/tr,. "-Dated 18th M a •eh, 1862.
The patentees ctnlm the comblootlon ofUlo har(J ond 1100 compounaa of tndln·
robber. known In thle .country as junction robber, with any sultoblo core, for
tbn purpose orproducing cl08llc aurfllCe rollers, 119 described.
766. J. A. RO~<It111'Tt , Nnr/J1ampto11-rood, Cltrktn1•tlt, London , "Mtltorologkal
irutnmun/1 ond tllcrm.omttn-1.''-Dattd. 18/Jl M11nh, 1862.
This Invention consl~tsln pll\Cing t.h o cngrnved and graduated 6Cnle' of thermometers, barometers, oncJ other mcteorologlcol Ins truments, In eit her llat or
round gla~ tubc!s, whic h may be senlc<l up at the ends. ao thnt n o water o r ai r
can get nt them. Tho protected acoles aro adapted to the m ercurial orcnplllnry
tu bes by hclng secu red olong~lde of them on not pi eces of wood or n1etal In ony
convenient manner, on<lnlltho usefUl pnrta of the Ins trument being protected
by o glass covering, lt follows lhntllttlo or no Onmogo cnn result to tllO scale
from ntmospher le tnnucnces.-Not proaultd.1eitll.
7!i7. .]. WBJOI.IT, Br\(f(lt.-Airut, BlacJ.friltrl, and Tl . WU EATCBOI'T, Pore-•trut,
Lmtdtm, " /ofnrhintrv for Lalting and makmg bootl and •hoe•.''-battd
IRth. March, 1862.
This Invention eon•l•ts or n machine for lnoUng boots and s hoes when tbo
upJX'l"l! oro SCAmcd nutt the Inner sole Is to l1c nmxcd . On a suitable etnntt o r
n-ame nrc mounte~t four eliding plnte.s, two correspoodlncr In outline to tho et<lcs
or t ho boot or ahoe, nnd the t wo others fitting the too nnd heel. These plntca aro
n(ijuslnhlo by ~~erews to any gtzo of t;oot, nnd ~llrte In grooves 110 na to open
nnd shut hy the action or two pa•·nJicl Hhofto, on '-'hlel& nro m ounted Cl\ me press·
lng ognlnstthe two slc:lo plntc~; the en ds of the two side ptntcurc fonnCII wedgo
sbopcd,IIO 119 to embrace the two toe nnd heN pieces. By lblsmcnns the Inventors
ore enabled to com rnct the whole of tbo plates ~lmultancou@ly wbeo n ot oct('(l
on by t he lever. The plntca nr<' kept open by a Mprlug, and the IWJt wltb the
upl){'r leather nntt Inner 1101e Is plnccd wttbln t hcto plates, nnd supported from
undemcotb ot each end ; the plates nrc thrn c!Q:!cd, whlcb stretches the upper
leather, and mokes lt to nt accurntely the last. On tho Mmc spindle whlcb
octuote.s t he alldo oro llJted pincers which g rnap the projecting edgcs of the
leat her, at retch ltllght, nnd keep 11 110 1111 the workmen hM pegged the upper to
the Inner IIOIC, thc tracks or pegs be ing putlu throullh boles or atoll In tbo et~aes
oft be sliding plntcs.-Not p•·orttdtcl1Cvll.
769. :E'. WAn :<En, Ortuent, Cripplcgalt, Loncion, 11 Cock• or top1."-Dattd l !lt/1
M reil, 18G2.
l''or the purpo~c• of this ln,·coUon t he vnlve spin dle has formed on lt n toothc<l
rllCk, wblch I~ rccetved Into l\ntl works wiU1Jn the wRtcr or eteamway or the top
or cock . Tbc ftlce or the valve Is. by preference, clreular, and Is pl\cked with a
son. packing wbcro lt comes ogolnst Ill scat, which Is preferred to con•lllt or n
projecting rlng w1th a thin oo~re to enter the poc klng In Ule race or the vnlvc.
Or the sent mny be packed or haven wuher of110n material, and Ule projeetlng
rlog may be ou the fuce of t ho vnlvc. The toothed rock ru cd I conltructc<lll!
follows ·-There 18 u ~lot formed through on cxteuded portion or the eplndlo or
the volve, on thelnn~r stu·facc of ono aide or which 8l<lt ll1c teeth forming the
tuothed rack arc formed In such mnnn er thnt , wtwn t11 o J>lnlon use() with tho
rnck Is In Its place, the dlnm eter of the pinion ucarly corre~ponds with the width
of tbe slot. The n:ds of the pinion pa.<tsca through n suitable atuft.lng box Into
the Interior of the b<rdy of the cock or top. Thta11 uffing box I~ conetructed In
tuch manner thnt, hy I'CTCwlng down the packing which takes Its IJenrtna oo tbo
8Jtl,, I be requllllte frlctlon Is obtolncd to f\·•l•tthu tendency of tbo axis to turn
with the force of the pre•sure of tbc tluld. lt I~ preferred t hat the arrangement
'hould be such that ooouta quarter tom or tho ut~ or the pinion should bo
1ufficlent ror opcnlng and ciQ:!In~t lbe \·nJvc. 'file tower end of the a:d or the
plnloo 11 pointed, and hll9 Its bearing In 1\ rultniM cup. The guide aplndle or
tho vntve lt mnct c threo l!ldcd, tbo ~Well bc!lng hoUow 119 heretofore, 80 that
the wntcr or stcnm or other Oultl may pn•s fi-culy o n tbo three sldcaor the&!llodle,
while the three angle~ or the ~ptn!IJo serve to keep the valve nnd spindle cor·
recUy In the water or Mtcom wny.
STE.lll SBTPPJNO ENOIN"EBRS.-By th e new Act on merchant shippinJt", on and after tbe l et J une next, every steAm vessel which is
required to Lave a mBBter with a certificate from the Board of
Trade is also to hne an engineer possessiug a. certiftcate from the
Board of T rade. The certificates u e to be of the ftrst and second
class.
THE IRON, COAL, AND GENERAL TRADES OF
BIRMINGHAM,WOLVERHAMPTON, AND OTHER
DISTRICTS.
(From our oum. C(YN'upondent.)
DEMA!tD FOR F uusu!D IaoH: Or~er• RiftUed
mverthelu•-OosTUIATE AND CARBLsss WoaKv.eN: Effut• ~f tlaeir
A Buorrr L OLL
.iJJilconduct-
flil rn.&
11
LANCAsnra&
L.ws"
Jlf STAPPORDSU JRI: Afore in
Sale1-COAL T n.lD£ : Pr--Ke~
Dnnand-PHJ laoN: Alleged Large
Onaltered-0 !N£RAL HA RDWARI 1l'uon: Continued lmprouemett t
in mo8t B rancl•u-JOKB AT TUB EXPENSE or CaaurM IRON S .ut!!
M AJCIIRB.
Onoeas for finished iron are not now comi ng i n, either in so large a.
number or of eo much value aa they were a fortnight a11d three
weeks ago. Such, however, were th6 specifications that were then
obtained, that makers have enough work to go on with for several
weeks ; and if specifications should follow in due time, for the remaining portions of the orders given out in tbe past few weeks1 there
will bo a tolerable amount of activity at most of the works up to
Christmas. F or certain descriptions orders are being refused daily
by bait tho houses who are osked to specify. The descriptions referred to are those whi ch have been so lOnf? in demnnd-plates and
sheets. A person having sheet plates to gtve out could not get the
orders off his bands, at first-clBBs houses, if be wanted the iron
within a time which is now regarded by most cllStomors BB 11 reasonable." Indeed, some makers aro incon venienced by the pressure
upon them for the delivery of sheets and plates. But if the (>revaili ng lull in the arrival of orders should continue the com plamts
from customers, which are now numerous, will soon decreue.
They woul d not, however, be so many as they are if the workmen
were a steadier and more intelligent class of men. Considerable
dUliculty is being experienced by some masters with their puddlers
and furnacemen, wh o, whenever their em ployers are b usy, a.re proverbially 11 awkward." Several summonscs have been t.aken out
recently by the principals of finished iron h ouses, against negligent
and obstinate men of this class ; and tbe CBBes brought before magistrates represont. only a portion of tbe offences of this d.~tieription. The
IBBt cose WBB ono in w hich somepuddlers bad tbe itr~•udence to a.llege
that it was not imperative upon them to bring out th~ar iron so bot that
wb en it bad left the hammer it could bo easily rolled in to the puddled bar; nnd, further, th11t wben blooms were rejected by tbe
roller, they wore r e· heated at tho close of the week iu a fur nace kept
Cor the p•1rposo l W hy, tbe men are paid only u~c. n tho weight of
the puddlcd b11r; and it is well known that. i1 a p 1rtially hot bloom
s attempted to be rolled, the probability is that the rolls will snap.
The case we refer to we r ecord below. I n other catell men leave
work to go drinking, selecting the night for the purpose in the
majority of Cllses. When the men ot two or three furnaces leave the
rest follow, like so mCL.'lY eheep, and the forge on the mill is compelled to stand the r emainder of the night, and the completion of
orders is r etarded. A largo number of puddling furnaces are n ow
out in this district, in consequence of conduct ()f th is description,
added to the scarcity of good workmen. Jntelligeut youths, and
young men who can labour, are badly wanted. A few/ouths from
tbe cotton district.a have just come into this locality, an tber fonod
immediate employment as 11 underhands" (puddlers' 888Uit.ants).
They earn
a day, and are much liked by tne proprietors of the
works at which they are engaged. They are more inteiJigeot, and,
BB a consequence, more obliging than the youths of the S'1otne claas of
this district. W o know of one firm who would gladly find em ploy ·
ment for as many as fifty more such youtba-youths of say seventeen years of age, ot the same rate of wages.
T he pig iron makers all allege that th ey are sold-some of them
at their present rate of make for BB many as si x months in advance!
or the coal trade we may remark that some producers of houeehold
aamples are p;ettin~ sli~btly more fur th eir article, but that coa.l used
at the mnnufoctortea 1s still being sold at nearly unremunerative
rates, the recent attempt on the part of colliery proprietors to
obtain an increaso upon the late quotations having proved a failure.
Relative to the general hardware t rades we are able to record a
continuauce of the improvement noticed in . our last two r eport&
All the principal branches participate in tbe improvement. At moo
of the manufactories there are orders sufficient for work at full time,
whereas at this time last year merchants and manufncturers were
diligently searching for orders, and some hands were on short time.
Tbe trades genera.lfy of Birmingham are still in a satisfactory state.
I n all but a fe w of the fancy trades business is healthy. Orders are
increBBing, and the Cont inent.al trade is rather beyond the average.
Irrespective of the gun trade, there is a moderate amount of busine&s
doil;>g to. .Am~rica. In the leadi n.g trades of W olver hampton
busmess IS dectdedly better. The hu plate workers are doing a.
steady trade. 'l'be lock trade continues quiet, and still suffering in
some degreo from depression. .At Darlaston all hands are fully employed; and iu the neighbourhood ofWedn csbury business is pretty
good, tbe foundri es are in full worlr, nod a. rather increasingd.. mand
is exJ:erienced for the smaller closs or ca.~tings. Tho chain makers
have a moderate auf,ply of orders. For cut nails tbero is rather an
active demand. 'I be iron safe trade is n ot active. V ery f~w
orders are to be obtained in tb e homo market. Somewhat more 1-,
however, being done for the foreig n market. The makers justly
observe that snfcs are articles th~t mon do without so long aa
busiuess ill depressed. No improvemen t is looked for this year.
T he competition in this article IS great new·a·days, and tbe price.
have been cut down very much. Tbo Builtkr perpe trates a joke at
t he e:rpense of certain makers "ho are anxious to bri ng their goods
before the notice of the public with ulat. Here it is: - 11 The one
WBB a Yankee, the other wasn't. lie that wBSn't told his story:11 A game cock had beeu shut up iu one of his safes, aud then it waa
expo~ed three days to the most intense heat. W hen the door was
opened the cock stalked out, flapped his wings, and crowed loudly, .a
H nothing hnd happened. It was now the Y ankee's turn.
11
A cock had also been shut up in one of his safes with a pound of
fresh butter, and the safe was submitted to the trial of a. tremendous
heat for more than a 'veek. Tbe legs of lho safe were melted off. and
the door itself so far fused BB to require the use of a cold chisel to get
it Opt'n. When it wBB open tho cock was found frozen dead, and
the butter so solid that a mt.n wbo knocked off a piece with a hammer had his oye put out by a frozen butter splioter !"
. T he metal market is becoming firmer ; iL is said that th e stightcet
1ncreaso in the demand for copper will cause an advan ce in the price
of that metal. F or lead there IS a considerable demand for America.
The price of spelter hBB gone up. D uring tbe past fortnight tin has
beeu advanced £8 per too.
I n conseq uence of the rise in the price of block tin, arrangements
nre being mane by the tin-plate makers to raise the price of the
plates mado in th1s district le. a box. Tbo advance wiU, in a. da.y
or two, be notified to customers in tbe usual trade circulars.
as.
NOTES FltOM THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN
COUNTIES.
(From our oum. Corruporuknt. )
N oarn-.nN M unas: Aloruter ;l/arine Boilc-: Subttituu fm- Cool
Gru: New Colliery: N ew Bla1t Furnace at the CO'fllett lrontl)()rkiGAs FOR Tllll PAOIIA OP E ovn - \Vmu~t DaAtNAOI: Report of
fll r. 1/awklhaw, C.£.- R AILWAY ExTBNSJON JM Yoattaa.rn- STATE
OP TRADB: Shfl!'~tld: ~/anchuter-LtVSRPOOL: .J llt:rlty Doclt1 and
Jlarbour Boar£ Liverpool Poi!Jleclmio $ocietg-T n& STOCK OP COTTON-BcO'M'tsu Tor10s : St~am Shipping: Gla&g()to A81ocimicn of
.At8i1tant E nginur1: Steam Ploughing. cfc.
Ws begin with the n orth. .A very large marine boiler has jaat
been turned out by Messrs. J . T hompson aud Co., Spring Garden
Engine W orks, NewcosUe. It took about thirty hoNes to dng it
through tbo streets from the works to the Gn-ton crane, where it will
be shipped. The weight of tho boiler is 86 tons. and it it intended
!of a large atcamer built by Messrs. Pilo and Spence, Hartlepool to
whichjlOrt it will be conv~yed by ship. A gentleman oonn~
with Newcaatlo, but now residiq in Loudon, wri&ee 11 follows to
•
256
THE
the local Chronicle in respect to a substitute for coal gas:-" Much
has been so.id a.nd written on bo.d lights in our streets and houses,
aud the large price paid for it, but the system I wish to introduce is
better gas and at one-fourth the price of coal gas, within the reach
of all, being much cheaper than candles to them. There are two
different materials it eau be made from, which can be obtained in
any part of tbo world, saving in a great measure the cost of carriage,
nud insuring nu everlo.stiog supply. '1'ho process is simple, and tbe
plant or works cost less to lay down and maintain them; it will cause
moreperao1:1s to use gn.s, making the consumption one-fourth more, and
\I> ill pay ...-eater dividend thlln any of the gas companies at present
do. Instead of p.'lying 4s. or 4s. 6d. per 1,000, it can be made for
one-fourth, and every village can then boast of its gas company,
and P.Vory cotta~e1· also can rojoicil in having a good light to assist
him in storing his mind of an evening with useful books. I am
willing to prove, either practicallr. or theoretically, how this can be
done; and if a company of spinted capitalists would unitP, Newcastle can be lighted at much less cost and very much better
than ever nny coal ga.s eau do it. I have uo doubt but thi!l
will soon become general, in fact it must become so, as none
of us will pny 4s. in the r::arket for an article when we
could obtain a better for l s., and I shall be willing to
undertake the same at any time."
On Saturday the first
wRgous of a new colliery near An field Plain, Durham, were loaded
with coal for shipment. The colliery is the property of Messrs.
Nicholson and Snowdon, and bears the name of West Pontop. H is
but on a small scale ns yet, but there is every prospect of nu abundant supply of fine coal, suitable alike for house and steam purposes.
A now and largo blast furnace wn.s blown in last week at the Consl'tt
Ironworks. It was charged with 104 tons of coke, and 11 !J tons of
minerals; and when it wa.s tapped the yield was satisfactory beyond
expectation. '£he size is nearly three times tbat of ordinary furnaces,
and when in active operation the proprietors expect to derive 400
tons of metal per week from it.
Mr. G. Bower, of St. Neot's, Buntingdonsbire, has received a
commission to light one of the palaces of the Viceroy of E gypt with
gas. The palace, which is of considerable dimensions, is to be pro·
vided with 3,000 li6hts.
Mr. Hawkshaw ha.~ addressed a lengthy report to the Witham
Drainage Commissioners on the present stat~ of the drain~ se of the
Upper Witham district. From the annexed extracts it will be seen
that the subject is not without magnitude or importance:-" '!'he
works connected with the improvement of the drainage above the
grand sluice I estimate at £ 4>3,000. I n this estimate is included a
sum for the earthwork iu deepening and widening the river Witham
from the grand sluice to Baruuey lock to a uniform level of ono foot
below the cill of the grand sluice equivalent to five feet (about) below
the existing cill of the B!lrdney lock, and also earth work in deepening and widening the tlOuth delph. In this estimnte also is included
sums for lowering the cills and the chambers of Bardney lock, Kyme
lower lock on the Sleaford navigation, and deepening that navigation from its junction with the r iver Witham to the lock, and for
lowering the cill and the chamber of the lock of the Horncastle
canal near its junction with the rivor 'Vitbam, and for altering the
lock on Newham drai n at Anton't~-gowt, at its junction with the
'Vitham. In estimating the earthwork I have assumed the river to
be deepened, and to be widened to the followitJg widths from the
grand sluice to Bardney, viz., 50ft. bottom widi.h from the grand
tllnice to Chapel-bill, 45ft. bolt{)m width from Chaptll~hill to
'l'attershall Bridge, and 36ft. bottom width from 'l'atlershall Bridge
to Ilorsley deeps; and the south del,,h to be widened to a bottom
width of 20ft. a~ Ilorsley deeps, gradually narrowing to 15ft. at its
junction with the Sincil-dyko, and to bo deepened to a depth of 5fL
below the level of tlJe present cill of Bardney lock, decre!lSing front
that depth to about one foot below its existing depth at its junction
with the Siocil-dykc. The Siocil-dykoto be thoroughly cleaned
out to Bargato sluice. The slopes, whether in the river W'i~ham or
in the south delpb, to be 3 to 1. Prom thus deepening and improving the river and south delph above the grand sluice, I estimate
that the level of the fioods will be low<'red about 2ft.., the ma.x imum
level of the highest fiood at present being 14l(t. above the cill of the
grand sluice at Boston and of high fioods 13ft The water in some of the
drains in the higher lauds that is now pumped up could then be discharged in some cases almost or altogether by gmvitation, while
the discharge of the water from the lands at a lower level would be
1\SSisted by gravitation. It is evident that if the works of the outfall of the river Witham, recommended by me in my report tbereon
dated 29th June, 1861, were simultaneously carried out, much more
important results would be obt.o.ined. By deepening the river above
the grnud sluice and the south delph to a still greater extent than
therein suggested, and underpinning, so a.s to lower the cill, or reconstructing, if necessary, the grand sluice (the expenditure for which
objects would then be warranted), the whole of the engine power in
the districts under consideration could be dispensed with, and the
waters carried off by gravitation."
Mr. Hodgson, C.E., of Newcastle, hn.s delivered a report upon the
best method of supplying the towns of Heln:sley and Kirk by Moorside with ruilway accommodation.' Mr Hodgson is of opinion that it
i1.1 desirable that a new line should leav& the Malton Railway near
H ovingham and proceed thence via Stoncgrave to Helmsley, and from
Ilelmsley to Nawton and Kirkby in a continuous liue. 'l'he length
from Nawton, the point of junction to Helmsley ,would be 5 miles
200 yards, and the estimated cost £311,000. The length from IIelmsley to Kirkby would be 5~ miles, and this was also put do,vn at
£30,000. A bill is to be applied for next session fot· the construction
of the line.
Business affairs atSbeffieldarestill spoken of rnther more cheerfully.
The orders froru the agricultural districts, especially the south of
England, are decidedly better in consequence of the harves t having
r esulted tolerably favourably. The depression in the metropolitan
districts, however, continues lo curtail orders from that direction.
'l'he wire manufacturers are busy, pnrticularly for materials required
for the manufac~ure of wire rope, which is now extensively used
for colliery and o~her purposes. Capt. Palin, reporting with regard
to the state of employment at Manchester, returns the positions of
the machinists and found ries of that city ns follows :-1\lachinistson full time with all hauds, 7; on full lime wi~b a portion of their
band!', 24; on shor~ time, 14 ; stopped altogether, 2. Foundrieson full time with all hands, 4; on full time with a portion of their
hands, 15 ; on short time, 4; stopped alt.ogether, 1.
W e turn to Liverpool. At the last meeting of the Mersey Docks
and Ilarbour .Board, it was stated that notwithstanding the absence
of the usual cotton supply, and lho great abundance of warehouse
r oom at present available in the town mC'st of tho warehouses of the
board were upon the whole well filled, showing th at the trust was
still in a flouri:,bing condition. Mr. 13oult moved 11 That the
resolution of the board of the 25th of September, 1862, iu reference
to so much thereof as refers to a plan by which it was proposed to
make the entrances to the Prince's Dock Ba.sin 50ft. wide, be referred
to the Works Committee for re-consideration. He said, gates of 60ft.
were so narrow for out.side entrances that be tLought it would be
obvious to every gentleman there would be a great danger of large
ships being caught in the tide and nipped when docking, and that
senous results might follow. . lie bad bad some consultation on the
llnbject, particularly with the north assistant harbour-ma.ster, who
told him that he would rather work the basin with ope pair of gates
of 70ft. than two of 50ft. He thereiore hoped the committee would
see the propriety of widening the gates at least to 60ft. But there was
another matter. It r equired from forty-five to fifty minutes to open and
shut the 70ft. gatee at the Coburg and Queen's Basin by the machinery
aUached to them. It was obvious they could not possibly llfford to
le&e so much tiple as that in working the Waterloo and Prince's Docks,
H e therefore tboligbt that the committee should apply bydmuHc machinery to the galee, whatever the expense might be, because that
macbine'ry woufd open and shut the gates in a few minutes, aud the
saving of time would be of the greatest importance at that particular
basin. Mr. Mondel, who seconded th e motion, suggested that
steam power migpt
adopted with great advantage. '£hey could
n ot use the hydraulic power for tran sporting theirsbips in the dock,
but they might Uie' tlieir steam power. Therefore it was a que6tion
oo
•
OCT. 24, 1862.
ENMNEER.
for considerntion whether those gates could not be closed by steam,
PRICES CURRENT OF llETALS.
which would be less expensive than by: hydraulic power. The
Metals are quoted Free on Board; Foreign in bond.- Extra mu
motion wa.s agreed to. A letter wa.s read from Mr. Cha;les Mac Britlah
charged for at the rates agreed by the trade. Brokellli'e Is no~
I ver requesting that a shed uow being erected on the west stde of the
chuged for buying ex~pt on Foreign Tin.
Canada Dock should be made a closed shed equal to those of the
Huskisson Branch Dock, nnd that it be appropriated to the British and
Db.
I. o. d. Dlt .
~
• · d , p.c&.
p. c
North America.n Royal Mail Stenm Packet Company for the accomIRON,l!nctloh Bar and Boil:1
lR0~~~.:~::!:. .~~~~~hrln 1110 0 1
m odation of its trade. Mr. Mac Iver urged the claims of th e comIn London .......... pron G U 0 3
Ru.lon CC N D lo on(., ,. 10 10 0
Sn \'IaiM............ ,.
G 0 0 .,
pany to further accommodation as being absolutely neccssnry for
Sn Ltwerpool .. •• •• •• ., S 0 0
.,
STJUtL.•tiwcdltb 1\:ec;, bam. " 18 0 11 2
the working of their traffic; nod pointing ou~ the facilities afforded
.= St&fl'ordablre Oan •• u 7 0 0 lf'
Dl\co, roUed.. • • • • • , 14 0 0 "
0
11
P'a,ot.. .• •. . . • . .. •.
\7 10 0 ••
at Havre to competing vl\ssels of large dimensions :- Some of the ;: 0' tibocl, t>nsl.~ ~ ~ ~ ,1 .. 8 10 0 ..
SPELTUI,
ou
LbOipol
..
,.
18
10 0 nrh
~1
Vbl. f""9 = .. 111 0 0 ..
members of th!l board are well aware that I have for many years -:
To
arr1vo..............
..
)8
lt
6
~; U OO)) ,, .... e&.~e,. 8 OH ,,
llard,
temched
•••••.••
,,
lt.l
0
0 ••
retained a port ion of the 'l' raf!ord Dock, whore the whole loading
Nod, round c - ': ~ ,
7 () 0 "
Zll\
O,In
ahett.t
.•••••••••
"
:!4
0
0 :!~
and discharging of these mail steamers could be accomplished (if it ;:::~ .! ~ .u1 no..l . .q z..! .e ~ .. 7 0 o .,
C0t'1'Kit,
'I'll•,
U
lo
2ltlb.
,.
U~
0
0 a
lSG I liON,\"~
Touab
Calu:.
•
••••.•••.
,.
D8
0
0
,,
must be douo by barges, as we have been compelled to do it). with- SIUPPi
Sod'or<Uh. Uan - ~ g .. 7 10 0 '~
Shtalblug
and
IJolll
....
•
10~
0
0
..
Sboe,, Slna:l• ••••
0 0 0 "
out going into theLiverpool docks at all. And if the public serv1ce can
Sbc.c& •••••••••••• ••• •• •• 1' 6 0 0 ..
Double.... " { g , 10 JO 0 ,
have water-space only, and no quay Qerths, the port of Ilavre r.ould
&114mt .... .... ...... pr lb u 0 lll .,
Hoop •••••••••••• .! .. _. "
a a: o ,,
Old • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• .. V 0 9 1 ,.
Bod. R.ot.ll\d ...... ~: i .. 1 ~ 0 ..
accommodate the largest of them for lying-up-purposes; and the
Yellow Metal • • • • • • • • • .. \) U lt ,.
Na il Rod, Square.. ~ "
7 0 0 "
now Havre gravitJg-dock, just opened, of 4\IOft. in length, with tRON,
Du.
r ra ......... .. .. ptr ton l til 0 0 ,, •
lbl\t, iu \Va1tt,cuh" 3 10 0 D tU
Sp.anl•b
.••••• - do. • • ,, o 0 o ..
100ft. gates, would always be available for overhauling and cleansing
"
., 6 moollu ., 0 l 0: 0
•
L
ll..Al),
Urltloh
Pig ...... ,. ~~~ 1~ 0 ~6
O~d, to cu; up.,
0 0 0 ,,
bottoms. It is an indisputable fact, which tbe Dock Board mt~y as
8
vau4b
•••••••
, •.•.••• " lD IG o ,.
B~llway Obaln, Jn \Vales ,
.a ~ 6 .,
'
V,
U.
,
,
•
,
,
,
.•
, , , , • , " :.tl 0 0 u
well be apprised of, that tbo port of Ha.vre, besides Hs new large
..
luCI1Ut '* 3 la 0
,,
Sbeet
.•
,
•
,
•
•
•
•
•
•
.
• • • • • • , 21 0 0 ,.
Plc No. I , In 011~• .. .. " ~ 16 0 "
graving-dock, and at least two dock entrances of 80ft. width,
'IIN.~uglt.b Dlock, uom. ... 119 0 0 .,
ll-6tb.t No.t ~ ~b•}
t 16 o "
lJ&r
.. .. .. ]:!() 0 0 ,..
will, in three or four months hence, ba.ve a wet dock entrance 1(11Jf t.
No. 3. •. •. •• • ••
Rdioec1,.
•• ,. 1:.!4 0 0
~o.l, In \\'"ale..... .. ,
8 !J 6 ,
wide, with gates of the most modern censtruction. ready for the
F orti en &nca .. .. .. .. .. o o o •••
No.l ,ln 'l)ne a.ndTHI ,
I 14 0 ,
reception of such vessels n.t1 tbe Scotia and Persia." In conclusion
thnha • • ••••••.••••••• ,. l)U 0 0 ,.
Dtu.o. Po"'l• .. .. .. .. .. 2 n o ..
TIN l'LATE.s, Chi • } prbx 1 9 0 3
tstaftonbblro ~·•'1:• Pig}
he suggested that it is highly de3irable to complete without delay
C(l&\, U,; ,, •• ••
••
can
blluc), at the "
8 0 0 ,
·the ea.st entrance to the Canada Dock, because the opening of the
J)ltt.oJX ..•.••••••••• ,, 1 13 0 ••
\Vorka, L. \V,, uoo1.
Cokt, I 0 •••••.• • • • • ••• "
1 :i 0 ..
Branch Huslcisson Dock, and the alteration of the Huskisson Dock
Wtltb Forgo Pig (all } .. •u 10 0 ..
V1tto JX ••.••••.•••• , "
1 0 0 .,
Atlne), at t b t P urt ••
entrance to permit the safe passage of screws, will throw so much
Do. al Ntwport.,lJ pr ba 1..
,,
A.c.tdlou I' Is, Ch...-1.. .. e 10 0
))o,
••
L'pool.
6d.
..
,.
work upon that entrance as to render the Huskisson Dock unavail8 ~0
Sco«:b Plc, No. 1, In}
CANAIJA,
Plauo ..... Ftn 13 ~ 0 3
Loudoo • • • • • • • • • • • • "
,.
able for graving-dock purposes; and, in like manner, the present
QUICKd1 LVER ...... prbl 7 0 11
100ft. entrance to Canada Dock will be so much required as a mere
entrance and exit, that the Canada. Dock will also be unavailable
RAtL8.-A good busine.~s doing.
for graving-dock purposes. Mr. Mac lver's letter, the tone of
Sri!LTXR.-Dull of sale.
CerrgK in good demo.nd.
which was not much approved of by the board, was referred tv the
TtN.ln fair reques~.
Docks and Quay's Committees.
'l'IN-PLATIS.-Some considerable sales have been effected for America.
At the ln.st ordinary meeting of the Liverpool Polytechnic
Oct. 23rd, 1862.
MOAT& .A..''IO eo., 65, Old Broad-street, E .
Society, Mr. Cope, of Naylor-street, exhibited specimens of casks
specially adapted for the storage and conveyance of petroleum. Mr.
\V. H. \VeiJ?,htmau exhibited a diagram of a ne\v aud improved
PRICES CURRENT OF TIMBER.
kitchen ventilator. The paper for the evening, ou "Subterranean
1861.
1862.
1861. I 1862.
Rivers and Volcanic Features of the West Indies," was r ead by the
P er toad- A a. ~ L
.t .. ~ I.
P er lo.,d- .t trr. A A. .t ._ f '•
Teak.............. 1• 0 10 11 U 10 17 0 I Y cl. pluo, per roduc.d C.
president.
, red pluo .. a 10 4 10 ~ 10 ~ 10 ' Couada. h< quall17 17 V I 8 0 17 10 18 10
As was anticipated in Tu& ENOlNE&R a week or two since, the Quebec·7<11ow
pint .. a 0 4 0 8 u 4 0
~ud do .. 11 0 1~ 0 12 0 12 10
0 H 0
stock of cotton ou hand at Liverpool continues to increase. 'l'be SL Joh.o , JS.u.. 1 ot 0 0 6 10 0 0 ~ 10 Arcbaucoi,Jellow. 13 0 13 0 13
n
o 111 10
wbho 0 10 G 10 6 0 6 10
do. P•«nh,. 7eL.. 11 1' U 11
week's return, which will appear in the Timu to-morrow morning, Qutbec, oat,
9
0
10 0
bln:b .... a 0 a 10 3 10 4 0 I Yholaud.......... 9 0 10 q
10
0
l~
0
llewd .. 0 0 u 0 0 0 0 0
lll<wtl .......... 1b 0 U 0
will show a tot.'\! on hand of upwards of 300,000 bales, a larger
10
0
11
10
elm ...... 3 10 6 0
~ 10 4 U I Go1beuburc, yol... 10 0 11 0
quantity than for many months past. This is a fact of immense im- Daoldc ook
u o 10 , 0
...... 3 10 G 10 8 10 6 0
wbiiO U 0 0 10
10
0 ll 0
portance just now to Lancashire interests.
'ar ........ 2 10 u 10 ~ 15 3 1 0
Gene, 7ellow .... 10 o 11 10
10
0 10 10
' I emo1 Rr .. .. .. .. 3 11 3 u•
3 10 4 0
So<lorh•mu ..... U 10 10 10
We group tQgether a few items of gossip from Scotland. Messrs. •RI"•
. .'........... 3 0 a 0 3 0 ~ 10
Cbrlnl•ula, per C ~
Burns having sold the steamship Giraffe, sbe will be r eplaced shortly s~cdl
~ ob .... ...... • 10 •• 1•
~
10
2
u
12 r. br ".,, 9 n o ~s
•
lllaoiO
Queb.
rd
pl•o
6
0
6
0
6
0
~
U
h• ...... Jollow
by the Wolf, now building by Messrs. Napier, for the royal mail
•
1,
p
luo
5
v
8
o
6
0
~
0
Dcckplauk,Vn,.
} 0 U 1
0H 1 4
7
line between Glasgow and Belfast. At the annual meeting of the
td pluc 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
pcr~llf~ a ...
Donu,fm 0 10 6 10 6 0 ! 10
s....,•. pcrotaudar.l )1
Glasgow Association of Assistant Engineers, which bn.s just been Lallnrood, ~~~
l'ct<n. S 0 8 10 8 0
Quollec, plpo .... 70 0 70 0 eo 0 10 0
10
held at Glasgow, .Mr. W. R. Copland was re-elected presidl'nt, and Duh, per c., 1:1 n.. br 3 by91n.
J.tuucbcoo 18 0 !!0 " I )ti 0 .to V
Mr. W. Foulis secretary. A parer was announced for the next Queboc wbl.apruco 15 10 Ill 10 113 0 18 0 Balolc, crowu } 150 0 lUO 0 IGO 0 i7o 0
J Obi;,Wbl,tprUCt U 10 10 1•1 13 0 16 0 I vlpo "• "
,
meeting, on 11 'l'he Slide Valve,' by Mr. Fouli~. A new iron
barque of 550 tons, named the Black Watch, has been launched from
SCOTCH PIG IRON REPORT.
the building yard of Messn;. A. Stephen and Sons, of Kalvinhaugb.
s. d.
The vessel ill the proper~y of London owners, is to be commanded
No. 1 Oart.sherrie .. .. 68 tl f. o. b Glasgow,
by Captain Garlies Coup~!r1 and is intended for the South American
do.
, 1 Col~ness • . . . . .. 69 0
trade. A loller from Ayr, under date October 14, s&ys :-11 F owler's
do
, 1 Caldcr
. . . . .. 67 0
steam plough-generally acknowledged by agriculturalists to be the
do.
,
1
O.M.B.
.. .. 66 G
best invention of the kind yet brought out-is to commence opera0
do.
.>J s
Do. .. .. • . • 66
tions for the season, to-mdrrow, oa the farm of Clune, ndar Ayr.
do.
Al . Nos.
Do. . . . . .. 65 6
•
One of Mr. F owler's engineers hlls arrived ft·om Leeds, and will set
W~TS.
the vlough a-working. Mr. Weir, the proprietor of the pl(>ugh, has
A. d.
bad a great many applications from farmers to get their early land
• 1 and {Cash
prompt
.... ..
. . 67 0 per ton.
8-6th
No.
mo.
open
do.
67 0
1
t•1rned over by the aid of the steam horse, and we believe he will
2·btb , 3 .. ., mos
do.
very soon have as many engagements as be will be able to underO.M.B.
"'
' ''
• • •. 67 3
do.
8 ..
,,
. • . • 67 6
take this season. '£he foundation stone of n new bridge across the
M~ UFACTORIID 11\0N.
Tay, in connection with the In verness nod Porth Junction Railway
L s. d.
Company, bas been laid by the Duke of Athole, with masonic
Bars, Oovan .. . . .. .. 7 0 0
,, Common
.. .. .. tl 10 0
honours, at Bowally, about &ix miles to the north of Dunkold.
Drumpellcr, Common • • . • 6 10 0
-; •I
t-- .,
A
V
-
Best .. ..
7 10 0
Cmmond Scrap Bars Delivered
..
I>o.
A osrauu.N EXPLORATION. - L andsborough, the explorer, bns
arrived in Melbourne, after having crossed the conti.oent from Carpentarin, in nearly a stmitcht lino with a small party, including
two abori~inals, natives of Queensland. Uis journal has not yet
been published, as be desires to verify some of his calculations; but
the t.·iva voc~ description which be gave at a meeting of the Royal
Society confirms the impressions formed from his letters dated from
Warrego, announcing his return from the settled districts. He
describes the country north of Cooper's Creek in glowing terms,
and gives it ns his opinion thnt pa.storal settlen1ent will proceed
so rapidly on the newly discovered lands that, before t\Yelve months
pass over, it will be possible to pass from Melbourne to the Gulf of
Carpent.o.ria without camping out in the bush for a single night,
The country throughout is well llatered and grnssed; more rain
falls to the north than to the south of Cooper's Creek; the climate is
healthy nnd comparatively cool; and the grass aod herbs are
remarkable for their fatt.ening pro1=erties. On the Flinders river,
irou bark and quartz mnges were crossed, and the country had
every appenmuce of being auriferous. It is highly probable that
virgin gold fields exist there.-ftlelbourne Pope1·.
F oREIGN AND CotONJA.L J OTTtNOs.- The Journal de St. Petel·&bow·g
of the 4th inst. contains an important announcement with respect
to telegraphic communication between China and this country. An
order of the day of the Director-General of Ways and Public Works
states that the constructi on of the line of Siborinn telegraphs which
has already reach ed Omsk, nnd will iu the course of 18G3 be oxtended to lrkutsk, bas, with tho assistance of the post, allowed of a
more rapid interchange of communicatioc between Europe and
China, aud that in conse,tuence of this, and through the medium
of the Minister for J?oreign Affairs, to open communications thereupon, arrangements have been carried out to enable tho 'Vostern
powers to correspond with Ohina via Russia. Despatohes f1·om the
interior of the empire, destined for Kiachta and Pekin, will be
received for transmission at the telegraph stations at St. Petersburg,
Moscew, and Nijni-Novgorod. 'l' he long-talked of scheme of a
railway from llalifax in NovaScotiato Quebec, and thus, by joining
the Gmnd Trunk, affordiug an uninterrupted means of communicatior. between Britain and her Canadian possessions at all seasons of
the year, at last appears to be assuming a satisfactory position.
'rbe Jlalifax Sun states that the provincial delegates, assembled at
Quebec to consider the fea.sibility of closing with the offer
of the Imperial Government, have agreed to accept it.
The terms are said to be that Canada assumes five-twelfths
of the pecuniary liability, and Nova Scotin and New Brunswick the remaining seveu-twelfthtl. 'l'he Official Gazette of 'l'urin
announces the arrival in that city of M. de Lt~sseps, on his way to
Egypt, in order to be present at the inauguration of a portion of
his canal by the admission of the waters of the Mediterranean into
Lake Timsah, which lies nearly in the centre of the Isthmus. He
states that the waters of the Red Sea in about six months more
will fill tb& S:\lt lakes, and that next year the passage will be
open for small vessels. The works must, however, take three
years more for their completion, and large v essels will then pass
freely from one sea to another. It is stated, with reference to the
Indian telegraph question, that the authorities at the India Office
have decided upon taking immediate steps for completing the land
line of telegraph now in existence as far tts Bagdad on to the head
of the Persian Gulf, and to lay a submarine cable thence to Gwadel,
on the coast of BP.Ioochistan, from which point a land liue is being
constructed to join the Indian system of telegraphs at Kurrachee.
Colorlel Stewart, R.E:, directs the work generally, an d Sir Oharles
Bright and Mr. Latimer Clark are the engineere.
in Loolion .. .. • • • . 10 5 0
Plat.es and Sheets . . . . . • 1 9 9 5
Ro.Us
Pipes
Chain
....
..
..
..
..
!CM 5
per cent
...... 650
.. .. .. 4 17 6
•• .. .. 8 12 6
0LASOOW, 22od October, 1862.
The withdrawal of the bulk of the Warrants from the mark11~ ha.~ created
& brisk demand for ce.sb iron, 11nd an advance to 67s. casb is the result.
To-day, the close is 6.rm : sellers, 67s. ca~h; buyers, 6bs. Od.
Export.s Ja,t week were O,SOII tons, ogaiust 14,434 tons in the corresponding week of last year.
SDAW, TUOMSOll1 AND Mooas, MetAl Brokers.
======== \
Tua NEw AMl:RtCAN lnoN-CJ..AD NAVY.- We read in the New
York Tribune of September 30 :- 11 Our naval reporter yesterday
visited the yards in which iron-clad ships ate building for the Government. In them all the utmost ' energy and industry ' 'vero
visible. The foUowing is a rough estimate of'the n'umbe'r of han1ls
employed iu the different places named :-Delameter Works, 't,OOIJ
men; Greenpoint, 2,000 men; J ersey Ci~y, 1,200 men; Dry Dock
(Whituey's ship), 500 men ; Mr. W ebb's, 500 men; total, 5,200
men. Beside these, in nearly all tirst-cln.ss foundries aud smitheries
contracts have been obtaioed, tbus necessitating the employment of
more bands. In the Navy-yllfd there are nearly 4,u0u men, and,
working on the wooden vessels in courso of construction hereabout,
there must be at least 5,000; so that it would hardly exaggerate too
fact to state tbnt nearly 20,000 mou · are now employed in· the
vicinity of New York, whose wages the Navy Department will pay
ultimately. The Weebawken will probably be the next iron-dad
vessel launched. She is building at Cohvell' s foundry in Jersey
City. Plauking has already begun, and the deck-floor is being laid.
On the \1pper part of tbe hull the first iron plates were laid yesterday.
'!'bey form, with the wooden portion of the bul wa'rks, a defence quite
as wide, aud far stron~or, than the generality of 11 stone walls," so
common in the suburbs. The lower part of the bull is being planned
and p repared for the mail. It is expected that by lbe first ~roxiuio
the \Veehawken will be afloat ln the same yard with thiS vessel
the C'omRnche, intended for Californin, is being built. She is all
iron. Work on h er is advancing rapidly. Greenpoint is ' like a
human beehive. Ears are worthless wbeu once. you get inside the
bounds of the Continental Works. The Montauk, Kaatsllill, add
Pa.ssaick, of the nine monitor fieet, and the Onondaga and Puritan of
the special fleet are in band. 'l'ha Pa.ssaick,launcbed and •• engined,"
be
is preparing rapidly for sea. 'l'be Mon tauk and Kaatskill
aflcat in a montu. They are very much like ilieir sister ships.
'l'bo Puritan is the Great Eastern of the lot, being nearly, as large n.s
the three combined. She is only in fmme. 'fhe ,Onondaga is
further advanced. She is all iron, and will have two turrets. ·r be
M organ Ironworks are getting up h er machinery. The Dictator is
going up at the Delameter lronworks. He.r ribs are ship-shape,
and the several ports of the monster begin to look recognisable.
Mr. Whitney's iron ship is more advanced than any save the
Weebll.wken. The Moodna. is the name given to her by Mr. Welles.
Tho hull is finished, and a good portion of the armour on. 'l'he
entire 11 shell" of th e vessel is complete, and, if it were of · wood,
w ould be in launching condition. Tho . turrets are two' in number,
and are nearly ready. Before the expiration of October the Moodna
will be ready for floating out. Mr. Webb's ·ram has just been commenced. She will be 7,000 tons burden. All other ships on the iron
system will be mere catamarans to her. ' At _present she looks too
unlike anything to be described. In two months she 'will tie a great
ram, able to go 'to sea, and accommodate larger ship's ' c~mpany
' than the Niagara.
· ·
·
'*ill
'a: