The Comprehensive Development of the City of

Cambridge, MA

Lexington, MA

Hadley, MA

Bethesda, MD

Washington, DC

Chicago, IL

Cairo, Egypt

Johannesburg, South Africa

Abt Associates Inc.

55 Wheeler Street

Cambridge, MA 02138

The Comprehensive

Development of the City of Luxor Project, Egypt –

Final Structure Plan,

Volume 2:

Supplementary

Documents

February 2000

Prepared for

Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities/

Research and Studies

Organization

Prepared by

Gabriel Abraham

Ashraf Bakr

Jonathan Lane

Phase II Final Structure Plan Contents

Volume 1: Final Structure Plan Technical Report

(under separate cover)

Chapter 1: Executive Summary

Chapter 2: The Challenge for Luxor in the 21 st

Century

Chapter 3: Development Principles for a Sustainable Region

Chapter 4: Needs Assessment

Chapter 5: The Regional Structure Plan

Chapter 6: Luxor City Plan

Chapter 7: The Plan for New Luxor

Chapter 8: The Plan for the El Toad Tourism Zone

Chapter 9: Implementation

Annex 1: Report Figures

Volume 2: Final Structure Plan Supplementary Documents

Annex 2: Summary Scope for CDCL Project

Annex 3: Luxor Social Profile

Annex 4: Environmental Profile

Annex 5: 1996 Utility Improvement Report Excerpts

Annex 6: Agricultural Profile

Annex 7: The General Environment for Tourism

Annex 8: Heritage Concept

Annex 9: The National Plan for the Development of the South of Egypt, 2017

Annex 10: Profile of Egypt

Annex 11: Documents in the Project File

The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project

Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents

Volume 2: Supplementary Documents Table of Contents

S UMMARY C ONTENTS OF FINAL S TRUCTURE P LAN , V OLUME 1 AND V OLUME 2.………………………1

F INAL S TRUCTURE P LAN , V OLUME 2: S UPPLEMENTARY D OCUMENTS , L IST OF F IGURES .....................4

F INAL S TRUCTURE P LAN , V OLUME 2: S UPPLEMENTARY D OCUMENTS , L IST OF T ABLES ......................5

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................11

ANNEX 2: SUMMARY SCOPE FOR THE CDCL PROJECT .................................................... 12

2.1 B ACKGROUND .....................................................................................................................12

2.2 T

HE

I

NVESTMENT

P

ROJECTS

.................................................................................................13

2.3 I

NDICATIONS OF THE

E

GYPTIAN

G

OVERNMENT

'

S

C

OMMITMENT AND

O

WNERSHIP

...................20

ANNEX 3: SOCIAL PROFILE FOR THE LUXOR STUDY AREA ............................................ 22

3.1 I NTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................22

3.2 T OTAL P OPULATION ............................................................................................................22

3.3 L ABOR F ORCE .....................................................................................................................23

3.4 E DUCATIONAL S TATUS ( OF POPULATION 10YEARS AND OLDER )...........................................25

3.5 E CONOMIC A CTIVITIES ( POPULATION 15YEARS AND OLDER )................................................31

3.6 H OUSEHOLD S IZE ................................................................................................................33

3.7 H

EALTH SERVICES

...............................................................................................................39

ANNEX 4: ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE FOR THE CITY OF LUXOR.................................. 42

4.1 H

YDROLOGY

.......................................................................................................................42

4.2 G ROUNDWATER : .................................................................................................................43

4.3 S URFACE WATER AND ACQUIFERS ........................................................................................43

4.4 C LIMATE .............................................................................................................................43

4.5 G EOLOGY A ND S OILS ..........................................................................................................44

4.6 T ERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY .......................................................................................................45

4.7 E NVIRONMENTAL R ESOURCES F IGURES ................................................................................48

ANNEX 5: 1996 UTILITY IMPROVEMENT REPORT EXCERPTS.......................................... 58

5.1 P

ROJECT

S

ETTING

................................................................................................................58

5.2 E

XISTING

F

ACILITIES AND

P

ROJECTED

C

ONDITIONS

..............................................................66

5.3 P

ROPOSED

A

CTIVITIES

.........................................................................................................73

5.4 P ROJECT A LTERNATIVES ......................................................................................................80

ANNEX 6: ANALYSIS OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ................................................... 85

6.1 T HE P OTENTIAL FOR H IGH -V ALUE C ROP P RODUCTION ..........................................................86

6.2 H IGH -V ALUE C ROP P RODUCTION AND A GRO -P ROCESSING IN L UXOR .....................................88

6.3 A GRICULTURAL C OMMUNITIES ............................................................................................88

ANNEX 7: THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENT FOR TOURISM................................................. 90

7.1 G

LOBAL

T

OURISM

...............................................................................................................90

7.2 T

OURISM TO

E

GYPT

.............................................................................................................93

7.3 T

OURISM IN

L

UXOR

.............................................................................................................98

7.4 E XISTING E CONOMIC P RESSURES AND I MPACTS .................................................................. 104

ANNEX 8: HERITAGE CONCEPT............................................................................................107

8.1 H ERITAGE O VERVIEW ........................................................................................................ 107

8.2 T HE S TORY OF L UXOR ....................................................................................................... 107

2



8.3 I NTERPRETIVE G OALS AND A PPROACHES ............................................................................ 110

8.4 T HE R ESOURCES AND S ETTING OF L UXOR ........................................................................... 112

8.5 V

ISITOR

P

ATTERNS AND

I

MPACTS

....................................................................................... 116

ANNEX 9:.. THE NATIONAL PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTH OF EGYPT,

2017 139

9.1 S

OUTH

O

F

E

GYPT

S

TRATEGY

, 2017 .................................................................................... 139

9.2 T OURISM .......................................................................................................................... 141

9.3 A GRICULTURE ................................................................................................................... 144

9.4 P OTABLE W ATER AND S EWERAGE ...................................................................................... 146

9.5 S OCIAL S ERVICES .............................................................................................................. 146

9.6 E LECTRICITY AND E NERGY ................................................................................................ 148

9.7 T

RANSPORTATION

, C

OMMUNICATION AND

S

TORAGE

.......................................................... 149

9.8 I

NDUSTRY AND

M

INING

..................................................................................................... 150

9.9 P

ETROLEUM AND

N

ATURAL

G

AS

........................................................................................ 151

9.10 C

OMMERCIAL AND

B

ANKING

S

ERVICES

.............................................................................. 152

ANNEX 10: PROFILE OF EGYPT..............................................................................................154

10.1 C HALLENGES TO THE E CONOMY ......................................................................................... 154

10.2 E GYPT ’ S G ROWTH S TRATEGY ......................................................................................... 154

ANNEX 11: DOCUMENTS IN THE PROJECT FILE................................................................165

3



Final Structure Plan, Volume 2: Supplementary Documents, List of Figures

F IGURE 1: G EOLOGIC M AP OF L UXOR A REA ......................................................................................49

F IGURE 2: S LOPE OF L UXOR A REA ....................................................................................................50

F

IGURE

3: S

HADE RELIEF OF

L

UXOR AREA

.........................................................................................51

F

IGURE

4: E

LEVATION OF

L

UXOR AREA

.............................................................................................52

F

IGURE

5: W

ATERSHED OF

L

UXOR AREA

...........................................................................................53

F

IGURE

6: S

OIL MAP OF

L

UXOR AREA

................................................................................................54

F IGURE 7: A SPECT OF L UXOR AREA ..................................................................................................55

F IGURE 8: L ANDSAT IMAGE OF L UXOR AREA .....................................................................................56

F IGURE 9: G EOLOGIC MAP OF L UXOR A REA ......................................................................................57

F IGURE 10: L UXOR L OCATION ..........................................................................................................60

F IGURE 11: L UXOR W ATER S YSTEM S ERVICE A REA ..........................................................................61

F

IGURE

12: L

UXOR

S

EWERAGE

S

YSTEM

C

OMPONENTS

......................................................................62

F

IGURE

13: L

UXOR

W

ATER

D

ISTRIBUTION

S

YSTEM

...........................................................................69

F

IGURE

14: E

FFLUENT

R

EFUSE

A

REA

................................................................................................72

F

IGURE

15: L

UXOR

W

ASTEWATER

P

LANT

P

ROPOSED

S

ITE

L

AYOUT

....................................................77

F IGURE 16: F LOW P ROCESS D IAGRAM ...............................................................................................78

F IGURE 17: L UXOR P HASE I W ASTEWATER T REATMENT P LANT S ITE P LAN ........................................79

F IGURE 18: R ECOMMEND W ASTEWATER C OLLECTION S YSTEMS ........................................................82

4



Final Structure Plan, Volume 2: Supplementary Documents, List of Tables

T

ABLE

1: L

UXOR

S

TUDY

A

REA

P

OPULATION

, 1996............................................................................23

T ABLE 2: N ATIONAL P OPULATION F IGURES .......................................................................................23

T ABLE 3: P OPULATION AT THE A GE OF W ORK , L UXOR S TUDY A REA (15-60 YEARS OLD ) ....................24

T ABLE 4: N ATIONAL P OPULATION AT THE A GE OF W ORK (15-60 YEARS OLD ).....................................24

T ABLE 5: L ABOR F ORCE P OOL IN THE L UXOR S TUDY A REA ...............................................................25

T ABLE 6: L ABOR F ORCE P OOL , THE N ATIONAL F IGURES ....................................................................25

T

ABLE

7: P

OPULATION

E

NGAGED IN

W

ORK IN THE

L

UXOR

S

TUDY

A

REA

............................................25

T

ABLE

8: P

OPULATION

E

NGAGED IN

W

ORK

, N

ATIONAL

F

IGURES

.......................................................25

T

ABLE

9: I

LLITERACY

R

ATES IN THE

L

UXOR

S

TUDY

A

REA

(

POPULATION

10-

YEARS

-

AND OLDER

).........28

T

ABLE

10: I

LLITERACY

R

ATES AT THE

N

ATIONAL

L

EVEL

(

POPULATION

10-

YEARS

-

AND OLDER

)...........28

T ABLE 11: E DUCATIONAL S TATUS OF L UXOR : A ) P OPULATION WHO CAN R EAD & W RITE ...................29

T ABLE 12: N ATIONAL F IGURES OF E DUCATIONAL S TATUS : A ) P OPULATION WHO CAN R EAD & W RITE .29

T ABLE 13: E DUCATIONAL S TATUS OF L UXOR : B ) U NIVERSITY G RADUATES ........................................29

T ABLE 14: N ATIONAL F IGURES OF E DUCATIONAL S TATUS : B ) U NIVERSITY G RADUATES .....................30

T ABLE 15: % D ISTRIBUTION OF P OPULATION BY M AJOR E CONOMIC A CTIVITY (15YEARS AND OLDER )

................................................................................................................................................32

T

ABLE

16: P

OPULATION AND HOUSEHOLDS

.......................................................................................33

T

ABLE

17: P

OP

. D

ISTRIBUTION BY MARIT AL STATUS

..........................................................................33

T

ABLE

18: D

ISTRIBUTION OF

P

OPULATION BY AGE GROUP

..................................................................34

T ABLE 19: P OPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY HOUSEHOLDS ....................................................................34

T ABLE 20: D ISTRIBUTION OF BUILDING BY BUILDING OWNERSHIP .......................................................35

T ABLE 21: D ISTRIBUTION BY BUILDING TYPES ...................................................................................35

T ABLE 22: D ISTRIBUTION OF BUILDINGS BY TYPE ..............................................................................36

T ABLE 23: D ISTRIBUTION BY BUILDING USE .......................................................................................36

T ABLE 24: B UILDING DISTRIBUTION BY CONNECTION TO THE NETWORK ..............................................37

T

ABLE

25: D

ISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY MEANS TO LIGHTING

....................................................38

T

ABLE

26: D

ISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY WATER ACCESS

...........................................................38

T

ABLE

27: D

ISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY ELECTRIC

,

GAS

,

AND SEWER

.........................................39

T ABLE 28: H OSPITALS AND H EALTH F ACILITIES IN L UXOR C ITY .........................................................39

T ABLE 29: H EALTH U NITS AND H EALTH F ACILITIES IN L UXOR C ITY AND M ARKHAZ ............................40

T ABLE 30: H EALTH G ROUPS AND H EALTH F ACILITIES IN L UXOR C ITY AND M ARKHAZ .........................40

T ABLE 31: C LINICS IN L UXOR C ITY AND M ARKHAZ ............................................................................40

T ABLE 32: B LOOD B ANKS IN L UXOR C ITY .........................................................................................40

T ABLE 33: P HARMACIES IN L UXOR C ITY AND M ARKHAZ ....................................................................41

T

ABLE

34: A

MBULANCE

C

ENTERS IN

L

UXOR

C

ITY AND

M

ARKHAZ

......................................................41

T

ABLE

35: C

LIMATOLOGICAL DATA

..................................................................................................44

T

ABLE

36: S

UMMARY OF

USAID E

NVIRONMENTAL

P

ROCEDURE

........................................................65

T

ABLE

37: S

UMMARY OF

W

ATER

T

REATMENT

F

ACILITIES

.................................................................67

T ABLE 38: S UMMARY OF P ROJECTED W ATER D EMANDS – M

³

/ D .........................................................68

T ABLE 39: S UMMARY OF W ASTEWATER P UMP S TATION D ATA ...........................................................70

T ABLE 40: S UMMARY OF P ROJECTED W ASTEWATER F LOW - M 3/ D .....................................................71

T ABLE 41: A CTIVITIES R ELATED TO R EHABILITATION AND E XPANSION OF W ATER D ISTRIBUTION

N

ETWORK

.................................................................................................................................74

T

ABLE

42: I

NFLUENT AND

E

FFLUENT

C

HARACTERISTICS

P

ROJECTED FOR THE

N

EW

W

ASTEWATER

S

TABILIZATION

P

ONDS

..............................................................................................................75

T

ABLE

43: A

CTIVITIES

R

ELATED TO THE

N

EW

W

ASTEWATER

S

TABILIZATION

P

ONDS

..........................76

T ABLE 44: A CTIVITIES R ELATED TO THE R EHABILITATION OF E XISTING W ASTEWATER T REATMENT

P LANT ......................................................................................................................................81

5



T ABLE 45: A CTIVITIES R ELATED TO THE R EHABILITATION AND E XPANSION OF W ASTEWATER

C OLLECTION N ETWORK .............................................................................................................83

T

ABLE

46: W

ORKFORCE

R

EQUIRED FOR THE

O

PERATION AND

M

AINTENANCE OF

D

IFFERENT

P

ROJECT

E

LEMENTS

................................................................................................................................84

T

ABLE

47: M

AJOR

C

ROPS CULTIVATED IN

L

UXOR

..............................................................................86

T

ABLE

48: T

YPICAL

A

GRICULTURAL

C

OMMUNITY

L

AND

U

SES AND

A

REA

..........................................89

T ABLE 49: I NTERNATIONAL T OURISTS A RRIVALS BY R EGION 1992 – 1998 .........................................91

T ABLE 50: I NTERNATIONAL T OURISTS R ECEIPTS BY R EGION 1992 – 1998...........................................92

T ABLE 51: T OURISM R ECEIPTS FOR S ELECTED M EDITERRANEAN D ESTINATIONS .................................93

T ABLE 52: A GGREGATE M EASURES OF T OURISM TO E GYPT 1981-1998...............................................93

T ABLE 53: A GGREGATE M EASURES OF T OURISM TO E GYPT 1981-1998...............................................94

T

ABLE

54: I

NBOUND

T

OURISM TO

E

GYPT BY

M

AIN

G

ENERATING

G

ROUPS

:.........................................95

T

ABLE

55: F

OREIGN

A

RRIVALS VIA

M

AIN

P

OINTS OF

E

NTRY

– 1997:..................................................96

T

ABLE

56: E

GYPT

'

S

L

ODGING

C

APACITY

D

ISTRIBUTION BY

R

EGION

– 1998 ........................................97

T

ABLE

57: H

OTEL

N

IGHTS IN

S

ELECTED

G

OVERNORATES

- 1997 .......................................................97

T ABLE 58: A NNUAL O CCUPANCY R ATES OF H OTEL R OOMS 1994-99 [ PERCENTAGES ] .........................99

T ABLE 59: E STIMATION OF 1997 F OREIGN E XCHANGE E ARNINGS -L UXOR S HARE ................................99

T ABLE 60: S ELECTED M EASURES OF T OURISM AT L UXOR ................................................................ 100

T ABLE 61: L UXOR H OTEL R ESIDENTS BY G EOGRAPHIC G ROUP - 1997 ............................................. 100

T ABLE 62: E STIMATED H OTEL C APACITY R EQUIREMENT , 2017 ....................................................... 103

T ABLE 63: D ISTRIBUTION OF N EW H OTEL C APACITY BY T YPE ......................................................... 104

T

ABLE

64: N

EW

H

OTEL

P

ROJECTS IN

L

UXOR

................................................................................... 105

T

ABLE

65: V

ISITORS TO

S

ELECTED

L

UXOR

A

NTIQUITY

S

ITES

, J

ANUARY

1997 ................................... 122

T

ABLE

66: V

ISITORS TO

S

ELECTED

L

UXOR

A

NTIQUITY

S

ITES

, F

EBRUARY

1997................................. 123

T ABLE 67: V ISITORS TO S ELECTED L UXOR A NTIQUITY S ITES , M ARCH 1997...................................... 124

T ABLE 68: V ISITORS TO S ELECTED L UXOR A NTIQUITY S ITES , A PRIL 1997........................................ 125

T ABLE 69: V ISITORS TO S ELECTED L UXOR A NTIQUITY S ITES , M AY 1997.......................................... 126

T ABLE 70: V ISITORS TO S ELECTED L UXOR A NTIQUITY S ITES , J UNE 1997.......................................... 127

T ABLE 71: 1997 D ISTRIBUTION OF V ISITORS , BY S ITE FOR E AST AND W EST B ANKS .......................... 128

T ABLE 72: 1997 M ONTHLY R EVENUES AT A NTIQUITY S ITES : T OTAL AND PER V ISITOR ...................... 128

T

ABLE

73: A

NTIQUITIES

R

ESOURCES

(C

APACITIES

) ......................................................................... 129

T

ABLE

74: A

NTIQUITIES

R

ESOURCES

(F

EES

) .................................................................................... 133

T

ABLE

75: W

EST

B

ANK

T

OMB

C

APACITY

........................................................................................ 135

T ABLE 76: A SSUMED P ATTERN OF A RRIVAL TO T OMBS , 10 HOURS OF O PERATION ............................ 136

T ABLE 77: A SSUMED P ATTERN OF A RRIVAL TO T OMBS , 16 HOURS OF O PERATION ............................ 137

T ABLE 78: E STIMATE OF O VERALL W EST B ANK V ISITATION , B ASED ON T OMB C APACITY AND

S EASONAL P ATTERNS .............................................................................................................. 138

T ABLE 79: P ROJECTED N EW T OURISM A CCOMMODATION IN THE S OUTH OF E GYPT , 2017.................. 142

T ABLE 80: P ROJECTED I NCREASE IN E LECTRICITY G ENERATION , S OUTH OF E GYPT , 2017.................. 149

T

ABLE

81: P

ROJECTED

J

OB

O

PPORTUNITIES

.................................................................................... 153

T

ABLE

82: A

NALYTIC

I

NDICATORS

................................................................................................. 153

T

ABLE

83: I

NVESTMENTS OF THE

N

ATIONAL

P

ROJECT

...................................................................... 153

T

ABLE

84: P

ROFILE OF

E

GYPT

........................................................................................................ 155

6



List of Abbreviations

Currency

Currency Unit: Egyptian Pounds (LE) (as of December 1999)

LE 1.0 = 100 piasters

LE 1.0 = US$ 0.29

US$ 1.0 = LE 3.41

Weights and Measures

Metric System

Abbreviations and Acronym

CDCL Comprehensive Development for the City of Luxor

CDM

CEA

EEAA

EGSA

EGSMA

GDP

GNP

GOE

GOPP

Camp Dresser Mckee

Cost Effectiveness Analysis

Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency

Egyptian General Survey Authority

Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority

Gross Domestic Product

Gross National Product

Government of Egypt

General Organization for Physical Planning (within the Ministry of Housing, Utilities and

HCLC

IDSC

IFC

JICA

LNT

MFA

MFIC

MHUUC

Urban Communities)

Higher Council for Luxor City

Information and Decision Support Center

International Finance Corporation

Japan international Cooperation Agency

Luxor National Trust

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Ministry of International Cooperation

Ministry of Housing Utilities and Urban Communities

MHUUC/ RSO Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities /Research and Studies

Organization

MOC

MOE

Ministry of Culture

Ministry of Economy

MOF

MOP

MOT

MOTR

NGO

Ministry of Finance

Ministry of Planning

Ministry of Tourism

Ministry of Transportation

Nongovernmental Organization

PDA

PDN

PMU

SCA

TDA

UNDP

UNESCO

USAID

Preservation and Development Authority

Planned Development Neighborhood

Project Implementation and Management Unit

Supreme Council for Antiquities (within the Ministry of Culture)

Tourism Development Authority (within the Ministry of Tourism)

United Nations Development Programme

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

United States Agency for International Development

7



The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project, Egypt Final Structure Plan Report

Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities / Research and Studies Organization,

The Arab Republic of Egypt Fiscal Year

July 1- June 30

President

His Excellency Hosni Mubarak

Project Sponsor

The Honorable First Lady Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak

Minister of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities

Dr. Eng. Mohammed Ibrahim Soliman

Preside nt, Higher Council for the City of Luxor

General Mahmoud Khalef

National Counterpart of the Project

Eng. Laila Kamel Barsoum, MHUUC

National Project Director

Eng. Mona Omar El Bassiouni, MHUUC/RSO

Deputy National Project Director

Eng. Hisham Moustafa, MHUUC/RSO

Working Groups Moderator

Dr. Tarek Wafik

Project Consultants

Abt Associates Inc.

ICON Architecture Inc.

Baraka Trading and Investments.

Date:

January, 2000

Principal Project Implementing Agency

Higher Council for the City of Luxor (HCLC)

Proposed Term:

2000-2020

8



For Additional Information, Please Contact:

Eng. Laila Kamel Barsoum, First Undersecretary of State National Counterpart for the Project

Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities

1 Ismail Abaza Street, Kasr El Eini

Cairo, Egypt

Tel/fax 011-202-594-3088

9



Annex 1: Figures

These figures are included in Annex 1 of Volume 1 of the Final Structure Plan Technical Report document. This list is provided in Volume 2 for reference only

1. Regional Natural and Cultural Constraints

2. Regional Structure Plan - 2020

3. Regional Transportation - 2020

4. Tourism and Heritage Linkages - 2020

5. Utility Services - 2020

6. Luxor City - Action Areas

7. Luxor City - Structure Plan

8. Luxor City - Circulation

9. Open Museum and Heritage District Existing Key Feat ures

10. Open Museum and Heritage District Concept Diagram

11. Open Museum and Heritage District Existing Circulation

12. Open Museum and Heritage District Proposed Circulation

13. Open Museum and Heritage District Management Zones

14. Aerial view of the Avenue of the Sphinxes towards Luxor Temple

15. Ground level view of activity along the restored Avenue of the Sphinxes

16. Activity along the Lower Corniche in the Luxor City Open Museum and Heritage District

17. The Processional Way in front of Karnak Temple’s entrance

18. View towards the Necropolis from the Open Museum and Heritage District Visitor Center

19. Coordinate Map of New Luxor and El Toad

20. New Luxor - Structure Plan

21. New Luxor - Neighborhoods

22. New Luxor - Public Facility Zones

23. New Luxor Typical Neighborhood

24. Civic space within a New Luxor neighborhood center

25. New Luxor City Center

26. New Luxor - Parks and Open Spaces

27. New Luxor - Circulation

28. El Toad Touristic Zone - Plan

29.

Aerial view of the El Toad Tourism Zone entry

30.

El Toad Entry Area

10



Acknowledgements

The Structure Plan Report is the cumulative result of earnest and sincere efforts made by all those associated with the project.

The consultants are particularly appreciative of Her Excellency, The First Lady, Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak for sponsoring the Comprehensive Development Plan for the City of Luxor Project, and giving national priority to the project so deserving for such a historic place as Luxor.

The consultants would also like to express their gratitude to the Ministry of Housing Utilities and Urban

Communities (MHUUC), MHUUC's Research and Studies Organization (RSO)—which served as the national counterpart for this planning process—and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), for entrusting this study to us. Consultants would like to express thanks to His Excellency Minister of

Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities, Dr. Eng. Mohammed Ibrahim Soliman for his leadership in the planning process and wisdom in commenting on the plans. Consultants would like to single out the most valuable assistance that Eng. Laila Kamel Barsoum extended in conducting the study, and her leadership in providing overall direction to the project. Consultants would also like to express gratitude to Eng. Mona El Bassiouni, National Project Director, and the staff of the Research and Studies

Organization, for their contribution and guidance. Consultants are most appreciative for the advice, assistance, and resources made available through the Higher Council for Luxor City (HCLC) given by the

Governor of the HCLC, General Mahmoud Khalef and their staff, in particular, Mr. Youseff Andraous,

Mr. Hagag Youssouf, and Eng. Sheharezade Hamem. Sheikh Mohammed El Tayeb, Haj Ahmed Abu

Zeid, and the citizens of Luxor extended a warm hospitality to consultants and made significant contributions to the planning process. The consultants would also like to express profound gratitude to the former Governors of the HCLC, General Mohammed Yousseff and General Selmi Selim.

The consultants have been very fortunate to receive constructive advice and support from the broadly representative Project Working Group and the chairs of the Working Group committees, Dr. Tarek Wafik, and Eng. Mona Omar El Bassiouni.

The consultants are very appreciative for the valued contribution made by the many government officials and private sector representatives who assisted with information and insights that greatly influenced the planning. Among the numerous Working Group members, the consultants would like to give thanks to

Dr. Ali Soliman, First Undersecretary General, Ministry for International Cooperation, Dr. Adel Rady,

Director of the Tourism Development Authority, and Dr. Mohammed El Saghir, Director of Egyptian

Antiquities Sector at the Supreme Council for Antiquities.

11



Annex 2: Summary Scope for the CDCL Project

2.1 Background

Luxor (Thebes for the ancient Greeks) is home to a treasure of world-renowned monuments.

Tutankhamun’s Tomb symbolizes Egypt’s Pharaonic past as much as the Pyramids. Nefertari’s Tomb, the tombs in the Valley of the Kings and in the Valley of the Queens, and the Tombs of the Nobles contain some of the most accomplished artwork in man’s history. Together with the Colossi of Memnon,

Karnak Temple (the most imposing Pharaonic temple in all of Egypt) and Luxor Temple, they represent some of the finest examples of mankind’s early civilization and rank among its greatest cultural achievements.

This unique cultural heritage continues to attract visitors from all over the world in ever-growing numbers. Ironically, their dedication to viewing these treasures is becoming a threat. In the tombs, their very presence is becoming detrimental to the quality and preservation of the paintings. There and in the temples, their increasing number and the virtual lack of any effective crowd management means waiting and jostling, elements that detract from the cultural experience. At the same time, the virtual absence of facilities for other tourist activities means very short stays in the area, lessening the benefits to the local economy, and less flexibility in scheduling visits to the cultural sites.

Even so, the increasing number of tourists visiting Luxor has also provided the impetus for accelerated growth in Luxor and its surrounding areas. Growth pressures in turn have resulted in encroachments on the tombs and monuments, thereby jeopardizing the cultural heritage and impairing their value as a tourist attraction.

To respond to these trends, the Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities and the UNDP in

1997 sponsored Abt Associates Inc. for the study of a 20-year Comprehensive Development Plan for the

City of Luxor (CDCL). The Structure Plan, Heritage Plan and Investment Projects produced as components of the project address ways to accommodate the projected growth in population, tourism and agriculture, while preserving and enhancing the antiquities.

The objective of the CDCL project is to establish and carry out a work plan for environmentally sustainable tourism development that also benefits the local population. To reach this objective, the following core themes emerged from a study approach that stressed the active participation of all major stakeholders:

(1) Preservation of cultural resources protects Egypt’s heritage and promotes economic development.

(2) Planned growth promotes sustainable economic development.

(3) Meeting the contemporary needs of local residents is vital to the success of plans.

These core themes in turn identified specific objectives for the Comprehensive Development Plan for the

City of Luxor:

(1) Contribute to the preservation of the area’s unique cultural heritage by alleviating pressures on the existing sites through the creation of additional tourist attractions;

(2) Prevent further urban sprawl and the deleterious effects of unplanned development on the cultural heritage and on the population’s living conditions; and

(3) Create new economic opportunities for the citizens of the region.

12



To achieve these objectives, the Comprehensive Development Plan for the City of Luxor (CDCL) incorporates the following elements:

(1) The creation of a Luxor City Open Museum and Heritage District , preserving the key historic features and settings in the City’s old sections.

(2) The restoration of the Avenue of the Sphinxes , linking the major temples of Karnak and Luxor;

(3) The development of a tourism zone south of the City of Luxor in the El Toad, comprising hotels as well as a golf course and facilities for other tourist activities;

(4) The creation of a planned new community , New Luxor, south of the present city, for a target population of 200,000 residents by the year 2017; and,

(5) Introduction of and support for the cultivation of higher-value crops in the agricultural zone surrounding the City of Luxor.

2.2 The Investment Projects

The Comprehensive Development Plan for the City of Luxor is being developed in a series of stages. The initial document was designed to build consensus around a comprehensive conceptual framework. In the second phase, a Structure Plan translated the basic concepts into specific project elements. These elements are further refined and elaborated in a series of six investment projects, each focusing on one aspect of the overall project.:

2.2.1 Project 1: Restoration of the Avenue of the Sphinxes

During the Pharaonic period, the Avenue of the Sphinxes connected the Temples of Luxor and Karnak, a processional avenue lined on both sides by 1,200 statues of sphinxes. Both temples were substantially completed during the New Kingdom period, over 3,000 years ago. Successive rulers altered and added to the temples; Amenhotep III built the Temple of Luxor during the 18 th

Dynasty, adding gardens between the Temple of Luxor and the complex of temples at Karnak. The ram-headed sphinxes lining the avenue bore his likeness. The centuries since have buried this processional avenue and its statues under 2 m of silt and sand, and urban development covered it with housing, asphalted streets, and other structures, obscuring its route and interrupting this dramatic connection.

Over the last 50 years, portions of the Avenue of the Sphinxes (also known as Kebash Avenue) have been excavated, revealing remnants of the sphinxes and the roadbed. Short segments near each temple have been fully excavated and are now integral parts of the antiquities settings. Test excavations at segments along the 2.4-kilometer length of the Avenue have verified its location and underlined its archaeological potential.

The investment project focuses on the renovation of the Avenue of the Sphinxes to improve the touristic experience, increase the vitality of the city center, and form the centerpiece of an Open Museum. The emphasis of the project at all times is on the accommodation of the living needs of the permanent population (mitigating the effects of congestion in a growing city center) with an active effort to increase job and entrepreneurial opportunities.

The restoration project comprises several major actions, several of which will require substantial outlays and demand intensive implementation oversight. These actions summarized below are explained in detail in Investment Project 1. The total cost of the project is estimated at approximately US$40,000,000.

(1) Purchase of land where necessary to a width of 76 m;

(2) Relocation housing for the residents of over a hundred housing units on top of the Avenue of the

Sphinxes;

(3) Phase demolition of housing, commercial buildings, and government and religious buildings

13


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents intruding on the Avenue of the Sphinxes;

(4) Excavation to a depth of 2 m : restoration of the sphinx statues and landscaping; provision of visitor amenities; and

(5) Modification of the adjacent street layout and street crossings of the Avenue of the Sphinxes.

In addition, the project will include measures to protect the setting. Administrative regulations and enforcement provisions will remove intrusions onto the Avenue of the Sphinxes, prevent future intrusions, and ensure that adjacent uses are compatible with the historic nature of the Avenue.

2.2.2 Project 2: Development of The Destination Resort of El-Toad

The objective of the project is to establish and carry out a work plan for envir onmentally sustainable tourism development that also benefits the local population. To reach this objective the following core themes were identified:


(2) Planned growth promotes sustainable economic development.


The Need

The creation of a tourism zone outside Luxor City is necessary to serve the future needs of the rapidly growing regional tourism industry. With tourism in Luxor projected to increase from 1 to 4 million visitors over the next 20 years, the area needs an estimated 6,600 new hotel rooms, in addition to the

2,280 rooms currently being planned in Luxor City proper.

Existing hotel development areas will not be able to serve future needs. Suitable areas in Luxor City itself are limited to small infill parcels along the Corniche or lands on the perimeter of the city that are reserved for agricultural use. Proposed hotel sites in outlying areas, such as New Thebes and El Khuzam, would add to capacity, but the scale and location of these areas are not ideal for a major tourism zone. A large area with site amenities and strong regional access is needed as a major tourism zone for the Luxor region. Such an area not only can provide ample sites to support new hotel construction but also can support tourist recreational services and amenities which contemporary tourists expect. The inclusion of diverse activities within this zone is essential to expanding the range of activities for tourists and provide some alternatives to relieve pressures on the cultural heritage sites.

Location

On-site with favorable development potential is located in the El Toad area of the region. Encompassing two large, undeveloped plateaus approximately 9 km south of Luxor City and 2 km south of New Luxor and also 2 km south of the only Nile River Bridge in the region, El Toad offers a dramatic setting that can support significant tourism development. North and westward views from the plateaus take in the Nile

River Valley and distant Necropolis. In other directions, views take in the wadis, agriculture and desert lands that frame the site. Local character is provided through the nearby villages, the infrequently visited and attractive El Toad Temple site and commoner tombs.

Existing regional links between El Toad and other East Bank activities include the inter-regional rail line and Cairo-Aswan Highway that run along the western edge of the site. Its proximity to the Luxor Bridge provides exceptional access to tourism attractions on the West Bank. The proposed cruise ship port immediately adjacent to the area will further enhance the value and attractiveness of El Toad.

The Vision

14



The El Toad Tourism Zone will include both tourism accommodations and attractions with regional appeal. Commercial and recreational attractions will make El Toad a major tourism destination, thereby promoting longer stays in the Luxor region, helping to relieve the visitor volumes at area monuments, and increasing economic opportunities for local residents. Amenities will include a golf course, theater, museum, large-scale gardens, tennis, and equestrian facilities. Concentrating hotel development in a well-planned zone will also achieve economies of scale for provision of superior amenities, maintenance, events planning and security, as hotels can share promotional programs and facilities.

The Plan for the El Toad Tourism Zone has been developed to create a desirable area of both attractions and accommodations that serves regional tourists. Its key features include the following:

(1) El Toad is located outside agricultural and antiquities lands . Development on the plateau can be oriented to capture the dramatic vie ws of the Nile River Valley and distant Necropolis.

(2) Development through the 2017 period should occur on the southern plateau , which can be strongly linked to the proposed Cruise Ship port. In the more distant future, assuming that monument capacity constraints are met, there will be the potential for future touristic zone development on the nearby plateau to the north.

(3) Approximately 18 hotels, with a total of 4,500 rooms are planned for the twenty-year period.

Accommodations will vary in quality and type, including three, four and five star hotels and villa complexes.

(4) The El Toad plan is coordinated with the new cruise ship port development in order to create an integrated tourism zone that promotes more joint cruise-hotel stays and improved connectivity.

(5) Attractions, such as an 18-hole golf course and botanical garden , are incorporated into El Toad in order to broaden the types of tourism experience possible in the Luxor Region.

(6) An inter-modal transportation facility is built at the intersection of the inter-regional highway and the

El Toad entrance road; adjacent to the new cruise ship port. The facility becomes the primary transfer point between water and surface transportation in the area.

(7) A road between El Toad and New Luxor is eventually developed to provide a direct connection that bypasses local area settlements.

(8) Regular shuttle bus service is established to provide convenient access between the cruise ship port, destinations within El Toad, and regional destinations on the East and West Bank.

(9) A visitor center with museum interpreting regional local life customs is built along the formal entrance boulevard to El Toad. The visitor center also serves as a staging point for shuttle bus service within the El Toad area and tour bus traffic to regional destinations.

Elements

A collection of 18 hotels and villas with approximately 4,500 rooms will locate in the El Toad Tourism

Zone. Accommodations will vary in design and scale. Hotels will cluster at the entrance and along portions of the loop road. The highest quality hotels will likely locate in the northwest portion of El Toad with views to the Nile and Necropolis. The four hotels that locate in the El Toad Center at the entrance to

El Toad will be integrated with the surrounding shops, entertainment and services to create an active environment that is distinct from the more secluded hotel developments along the golf course. Additional variety is offered through low-rise villa developments that locate along attractive narrow roads winding through the lushly landscaped golf course.

All hotels and villa developments will offer on-site recreation and service amenities that vary in amount and quality between the three, four and five star developments. Shared resources within El Toad will include recreation, cultural and entertainment, public facilities and transportation. Scattered between three areas within the tourism zone are shops, restaurants and cafes. Commercial uses will be integrated with associated cultural, entertainment and public service facilities. Upon the completion of the cruise

15


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents ship port, additional commercial businesses may locate there.

Cultural and Entertainment

The El Toad Center will include facilities to serve both hotel guests and visitors. A lively atmosphere will be created through clustering together facilities, such as a cinema, theater, nightclub and multipurpose hall, with the commercial shops located in the Center. The El Toad Center should also includes a museum with exhibits on the Luxor region’s history and local customs and traditions, which could be integrated with interpretation of the commoner tombs area which is adjacent to the Center. A visitor center will offer regional information and serve as an entry point to the botanical garden and transfer point for bus tours of the nearby Commoner Tombs and El Toad Temple.

Public Service Facilities

Also located in the El Toad Center will be public facilities, such as a post office, police station and fire station that service the entire tourism zone and nearby cruise ship port.

Transportation Facilities

In order to create an efficient circulation system that provides connections within the tourism zone and regionally, an intermodal facility will be sited near the intersection of the El Toad entrance road and the

Cairo-Aswan Highway. Adequate parking and staging areas will be provided for the El Toad shuttle, regional coaches and rental cars. Located adjacent to the new cruise ship port, the inter-modal facility will also become a good transfer point between water and surface transport. Easy transfer between buses and shuttles to water taxis, ferries and cruise ships will be possible.

Connections and Circulation

Planned transportation improvements in the area will further strengthen El Toad’s exceptional regional access. The airport is easily accessible via the Cairo-Aswan highway that runs along the edge of the El

Toad, while cruise ship traffic will arrive at a large new port that is integrated into the development, thereby increasing the number of tourists combining hotel/cruise tours in the region. An inter-modal transportation facility that serves both El Toad and the cruise ship port is an opportunity to link the two areas and provide convenient transportation connections to tourists.

Access from El Toad to attractions in Luxor City and the West Bank will also be convenient. Travelers to

Luxor City will use the Cairo-Aswan highway and the El Awameya Road connecting to the Corniche, while travelers to the West Bank Necropolis will be well served by the Luxor Bridge located just two kilometers from El Toad.

Within the El Toad Tourism Zone, circulation will be served through an attractively landscaped loop road that winds through the development. Shuttle service will be provided along the loop road to serve traffic going between the cruise ship port, hotels and commercial nodes of activity throughout the El Toad Zone.

The entry sequence into El Toad would be along an attractively landscaped road running between the

Cruise Ship Port, across the railroad tracks and up a steep grade to the El Toad Center. The Center’s collection of shops and services includes an information center that also serves as a shuttle bus transfer point for reaching hotel and villa development areas and nearby attractions, such as the Commoner

Tombs and El Toad Temple.

The formal entry road continues on to another commercial area and golf club where at that point it branches into a loop road that runs around the perimeter of the golf course to reach hotel development areas. Villa developments will located on minor roads winding through the golf course.

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2.2.3 Project 3: Development of the New Community of New Luxor

The fast growing Luxor region is expected to at least double in population over the next twenty years. In order to reduce development pressures on the historic Luxor City area and protect the agricultural zone from encroachment, the Egyptian Government has advocated the development of new settlements outside the existing urbanized area to absorb the majority of new development over the next twenty years. One new town, New Thebes, has already been started 15 kilometers northeast of Luxor City. However, with the recent completion of a Luxor Bridge and the anticipated nearby expansion of a port for cruise ships south of Luxor City, informal, unplanned development will favor the southern part of the area. It is already claiming substantial agricultural lands to the south and east of Luxor City. If a new town is not planned for in the south of Luxor City, unplanned sprawl in that part of the region is likely to result in negative consequences for the future prosperity of the region. Timely action to stem this undesirable growth is essential: an attractive new town is needed to become the magnet for new development in the

Luxor region

The Proposed Site

The proposed site for New Luxor, south of Luxor City, east of the Cairo-Aswan Highway and the agricultural belt, is accessible and visible from the Highway, and consists of three east-west oriented plateaus, separated by wadis. It is in close proximity to the regional wastewater treatment plant, readily accessible to the new Luxor Bridge and to the proposed El Toad tourism zone which will be a major new source of jobs for the region. Intercity rail is nearby, parallel to the highway, and potential land reclamation efforts in the vicinity hold the promise of turning a portion of the desert land in the site vicinity into green cultivated property.

The Vision

The new city is designed to be a pleasant place to live and work, setting a new standard for development in the Luxor region with its high-quality infrastructure, open spaces, and public facilities. With an eventual population of approximately 200,000, New Luxor has the potential to emerge as the major commercial, governmental and residential location in the region. New Luxor’s attractive urban environment for an economically diverse mix of residents will make it a magnet for new development, thereby relieving the growth pressures on Luxor City. New Luxor can become a model for the region to show how planning in advance of development can help to create a high quality living environment.

The Plan for New Luxor has been developed to achieve a livable and attractive community which takes advantage of its regional setting, incorporatin g the following key features:

(1) The community is located east of substantial agricultural lands , insuring an attractive greenway entry.

(2) Major development is located on three elongated east-west plateaus, linked with major arterial streets.

(3) The City axis and City Center, on the central plateau, is oriented to the Theban Necropolis , which is the most characteristic landmark in the region and highly visible from this location.

(4) Many City parks and open spaces are located on the wadis between the plateaus , providing an effective use of land and supporting green spaces to city activities.

(5) Each neighborhood is conceived as a relatively independent unit , with central services, minimal through traffic, and close proximity to District services centers.

(6) Early connections with New Luxor can be achieved by upgrading existing roadways , while the longrange connection to Luxor City will be provided through a new arterial boulevard which lead to the southerly growth area of the existing City.

(7) The northwest corner of the City, in close proximity to agricultural lands and potential irrigation resources associated with tertiary treatment of the new waste water plant will be devoted to an

17


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents agricultural village with nearby agro-processing industries, providing an initial employment base and investment rationale for the City’s growth.

The Neighborhoods

The neighborhood will be the foundation of the structure of New Luxor. Some 25 neighborhoods will make up the city, each supporting a population between 8,000-10,000. Although the form and character of each neighborhood will vary, a number of shared principles will guide development:

(1) Neighborhoods are envisioned as building blocks that can be phased to accommodate gradual development. Each neighborhood will include housing clusters that are within a 500-meter radius from a neighborhood service center.

(2) The neighborhoods are envisioned to include a variety of house types and sizes to meet the needs and preferences of a broad range of residents.

(3) The economies of low-rise construction and the constraints of the desert environment influence dwelling design to be low in height and dense with respect to ground coverage in order to provide shade and minimize irrigation. Single -family attached and detached houses on small lots are proposed for most New Luxor neighborhoods. Average lot sizes based on income and quality of construction is consistent with new town planning standards in Egypt. The average lot sizes are only used to roughly estimate residential land area demands for New Luxor; further market study information will be necessary to guide the actual design of New Luxor’s neighborhoods.

(4) The relatively compact residential areas in New Luxor will allow for safe access by foot or bicycle to the pedestrian-oriented neighborhood greenways, and from there to the neighborhood service centers where travel can continue by foot, bicycle or bus to district service centers.

Open Spaces

A network of lush open spaces through New Luxor will give it the character of an urban oasis on the edge of the desert. At the city-scale, the plan takes advantage of the surrounding environmental features. Long linear wadis will become passive open spaces articulating the urban landscape of New Luxor, a desirable amenity for residents of the new city. These same wadis will also serve to collect storm drainage during the infrequent rains.

In addition to the passive open space created by the wadis, New Luxor will also contain landscaped boulevards and greenways, and a system of parks at several scales. These parks, provided at the neighborhood, district and city level, will serve as centers for active recreation. Over 150 feddan are allocated to parks and open spaces in the city.

Connections and Circulation

The new town will offer convenient access to the international airport, Luxor Bridge and the interregional Cairo-Aswan Highway without an immediate need for major new inter-city roads. As the community grows, two important roads will be built: a direct connection to a new southern gateway rail station in Luxor City, and a north-south road along the edge of the agricultural belt to link New Luxor to the El Toad tourism zone to the south and strengthening the connection to the airport, northeast of the new city.

In the city itself, reserving rights-of-way in advance of development will ensure a comprehensive and integrated street network. Both major and minor streets will be planned to provide for the adequate circulation of private vehicles, buses, and other transportation modes. Streets in New Luxor will be classified according to function and designed for each functional classification. Local streets, designed to provide access to each residence, will have very low traffic volume. Higher volume neighborhood

18


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents service streets form loops and provide the principal routes for deliveries and service to neighborhood centers. Collector streets run through district centers, intercept traffic from neighborhood streets and feed into the arterial network which runs along the perimeter of each district center. The arterial streets, forming a continuous network connecting each district center to the city center as well as regional destinations, provide for the rapid movement of high volumes of traffic over relatively long distances.

An east-west boulevard will be the major point of entry for traffic from the new road linking New Luxor to Luxor City. With a right-of-way to accommodate four lanes of traffic, shoulders, and a linear park, the boulevard will become an attractive entrance to the New Luxor City center. Buses will run the length of the city center boulevard and provide the major means of public movement within the center while interconnecting the city center to other citywide public transportation routes. The mall-boulevard will become a strong axis through the center of New Luxor, offering striking views of the West Bank Necropolis.

Continuous pedestrian arcades along the boulevard provide a shaded walking environment adjacent to the mall through the city center area. As an open space feature connecting a series of urban spaces in the city center, the central boulevard has the potential of becoming a promenade for New Luxor residents, similar to the role of the Corniche in Luxor City.

An exclusive system for pedestrians and cyclists is provided through the local greenways that connect neighborhood centers. Pedestrian and bicycle traffic is also accommodated along the collector system roads.

Animal drawn cart traffic is minimized in New Luxor through establishing produce and livestock market areas in the northwestern portion of the city that intercept traffic from the surrounding agricultural lands before it enters New Luxor.

This investment project, described in the present document, projects the needs of New Luxor, the El Toad tourism zone, and the new cruise ship port in terms of infrastructure (water, wastewater, transportation, energy, and telecommunications). It uses these demand forecasts as basis for assessing the investment needs in infrastructure facilities, focusing on opportunities in these sector for private sector participation.

2.2.4 Project 4: Infrastructure Services for New Luxor and El Toad

This investment project forecasts the needs of New Luxor, the El Toad tourism zone, and the new cruise ship port in terms of infrastructure (water, wastewater, transportation, energy, and telecommunications).

It uses these demand forecasts as basis for assessing the investment needs in infrastructure facilities, focusing on opportunities in these sector for private sector participation.

2.2.5 Project 5: Establishment of High-Value Agriculture

High-value crop production and are agro-processing industries are key elements in the strategy to meet contemporary needs of Luxor residents. There is substantial poverty in Luxor, despite the appearance of wealth because of the tourism industry. The majority of Luxor residents depend on small agricultural plots (the average plot size is a modest 1.84 feddan) to sustain their families. These agricultural families have substantial needs to expand agricultural la nds to support future generations and to increase household incomes to improve their standard of living. Reclamation of substantial lands in Luxor is essential for the growing population. Introduction of high-value agriculture and agro-processing will provide a means for farmers to improve their futures.

2.2.6 Project 6: Development of the Open Museum and Heritage District in Luxor City

The Open Museum and Heritage District in Luxor will involve substantial redevelopment of Luxor City

Center into an antiquities zone requiring protection of large areas of the old city from advancing modern development. Modern development has encroached on, and surrounds, some of the most significant

19


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents antiquities sites. Karnak Temple, Luxor Temple, the Temple of Mut, and the Avenue of the Sphinxes are surrounded and partly engulfed by the modern city.

As magnificent as these monuments are to experience, the setting around them detracts from their significance. Almost all tourists visiting Luxor experience these monuments. At the current level of tourism, these sites are already becoming overcrowded, and the projected volume of future tourists magnifies the prospects for gradual deterioration. With tourism projected to grow to 4.1 million visitors annually by the year 2017, the monuments could be overwhelmed. The Open Museum will substantially expand restored areas and provide many additional non-invasive attractions to accommodate projected tourism growth. The Open Museum will also function as a vital relief valve for some of the deleterious pressures on the monuments that result from high levels of tourism.

The Open Museum and Heritage District is a comprehensive strategy to make one of the world’s most significant cultural sites into one of the most majestic and fascinating experiences for visitors and, at the same time, promote preservation of antiquities once restored.

The District has several key components, in addition to the restoration of the Avenue of the Sphinxes:

(1) Acquisition of properties around Karnak Temple and Temple of Mut to the Nile River

(2) Relocation of some strategic government buildings to develop museums, replicas, parks, and other attractions.

(3) Development of a visitor center with centralized site ticketing, interpretative facilities, and centralized bus parking/tourist shuttle systems.

(4) Preservation and enhancement of the old section of Luxor City and traditional market areas.

(5) Traffic/pedestrian circulation system improvements , including vehicular-restricted and pedestrianonly zones.

The Open Museum and Heritage District is focusing on an area between the more contemporary city and the Nile River. It is a well-defined area that lends itself to a cohesive treatment. Development pressures are eroding the historic character of the area, and unless concerted action is undertaken to establish the

Open Museum, the opportunity to create a truly appropriate setting for the treasured Pharaonic antiquities may be lost for future generations.

2.3 Indications of the Egyptian Government's Commitment and Ownership

The Government of Egypt recognizes that tourism is one of the country's primary engines of growth, and tourism development is one of its highest priorities. Government economic programs and plans emphasize the importance of investment in the sector, and Government commitment to infrastructure improvements and environmental protection is essential in the context of tourism. Although in the past the Government invested directly in the sector, it has been gradually retreating from this role, leaving investment in tourism related projects to the private sector. For example, the Government already has sold much of its interest in hotels and guesthouses and lifted the monopoly of a tour bus company. The following steps have also been taken:

(1) The Government has accorded the Higher Council for the City of Luxor (HCLC), as an authority with a mandate to enforce land use plans, protect and manage the environment, and coordinate with other

Government and private sector entities.

(2) The Government has declared significant sections of Luxor a protected area with special regulations.

(3) MOT is continually reviewing, modernizing, and consolidating the regulations governing tourism .

(4) For the tourism sector in Luxor, the Government has assigned three principal ministries including the

MOC/SCA, MHUUC, and the MOT to oversee project implementations, supervise implementation of

20


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents tourism policy, propose laws and regulations, approve the establishment of training centers and set up programs and institutions for their operation, and establish licensing.

As a major step toward ensuring proper coordination among MHUUC, SCA, HCLC, MOT, the private sector and the local population in the development of Luxor, the Government has established a Steering committee (Fast Track Working Group) with a clear oversight mandate.

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Annex 3: Social Profile for the Luxor Study Area

1

3.1 Introduction

In 1997, the Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities/Research and Studies Organization

(MHUUC/RSO) and the UNDP sponsored the study of a 20-year Comprehensive Development Plan for the City of Luxor (CDCL) . The development plans within the Structure Plan, Heritage Plan and

Investment Projects produced in this project address ways to accommodate projected growth in population, tourism and agriculture; and approaches to the preservation and enhancement of the antiquities to absorb escalation in tourism.

The objective of the project is to establish and carry out a work plan for environmentally sustainable development that also benefits the local population. To reach this objective the following core themes were identified:


(2) Planned growth promotes Sustainable Economic Development.


This approach would have the benefit of (a) spreading tourism benefits to a larger population, (b) increasing the number of attractions in Luxor to encourage tourists to stay longer (and spend more), and

(c) reducing the current overload on the existing monuments.

The development of the Comprehensive Development Plan for the City of Luxor was accomplished through the iterative process developed by the MHUUC/RSO. Working Groups (WGs) composed of various stakeholders including the project staff of the MHUUC/RSO, representatives from the numerous ministries with direct interest in the development of Luxor, the business community, and the representatives of the city council of Luxor met on a regular basis to discuss the CDCL. The Working

Group was advised at every stage of the planning process. This took the form of numerous working group meetings where material was presented for the members to respond to. The response was then incorporated to reflect the unified vision of the member of the working group. The CDCL project relied heavily on these organizations for information, resource person contacts, analysis and recommendations.

This report provides an analysis of the final outcome of the 1996 Population Census. The information of the Census and the findings of the analysis will greatly inform the recommendations of the Final Structure

Plan for the Luxor Study Area.

3.2 Total Population

In November 1996, the Luxor Study Area’s population totaled 361,138 persons. Of these, 153,758

(42.6%) lived in the City of Luxor (including Gourna) and the remainder 207,380 (57.4%) lived in the

Markhaz (the City of Bayadiya and 15 village administrations)

2

.

1

Central Agency for Public Mobilization And Statistics (CAPMAS) , 1996: General Census for Population, Housing and

Establishments: Final Results of the Population Census for Luxor City, December 1998 (in Arabic).

2 These figures are, however, inclusive of foreigners and residents of “public places”; e.g. hostels, hotels and hospital in-wards.

22



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The male population is slightly more than the female. At the city level, the population is broken-out as

51.9% male and 48.1% female. At the Markhaz level, the percentages are 50.9% male and 49.1% female.

The Luxor Study Area average is 51.3% male and 48.7% female. These figures, as Tables 1 and 2 show, are quite similar, and in cases identical, to the national averages.

Table 1: Luxor Study Area Population, 1996

3

Luxor City

Markhaz

Total Luxor

Study Area

Male

Number %

79,753 51.3

105,581 50.9

185,334 51.3

Female

Number %

74,005

101,799 49.1

175,804

48.1

48.7

Total Population

Number %

153,758 42.6

207,380 57.4

361,138 100

Table 2: National Population Figures

Urban

Rural

Total Egypt

Male

Number

12,957,775

17,393,615

30,351,390

%

Female

Number

51.2 12,328,560

51.1 16,632,964

51.2 28,961,524

%

Total Population

Number %

48.8 25,286,335

48.9 34,026,579

48.8 59,312,914

42.6

57.4

100

3.3 Labor Force

3.3.1. Luxor Study Area Level

The Luxor Study Area population in the age of work (age group 15 to 60) was 201,440 (55.8% of total population). Of these, 101,280 (50.27%) were males and 100,160 (49.72%) were females. Those who were actually in the labor force pool amounted to 96,584, representing 47.9% of this particular age group and 26.74% of the total population. The remainders were full-time students, housewives, not interested in work, retired, aged and disabled/unable to work.

The labor force pool is broken-out as 86,262 males (89.3%) and 10,322 females (10.7%). Of this labor force pool, 10,548 were unemployed representing nearly 11% of the labor force pool. In other words, only 86,036 were engaged in some paid or non-paid work representing 23.8% of the total Study Area population and putting the dependency rate at about 3:1. Of these 86,036 engaged in work, 78,223 were

3 Inclusive of Egyptians and foreigners.

23


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents male (91%) and only 7,813 (9%) were female, indicating a clearly low rate of women’s participation in economic activity.

3.3.2. Luxor City Level

Luxor City’s population in the age of work (age group 15 to 60) was 90,758 (59% of total Luxor city population). Of these, 46,351 (51%) were males and 44,407 (49%) were females. Those who were actually in the labor force pool amounted to 45,704 representing 50.3% of this particular age group and

29.72% of the total Luxor city population.

The labor force pool is broken-out as 38,511 males (84.6%) and 7,193 females (15.4%). Of this labor force, 4,883 were unemployed representing 10.7% of the labor force pool. In other words, only 40,821 were engaged in some paid or non-paid work representing 26.5% of the total Luxor population and putting the dependency rate at about 3:1. Of these 40,821 engaged in work, 38,072 were male (86%) and

5,749 were female (14%).

3.3.3 Luxor Markhaz Level

Luxor Markhaz’s population in the age of work (age group 15 to 60) was 110,682 (53.37% of total

Markhaz population). Of these, 54,929 (49.6%) were males and 55,753 (50.4%) were females. Those who were actually in the labor force pool amounted to 50,880 representing 46% of this particular age group and 24.5% of the total Markhaz population.

The labor force pool is broken-out as 47,751 males (93.85%) and 3,129 females (6.15%). Of this labor force, 5,665 were unemployed representing 11% of the labor force pool. In other words, only 45,215 were engaged in some paid or non-paid work representing 21.8% of the total Markhaz population and putting the dependency rate at slightly more than 3:1. Those, in turn, were divided as 43,151 male (95%) and 2,064 were female (5%).

Table 3: Population at the Age of Work, Luxor Study Area (15-60 years old)

Luxor City

Markhaz

Total Luxor

Study Area

Male

Number

46,351

54,929

101,280

%

51

49.6

Female

Number

44,407

55,753

50.27 100,160

%

49

50.4

49.72

Number

90,758

110,682

201,440

Total

% to total population

59

53.37

55.8

Table 4: National Population at the Age of Work (15-60 years old)

Urban

Rural

Total Egypt

Male

Number

7,793,775

9,252,764

17,046,539

%

51

50.7

Female

Number

7,500,353

8,999,133

50.8 16,499,486

% Number

49 15,294,128

49.3 18,251,879

49.2 33,546,025

Total


60.5

53.6

56.55

24

Table 5: Labor Force Pool in the Luxor Study Are a



Luxor City

Markhaz

Total Luxor

Study Area

Male

Number

38,511

47,751

Female Total

% Number % Number % to age

84.6

93.85

7,193

3,129

15.4

6.15

45,704

50,880 group

50.3

46

86,262 89.3 10,322 10.7 96,584 47.9


29.72

24.5

26.74

Table 6: Labor Force Pool, the National Figures

Number %

Male

Number %

Female

Number

Urban

Rural

Total

Egypt

6,336,702

8,213,972

14,550,674

79.9 1,592,822

88.8 1,031,439

20.1

11.2

7,929,524

9,245,411

84.72 2,624,261 15.28 17,174,935

Total

% to age % to total group population

51.84

50.65

31.35

27.17

51.2 28.95

Table 7: Population Engaged in Work in the Luxor Study Area

Luxor City

Markhaz

Total Luxor

Study Area

Male

Number

38,072

43,151

78,223

Female

% Number % Number % to age

86

95

5,749

2,064

91 7,813

14 40,821

5 45,215

9 86,036 group

Total

45

48.85

42.7

Table 8: Population Engaged in Work, National Figures

Urban

Rural

Total Egypt

Male Female Total

Number % Number % Number % to age group

5,892,571 81.4 1,343,760 18.6 7,236,331

7,655,218 91.1 745,379 8.9 8,400,596

47.3

46

13,547,789 86.64 2,089,138 13.36 15,636,927 46.6


26.5

21.8

23.8


28.6

24.7

26.36

3.4 Educational Sta tus (of population 10-years-and-older)

3.4.1. Luxor Study Area Level

According to the final results of the 1996 Census, the Luxor Study Area’s population in the age group of

10-years-and-older totaled 272,351 (139,476 males and 132,605 females). Of these, 113,176 (41.6%) were illiterate. Illiteracy rate is notably much higher among females than males. Of the total Study Area

25


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents male population in this age group 40,996 (29.3%) were illiterate compared to 72,180 (54.4%) of the total female population in the same age group.

Within the same age group, only 56,427 (20.7%) could read and write; 34,081 were male (24.4% of total male population in the age group) and 22,346 were female (16.9% of total female population in this age group).

Only 8,526 of the Study Area’s population in this age group (3.1%) had a university degree, or equivalent; 6,116 were male (4.4% to total male population in this age group) and 2,410 were female

(1.8% of total female population in this age group).

3.4.2. Luxor City Level

The Luxor City’s population in the age group of 10-years-and-older amounted to 118,755 (61,686 males and 57,069 females). Of these, 35,442 (29.8%) were illiterate. Illiteracy rates among females is double that among males. Of the total female population in this age group 23,133 (40.5%) were illiterate compared to 12,309 (20%) of the total male population in the same age group.

Within the same age group, 25,329 (21.3%) could read and write; 14,800 were male (24% of male population in the age group) and 10,529 were female (18.4% of female population in this age group).

Only 6,785 (5.7%) of Luxor City’s population in this age group had a university degree, or equivalent.

Of these, 4,609 were male (7.5% of male population in this age group) and 2,176 were female (3.8% of female population in the age group).

3.4.3. Luxor Markhaz Level

The Luxor Markhaz’s population in the age group of 10-years-and-older amounted to 153,596 (78,060 males and 75,536 females). Of these, 77,734 (50.6%) were illiterate. Illiteracy rates among females are nearly double that among males. Of the total female population in this age group 49,047 (65%) were illiterate compared to 28,867 (36.7%) of the total male population in the same age group.

Within the same age group, 31,098 (20.2%) could read and write; 19,281 were male (24.7% of male population in the age group) and 11,817 were female (15.6% of female population in this age group).

Only 1,741 (1.1%) of Luxor Markhaz’s population in this age group had a university degree, or equivalent. Of these, 1,507 were male (1.9% of male population in this age group) and 234 were female

(0.3% of female population in the age group).

26



Table 9: Illiteracy Rates in the Luxor Study Area (population 10-years -and older)

Luxor City

Luxor Markhaz

Total Luxor Study

Area

Population at age group

M

61,686

78,060

F

57,069

75,536

Total

118,755

153,596

No.

12,309

28,687

Male

139,746 132,605 272,351 40,996

%

20

36.7

29.3

Illiterates

No.

Female

23,133

49,047

%

40.5

65

72,180 54.4

No.

Total

35,442

77,734

113,176

%

29.8

50.5

41.6

Table 10: Illiteracy Rates at the National Level (population 10-years-and older)

Urban

Rural

Total Egypt

M


F Total Male

No. %

10,218,363 9,719,413 19,937,776 2,024,237 19.8

12,682,130 12,211,514 24,893,644 4,616,042 36.4

Illiterates

Female

No. % No.

Total

%

3,284,721 33.8 5,308,958 26.6

7,721,025 63.2 12,337,067 49.6

22,900,493 21,930,927 44,831,420 6,640,279 29 11,005,746 50.2 17,646,025 39.4

28



Table 11: Educational Status of Luxor: a) Population who can Read & Write

Luxor City

Luxor Markhaz


Area


M

61,686

78,060

F

57,069

75,536

Total

118,755

153,596

139,746 132,605 272,351

Male

No.

14,800

19,281

34,081

%

Population who can Read & Write

24

24.7

24.4

No.

Female

10,529

11,817

22,346

%

18.4

15.6

16.9

No.

Total

25,329

31,098

56,427

%

21.3

20.2

20.7

Table 12: National Figures of Educational Status : a) Population who can Read & Write

Urban

Rural

Total Egypt

M


F Total

22,900,493 21,930,927 44,831,420

Male

No.

Population who can Read & Write

%

5,189,436 22.7

Female

No.

3,209,817

% No.

Total

10,218,363 9,719,413 19,937,776 2,259,661 22.1 1,692,677 17.4 3,952,338

12,682,130 12,211,514 24,893,644 2,929,775 23.1 1,517,140 12.4 4,446,915

14.6 8,399,253

%

19.8

17.9

18.7

Table 13: Educational Status of Luxor: b) University Graduates

Luxor City

Luxor Markhaz


Area

M


61,686

78,060

F

57,069

75,536

Total

118,755

153,596

139,746 132,605 272,351

No.

Male

4,609

1,507

6,116

%

7.5

1.9

4.4

University Graduates

Female

No. %

2,176

234

2,410

3.8

0.3

1.8

Total

No.

6,785

1,741

8,526

%

5.7

1.1

3.1

29

Table 14: National Figures of Educational Status: b) University Graduates



Urban

Rural

Total Egypt

M


F Total

No.

Male

10,218,363 9,719,413 19,937,776 1,208,515

12,682,130 12,211,514 24,893,644 433,214

22,900,493 21,930,927 44,831,420 1,641,729

University Graduates

%

Female

No. % No.

Total

11.8 710,995 7.3 1,919,510

3.4 117,301 1.0 550,515

7.2 828,296 3.8 2,470,025

%

9.6

2.2

5.5

30



3.5 Economic Activities (population 15-years-and-older)

While the Census provides valuable information on economic activities, it is not possible, in the case of

Luxor, to answer perhaps the first question one might ask: how many individuals work in the tourism industry? That is simply because the Census does not provide such a category among the activities it lists. The only category that is clearly and beyond doubt is tourism-related is “Hotels and Restaurants”.

Needless to say, however, that among those working in “Transportation”, for example, there is a certain portion who work in “touristic transportation” and should thus be included among the tourism industry.

This also applies to other activities such as “Trade” and “Services” where a certain percentage must be working in bazaars and other tourism-related activities and outlets. Nonetheless, some important indicators can still be derived.

Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.

3.5.1 Luxor Study Area Level

The total number of population of 15-years-and-older who were engaged in economic activities amounted to 87,845 persons. “Agriculture and Fishing” represented the first major employer, accounting for 21,185 persons (24%), followed by “Construction” (12,825 person, 14.6%), “Public Administration and

Defense” (11,663 persons, 13.3%), “Education” (8,456 persons, 9.6%), “Transportation, Storage and

Communications” (7,993 persons, 9.1%), “Trade” (5,766 persons, 6.5%) and finally “Hotels and

Restaurants” (4,437 persons, 5%).

Population by Major Economic Activity

Luxor City

Others

Trade

Education

Agriculture &

Fishing

Construction

Public Admin. &

Defense

Hotels & Resaurants

Transportation &

Comm.

3.5.2 Luxor City Level

The total number of population of 15-years-and-older who were engaged in economic activities amounted to 42,226 persons. The city clearly represents the administrative capital of the Luxor Study Area with

17.5% of this figure (7,399 persons) working in “Public Administration and Defense”. “Transportation,

Storage and Communications” represents the second major employer in the city with 5,138 persons

(12.2%) working in this activity. This is a clear indication on the impact of the tourism activity. The remaining activities rank as follows: “Education” (4,832 persons, 11.4%), “Trade” (4,379 persons,

31



10.4%), “Construction” (3,830 person, 9%),“Hotels and Restaurants” (3,601 persons, 8.5%) and finally

“Agriculture and Fishing” (3,582 persons, 8.5%).

Population by Major Economic Activity Luxor

M a r k a z

Trade

Education

Transportation &

Comm.

Hotels & Resaurants

Public Admin. &

Defense

Others

Construction

Agriculture & Fishing

3.5.3 Luxor Markhaz Level

The total population of 15-years-and-older engaged in economic activities amounted to 45,579 persons.

Whereas tourism may be a vital economic generator in the area, figures indicate clearly an equally important role for “Agriculture and Fishing” with 17,603 persons work in this field, representing 41.6% of economically active population. The remainder of economic activities rank as follows: “Construction”

(8,995 persons, 19.7%), “Public Administration and Defense” (4,264 persons, 9.3%), “Education” (3,624 persons, 8%), “Transportation, Storage and Communications” (2,855 persons, 6.2%), “Trade” (1,387 persons, 3%) and finally “Hotels and Restaurants” (836 persons, 1.8%).

The comparison of statistics between the City and Markhaz indicate a clear lack of tourism amenities and facilities outside the City of Luxor, if only indicated by the number and percentage of workers in “Hotels and Restaurants”. Further, the number and percentage of “Education” staff, when compared to total number of population, indicate a lack of such facilities in the Markhaz.

Table 15: % Distribution of Population by Major Economic Activity (15-years -and-older)

Major Economic

Activity

Luxor Egypt

City Markhaz Total

Agriculture & Fishing No. 3,582 17,603 21,185

Urban

558,136

Rural

4,322,735

Total

4,880,871

Industries

%

No.

%

8.5

2,461

5.8

41.6

2,215

4.8

24

4,676

5.3

7.6

1,383,379

18.9

51.1

794,058

9.4

30.9

2,177,437

13.8

Construction

Trade

Transportation &

Comm.

Public Admin. &

Defense

No.

%

%

%

%

3,830

9

No. 4,379

10.4

Hotels & Restaurants No. 3,601

% 8.5

No. 5,138

12.2

No. 7,399

17.5

8,995

19.7

1,387

3

836

1.8

2,855

6.2

4,264

9.3

12,825 759,670 523,110 1,282,780

14.6 10.4 6.2 8.1

5,766 1,019,993 413,189 1,433,182

6.5 13.9 4.9 9.1

4,437 156,277

5 2.1

49,575

0.6

7,993 574,889 341,606

205,852

1.3

916,495

9.1

11,663

13.3

7.9

877,933

12

4

655,022

7.7

5.8

1,532,955

9.7

32

Major Economic

Activity

Education

Total economically active population


Luxor



Egypt

City Markhaz Total

No. 4,832

% 11.4

3,624

8

8,458

9.6

Urban

835,032

11.4

Rural

675,924

8

Total

1,510,956

9.6

No. 42,226 45,579 87,845 7,313,237 8,454,978 15,768,215

27.5 22 24.3 29 24.8 26.6

3.6 Household Size

4

The total number of households in the City and Markhaz of Luxor was 34,588 and 43,889, respectively.

The average household size was, therefore, 4.38 in the City of Luxor and 4.7 in the Markhaz. The average household size at the Luxor Study Area level was 4.57, which is slightly lower than the national average (at 4.64).

Table 16: Population and households

Luxor

National totals

No. of Members of households

78,445 household

358,294

Population

360,503

12,722,974 88,786,908 59,272,382

Table 17: Pop. Distribution by marital status

Population 18 years and older, and men 16 years and older

Luxor

Total

211741

Single

34546017

59163

Married

134789

Divorced

2649

Widow

9614483 21121579 290033

13999

2168513 National totals

4 These figures exclude residents of “public places”.

33



Table 18: Distribution of Population by age group

Luxor

National totals

Age Group

0-6

54455

8937224

6-10

34139

5421321

10-15

38968

6365331

15-60

213633

35511279

60 plus

19308

3037227 tot pop

360503

59272382

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o p u l a t i o n b y a g e

0-6

6-10

10-15

15-60

60 plus

Luxor

Distribution of Population by age -group

0-6 15.11%

6-10

10-15

15-60

60 plus tot pop

9.47%

10.81%

59.26%

5.36%

360,503.00

Table 19: Population distribution by households

No. of Households In private residencies In public housing

Luxor

Totals Male

78445 184583 female Male

175920

National totals

5899067

Luxor

Percentage in Private households:

Percentage in Public households:

183653

Female Totals male

174641

99.39%

0.61%

358294

30135943 28850965 58986908

930

194861 female

1279

90613

Totals

2209

285474

34



Table 20: Distribution of building by building ownership

National totals Government Public

Luxor

National totals

Luxor

Ownership of buildings

Government

Public

Private

Other

82779

9425210

2.77%

0.07%

97.11%

0.04%

2294

9425210

62

Private

9425210

80389

Other

9425210

34

9425210

Table 21: Distribution by building types

Luxor

National totals

Totals

82779

Apart.

16003

9425210 3989231

Village

57780

4501713

Villa

91

Work place Kiosk, Tent other

2603 821

50374 386622 138096

4481

358174

D i s t r i b u t i o n b y b u i l d i n g t y p e s

A p a r t m e n t s

V i l l a g e

V i l l a

W o r k p l a c e

K i o s k , T e n t other

Luxor

Distribution by building types

Apartments 19.33%

Village

Villa

69.80%

0.11%

35



Work place

Kiosk, Tent

Other

3.14%

0.99%

5.41%

Table 22: Distribution of buildings by type

Total Total number of units

82779 111917

Total number of buildings

61051

One floor or more

707

Apart.

36618

One unit or more

422

One boutique or more

12433

Others with

Garages

686 Luxor

National totals

9425210 18841471

Luxor

Distribution of buildings by type

Total number of units

Total number of buildings

One floor or more of one party

Apartment

One unit or more

One boutique or more

Others including Garages

5296566 426819 9713340

135.20%

54.55%

0.85%

44.24%

0.51%

15.02%

0.83%

833690 2323783 247273

Table 23: Distribution by building use

Luxor

National totals

Totals

82779

9425210

Residence Work

56488

7437762

3237 and work

835

465779

Residence

146682

Abandoned other

19912

996439

2307

378548

36



D i s t r i b u t i o n b y b u i l d i n g u s e

Residence

W o r k

Residence and w o r k

Abandoned other

Luxor

Distribution by building use

Residence

Work

Residence and work

Abandoned

Other

68.24%

3.91%

1.01%

24.05%

2.79%

Table 24: Building distribution by connection to the network

Luxor

National totals

No. of buildings Public network Other

82779

9425210

Luxor

Building distribution by connection to the network

Public network 51.37%

Other 23.43% without water 36.59%

42524

5064762

9963

Without water

30292

1577520 2782928

37



Table 25: Distribution of households by means to lighting

Luxor

National totals

No. of

Households

78445

12942585

Electricity

76336

12395820

Luxor

Distribution of households by means to lighting

Electricity 97.31%

Kerosene gas

2.09%

0.26%

Kerosene

1598

525548 gas

206

7540 other

305

13677

Table 26: Distribution of households by water access

Luxor

National totals

No. of Access to Access to other Totals Water well other totals househol ds

78445 water within the unit

36611 water within the building

12028 pump

4474 53113 17046 781 7505 25332

12723074 7886786 1458274 1122994 10468054 2052530 30569 171821 2254920

Distribution of households by water access

Access to water within the unit

Access to water within the building other

National totals water pump well other

38



Luxor

Distribution of households by water access

Access to water within the unit

Access to water within the building

Other

National totals

Water pump

Well

Other

National totals

46.67%

15.33%

5.70%

67.71%

21.73%

1.00%

9.57%

32.29%

Table 27: Distribution of households by electric, gas, and sewer

Luxor

Electricity Sewer Public Gas

No. of buildings public network

82779 63205 other nonexist ent

4578 14996

Public network

6017 other

56386 nonexist ent

20376 access Without access

0 82779

9352803 7503073 685329 1164401 2054936 5902847 1395020 121646 9231157 National totals

Luxor

Distribution of households by electric, gas, and sewer

Public network 76.35%

Other

Nonexistent

Public network

5.53%

18.12%

7.27%

Other

Nonexistent

Access

Without access

68.12%

24.61%

0.00%

100.00%

3.7 Health services

There are two (2) hospitals in Luxor City and Markhaz. These two hospitals are supported by several smaller health service providers. The information regarding the number of beds and pharmacies indicates that there is a dire need for improved medical facilities, equipment and service in Luxor.

Table 28: Hospitals and Health Facilities in Luxor City

Location Hospital s

Luxor City 2

Physicia n

189

Dentists Pharmac

28 y

9

Nurse s

158

Technician s

256

Beds Ambulance

Cars

170 20

39



Table 29: Health Units and Health Facilities in Luxor City and Markhaz

Location

Luxor City

El Ashi

El Zenyia

El

Boughdadi

El Aqualeta

El Edessat

Kamoula

El Toad

El Dabyia

Total

Health

Units

26

1

3

2

2

1

3

1

0

39

Physicia n

112

1

3

3

4

2

2

1

0

128

Dentists Pharmac

10 y

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

11

0

0

0

0

0

0

Nurse s

0

1

5

4

6

2

3

2

0

23

Technician s

0

1

3

2

5

6

6

3

0

26

Table 30: Health Groups and Health Facilities in Luxor City and Markhaz

Location

Luxor City

El Ashi

El Zenyia

Total

Health

Groups

11

1

1

13

Physicia n

12

3

3

18

Dentists Pharmac y

0 0

1

1

2

0

0

0

Nurse s

0

3

2

5

Technician s

0

3

9

12

Table 31: Clinics in Luxor City and Markhaz

Location Private

Luxor City

Baiadyia City

El Ashi

El Zenyia

El Boughdadi

El Aqualeta

El Edessat

Kamoula

El Toad

El Dabyia

Total

Public

(Governmenta l)

1

1

2

4

2

3

2

0

2

1

18

152

6

1

1

4

6

7

2

0

4

183

Table 32: Blood Banks in Luxor City

Beds Ambulance

0

Cars

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

Beds Ambulance

Cars

0 0

20

12

32

1

2

3

40



Location

Luxor City

Numbers

2

Table 33: Pharmacies in Luxor City and Markhaz

Location

Luxor City

Baiadyia City

El Ashi

El Zenyia

El Boughdadi

El Aqualeta

El Edessat

Kamoula

El Toad

El Dabyia

Total

Public

(Governmenta l)

3

Numbers

Private

129

1

2

4

2

4

1

3

2

1

4

5

3

0

1

0

17

1

1

3

153

Table 34: Ambulance Centers in Luxor City and Markhaz

Location

Luxor City

Baiadyia City

El Ashi

El Zenyia

El Boughdadi

El Aqualeta

El Edessat

Kamoula

El Toad

El Dabyia

Total

Numbers

Centers

1

1

0

Cars

12

3

0

1

0

0

1

0

2

0

0

2

0

0

0

4

0

0

19

41



Annex 4: Environmental Profile for the City of Luxor

To evaluate which areas are most to least vulnerable for future growth and development, the consultants reviewed site information and natural site resource systems to determine significant impacts on any proposed plan and uses. The site information was based on satellite information to inventory existing resources i.e., geology (soils, rock, slop, aspect), drainage, wadi deposits, elevations, flood plains, vegetation cover, agricultural areas, reclaimed areas and climate. From this information we determined which areas are suitable for development and which areas pose a risk for development.

The Luxor Study Area which includes the City of Luxor and the outlying rural communities is part of the

Nile Valley bounded to the East by the eastern desert and to the West by the western desert, with the Nile

River bisecting the east and West Banks of Luxor. The total area of the Study Area is 227 square kilometers, with the city occupying an area 2,650 hectares.

The River Nile bends towards the Northeast and continues in this direction until the river is about 150 km north of Luxor City. The ground levels of Luxor rise from the River Nile to the eastern and western desserts. The elevation of Luxor City ranges between 67.4 meters to 85.4 meters above sea level. The average slope of the lands east of the river Nile to the eastern desert is between 3.5 meters and 6.5 meters per kilometer, whereas on the western side, the 400-meter Theban high hills limit the narrow western valley.

4.1 Hydrology

The Nile River Valley is wide on the eastern side and very narrow on the western side. The width of the whole valley close to Luxor is about 10 km.

The eastern desert, the area east of the Luxor valley is a rough terrain area with continuous plateau where different erosion factors shaped the area with desert tables. The area is characterized by the existence of different wadis and flash flood zones. The major wadis in the east pass close to Al Bayadiya and

Menshat Al Amary and Madamud Village .

In the eastern region, floods occur that differ in intensity with the rainfall and the drainage area of the wadi. From the hydrological studies of the area, the wadi that is close to Madamud is considered a large wadi where a high intensity flood could occur in a high intensity rainfall.

The western desert, the area close to Luxor City is a high plateau type that slopes to the West and the

East. The plateau is very dry with little water drainage.

The subsurface conditions are typified by two kinds of soils. The first is river deposit soils, which were deposited during the Nile river flooding seasons. This soil is heavy and clayey or medium silt soil. The second is sandy dessert soils that represents the area close to the eastern desert. This type of soil is either sandy or considerably sandy soil, with light clayey soils overlying certain areas. The groundwater is relatively high, about 2 meters below ground surface near the river; however, in outlying areas the groundwater is relatively deep beneath the surface.

Physically the east side of Luxor is a fairly contiguous area. The main Cairo-Aswan railroad runs through the city and the Cairo-Aswan highway also runs along the eastern edge of the city, with the Kalabeya canal defining the eastern boundary of the built city.

42



4.2 Groundwater:

Because of the nature of the water-bearing strata, the acquifer systems in the study area can be classified in two main categories: the alluvial sand and the gravel sediments of the Nile valley which constitutes a shallow acquifer system with a very high potential for water supply, and the Nubian sandstone which constitutes the only significant acquifer system in the western desert area. The main acquifer consists of coarse sand and gravel deposited.

The groundwater is generally found between 2 and 7 meters below the ground level. Fluctuation in ground water can be attributed to the main irrigation system. The main groundwater flow direction is towards the Nile on both sides, the longitudinal gradient is rather modest .

4.3 Surface water and acquifers

The Nile at Luxor is not considered particularly polluted. The most serious source of pollution on the

Nile emanates from the Study Area is the raw sewage coming from the many tourist cruising boats. At times such sewage is equivalent to that produced by a town of 15,000 persons. Although a scheme for pumping out the ships’ wastewater for disposal into the city sewers running along the Corniche was installed as part of the Corniche project funded by the World Bank, it is only now becoming operational.

Other than the Nile, surface water bodies in the Study Area are limited to irrigation canals and drains.

The drains and sometimes even the canals are used by inhabitants for dumping solid waste and dead animals. In addition the drains contain the run-off from agricultural fields, which contain fertilizers and pesticides. There are no studies conducted on measuring the pollution in the irrigation canals.

The quality of groundwater in the Study Area is an important issue, since most rural settlements still use shallow tube wells as the main source of drinking water. Such groundwater is known to have considerably high levels of salinity, and wells that produce soft water are highly prized.

The groundwater is relatively high near the city of Luxor. With the high level of salinity the groundwater has in the past caused deterioration of the monuments. With increased agricultural production the salinity in the soil will need to be carefully monitored.

Irrigation raises the water table, and the sugar cane which is grown on lands near the monuments require substantial irrigation. The heavy irrigation combined with a lack of sewerage system in areas of Luxor

City around the monuments could contribute to a high water table. The problem would be further aggravated by the high level of salinity (from irrigation) which damage the monument foundations.

4.4 Climate

The climate of the area is the result of the interaction of major air streams and their associated characteristics and radiation pattern and physical features of the locality. Luxor lies in a desert climate with significant temperature differences between day and night, and very little rainfall, with the exception of some major rain storms on the eastern mountains during the unstable season (March, April, October and November) which results in floods. During the summer and the winter the weather is stable, whereas during the spring and autumn the weather is unstable with sand storms and sometimes rainstorms.

43



Table 35: Climatological data

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

Sept

October

November

December

TOTAL

ANNUAL

ANNUAL

MEAN

Temp.

Celsius

Min

5.4

6.8

10.7

15.7

20.7

22.6

23.6

23.5

21.5

17.8

12.3

7.7

0.11

Rainfall

(mm)

Max. monthly

23

25.4

29

0

.2

0

34.8

39.3

40.7

40.7

41

38.5

35.1

29.6

24.8 .1

0.5

0

0

0

.1

0

.1

0

0

Evaporation

(mm)

5.1

6.5

9.3

13.3

16.6

17.7

17.7

17.5

14.3

10.1

7.1

5.3

140.5

Humidity

%

52

42

34

26

32

39

47

26

22

22

24

53

Sky cover

%

.7

.9

1.1

.5

.1

.2

.9

.9

1

.1

.2

1.1

0.23 0.0 0.08 0.24 0.0

4.5 Geology And Soils

The Nile began to form its valley very late in geological history. The River Nile cuts its way through the rocks of the Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene periods. During the 4 th

river system, the pre-Nile river carried with its waters sediments that were very uniform and consisted mainly of sands, following this period came the 5th river system, the Neoniule, where the deposits consisted of silts and clays.

The Nile valley is carved in alterations of shale and limestone. Recent deposits consisting of clays and silts are some 15m in thickness close to the River Nile at Luxor, and thinning as one proceeds east and west from the river, eventually yielding to sand and gravel layers on the grounds surface.

At a depth varying between 15 to 75 meters late alluvial sand and gravel deposits occur. Thickness of these deposits decrease to the east and west allowing the limestone plateau to appear at a depth exceeding

75 meters and down several hundreds meters to the bottom level of this series, shale and limestone are found.

In a study conducted by Camp Dresser Mckee, 64 boreholes along the pipeline and sewer routes of the city of Luxor were drilled. The results of this test shows that the first meter and a half is general fill composed of silty clay with stone fragments and red bricks. At areas close to the antiquities, the fill reaches about 5 meters. Following the top layer the soil is cohesive silt and clay, with variable consistency. The depth of this layer is 10 to 13 meters. Below the cohesive soils, granular sandy soils were also found. The depth to water level ranges from 2.7 meters to approximately 5.5 meters.

Far from the river (east of Luxor railway), the results indicate that the top 1 meter is fill consisting of silt.

The following 4 meters is silty and clayey soils. Granular sandy soil lies below the cohesive soil. Surface water resources originate from the river Nile and include the main stream and canals and drains.

44



The flow of the Nile is between 80m3/d during the month of Jan and up to 150m3/d during July and

August.

The irrigation system on the east bank is basically fed by the Kalabeya canal which is fed by the Nile upstream at Esna. On the West Bank, the Asfun canal supports irrigation for agriculture. These canals flow through a network of secondary and tertiary canals which support farms from Esna in the South to

Qena in the North. The network of canals also carries drainage and wastewater to a main drain and back again to the Nile.

The Luxor wastewater is pumped to a wastewater treatment plant that discharges the effluent for unofficial reuse. At present there is no alternative route other than farms. However, the water is only needed for irrigation about 10 months of the year. For the remaining 2 months, the wastewater is neither accepted for irrigation nor provided another disposal route, so it is simply ponded at the outlet of the treatment plant causing a flooding situation. Thus a 714 hectares desert irrigation area has been proposed by USAID, to put the treated wastewater to productive uses in this 2 month-off season.

4.6 Terrestrial ecology

4.6.1 Flora

The agricultural land is cultivated mainly with sugar cane and some fruits and vegetables. Corn, wheat, alfalfa, sesame and clover are some of the field crops that are cultivated in Luxor. Beans, tomatoes, citrus and grapes are among some of the legumes and fruits also grown.

4.6.2 Fauna

The terrestrial habitat supports invertebrate fauna which include insects and arachnids and vertebrates such as birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles

4.6.3 Aquatic ecology

During recent decades the Nile ecosystem has been subjected to stresses that led to significant changes in the physio-chemical properties of the water and consequently affected the biological ecosystem. During the building of the High-dam in the mid-1960s, the presence of large impoundment’s and pollution of water by domestic industrial and agricultural waste are most important factors affecting the Nile river ecology and biodiversity.

4.6.4 Future Development

The development of agriculture on the east bank will positively impact the land use of the arid land.

Water conveyance and collection, if placed underground following existing roads, will result in no change in land loss. Existing pump stations can be used with the addition of new pump station to serve the new towns. However, irrigation will raise the water table and may have some impact on antiquities.

Collected wastewater should be reused after being treated for agricultural use; however for health purposes a water management plan and health precautions and public awareness campaigns need to be put in place.

4.6.5 Pollution

Luxor has very low levels of natural or industrial pollution. The city is considered the lowest in airborne dust and the second lowest in fog potential in Egypt.

45



A review of the industrial/commercial activities (listed below) does not identify any major source of industrial air pollutants, although the large sugar factory at Armant, some 25 miles from Luxor City, can cause air pollution when the wind blows from the South. Effluent from the sugar factory pollutes the

Nile.

List of primary industrial activities:

•

Alabaster and Marble

•

Bakery

•

Black Smith

•

Car Repair (Electrical and Mechanical)

•

Carbonated Water Supply

•

Carpets

•

Casting

•

Cement Bricks

•

Ceramics

•

Confectioneries

•

Electric Machine Repair

•

Glass

•

Metal Forming

•

Motorcycle Repair

•

Painting

•

Plastic Bags

•

Publishing

•

Welding

Because the average surface wind is low, the pollution that is generated will not always disperse rapidly.

This can be a problem in certain micro-zones, such as along the Nile, where the Nile cruise ships dock by the shore. These ships must rely on their own diesel generators to produce enough power especially for air conditioning. At times of low wind, the exhaust from the cruise ships collects along the Corniche.

Along the streets of Luxor, vehicles kick up fine dust and particles of horse droppings, although this has been dramatically improved by the steps taken in Luxor to collect the droppings.

Infrequent dust storms, especially during the spring months can cause considerable particulate pollution.

The microclimate of the West Bank desert fringe causes frequent dust, raising evening winds.

4.6.6 Solid waste

Solid waste is a major problem in the canals. Also east of Luxor City in the low dessert, building rubble and construction waster are dumped indiscriminately. Incidental garbage, building rubble, and plastics along rural and touristic roads contribute to visual pollution.

In Luxor City solid waste is collected by the HCLC and agreements with private companies, and in particular antiquities areas, where the SCA collects and disposes of waste.

4.6.7 Regulatory Framework

Prime Minister Decree No. 338 for the year 1995 sets forth the regulatory framework governing both air quality and noise pollution. A list of installations subject to the provisions on evaluation of environmental assessment is provided in Article 34 of the Decree. All infrastructure projects are

46


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents included. Projects to be sited on the banks of the Nile, its branches, the feeders, main canals or in tourist and monument areas are subject to this law.

Article 41 mentions that all excavation shall take precaution to store and transport material in a safe way.

While Luxor is free of air pollution, the surface wind is low. Since no air quality program has been set up in Luxor, no baseline information is available. The industries and industrial potential for Luxor do not constitute any air pollutants in the area. A number of industrial facilities come under the control of Law

#4 of 1994, requiring air quality emissions permit the following: limestone, sand, gravel quarry on the east and West Bank of the river; and alabaster rocks and cement brick on the West Bank.

As the number of planes, ships and automobile increases, so too will the level of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and lead concentrations. These need to be addressed in evaluating future projects.

Water resources

•

Decree No. 108/1995 defines the standard and specification for drinking water

•

Decree No. 338/1995, forbids drainage into the Nile river.

•

Decree No. 08/1983, protects potable and nonpotable waters.

•

Decree No. 649/1962, dictates the standards for liquid discharges into the river and public drainages.

Environmental Assessment and Impact Outline

Any future project carried out in Luxor must consider the impact of the project against the following four categories:

•

Aesthetic and cultural

•

Physical Environment (including land, water and air)

•

Environment Impact

•

Socio-economic (Human services)

Aesthetic and Cultural

Luxor is an internationally recognized archaeological site, and accordingly engineering and archaeological controls have to be implemented to minimize negative impact on the monuments and their settings.

Archaeological impact:

Any new project might uncover historic artifacts. Studies and tests should be carried out in the process of planning and excavating sites.

Physical Environment

Construction and development of projects must evaluate the impact on:

•

Climate

•

Geology

•

Hydrology

•

Air quality and noise

•

Water supply and quality

•

Terrestrial ecology

•

Aquatic ecology

•

Solid and Hazardous wastes

47



The evaluation process must review the impact of development vis-à-vis preparation of site, transportation of materials, handling of material and storage, demolition, construction, operation and maintenance and disposal. The environmental assessment must also calculate the short and long-term impact against the above listed indicators

Socio-economic Impacts

Luxor’s unique archaeological stature must also be weighed against the development of its human capital.

Therefore new projects must carefully analyze the impact on:

•

Demographic and migration impact

•

Economic and employment

•

Tour ism

•

Industry

•

Agriculture

•

Education

•

Transportation, telecommunications

Environmental Impact

Water conservation practices in urban settlements and hotels must be developed and enforced. In addition, alternative sources of energy, such as solar energy must likewise be considered in the development of new projects.

4.7 Environmental Resources Figures

48

F IGURE 1: G EOLOGIC M AP OF L UXOR A REA



49

F IGURE 2: S LOPE OF L UXOR A REA



50

F IGURE 3: S HADE RELIEF OF L UXOR AREA



51

F IGURE 4: E LEVATION OF L UXOR AREA



52

F IGURE 5: W ATERSHED OF L UXOR AREA



53

F IGURE 6: S OIL MAP OF L UXOR AREA



54

F IGURE 7: A SPECT OF L UXOR AREA



55

F IGURE 8: L ANDSAT IMAGE OF L UXOR AREA



56

F IGURE 9: G EOLOGIC MAP OF L UXOR A REA



57



Annex 5: 1996 Utility Improvement Report Excerpts

The Material in Annex 5 has been excerpted from pages 1-1 through 1-33 of the 1996 Institutional

Development Services for Secondary Cities Project in Egypt “Assessment Report for Luxor City”, prepared and submitted by Chemonics International inc. in association with Camp Dresser & McKee

International, Inc. to the US Agency for International Development, Cairo, Egypt.

The figures and tables of the excerpt, and references to them, have been renumbered to be consistent with

Volume 2: Supplementary Documents of the Final Structure Plan Report.

5.1 Project Setting

The report presents the Environmental Assessment (EA) for the Secondary Cities Project activities in

Luxor on the east bank of the River Nile.

5.1.1 Location

Luxor is a small city of tremendous archaeological importance on the east bank of the River Nile in Upper

Egypt, 520 km by air south of Cairo ( Figure 10 ). The city lies at 250 40' North Latitude and 32' 42' East

Longitude. The total area of the city is around 12.650 hectares with an average ground level of about 80 m above mean sea level.

5.1.2 Purpose

The purpose of the project is to rehabilitate and expand the Luxor systems for water distribution and for wastewater collection, treatment and disposal.

The proposed water supply improvements include expansion of the water distribution system, including additional storage tanks. The locations of these activities are shown in Figure 11 .

The proposed wastewater facilities and improvements include: a) Construction of a new wastewater stabilization pond treatment plant including facilities for effluent disposal, b) c)

Rehabilitation of the existing wastewater treatment plant, and

Expansion of the wastewater service system, including installation of new wastewater pump stations and force mains, as required.

The locations of Activities (a), (b), and (c) above are shown in Figure 12 .

The purpose of this report is to identify and predict the environmental consequences of these activities and to assist in planning appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring programs to reduce the adverse effects and maximize the environmental benefits.

5.1.3 Stage in Planning Process

This EA forms part of the Secondary Cities Project ED/CM contract that was executed in June 1995 between the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Camp Dresser and

McKee International Inc. (CDM).

Background

58



USAID is funding the Secondary Cities Project to assist the Government of Egypt (GOE) to expand and develop sustainable and replicable water and wastewater systems and services in selected urban centers in

Egypt. Since 1977, the GOE and USAID have collaborated in expansion and upgrading of water and wastewater facilities in Egypt, principally in Cairo, Alexandria, and the three Suez Canal cities (Suez,

Ismailia, and Port Said). The National Organization of Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage

(NOPWASD) has a backlog of more than 200 of Egypt's other, generally smaller, cities that have requested assistance to construct new water and wastewater treatment facilities and networks, or to expand and rehabilitate existing facilities. NOPWASD has in turn sought USAID assistance in meeting these requests.

59

F IGURE 10: L UXOR L OCATION



60

F IGURE 11: L UXOR W ATER S YSTEM S ERVICE A REA



61

F IGURE 12: L UXOR S EWERAGE S YSTEM C OMPONENTS



62



Experience indicates that appropriate policy and institutional reforms must be implemented to ensure the sustainability of such projects, once constructed. Therefore, USAID is pursuing structural changes to utilities that will enable the GOE to establish locally funded and locally controlled water and wastewater facilities, financially supported by adequate tariffs.

The Secondary Cities Project is being developed to assist the GOE in amplifying such reform efforts. For the cities concerned it is full-scale implementation of needed facilities: for Egypt as a whole it may be viewed as a pilot or demonstration project, in its institutional reform aspects. Therefore of the more than

200 cities requesting aid, seven had been selected in part because of their diversity ranging from

Mansoura, a large city in the agricultural/industrial delta to Nuweiba, a small Sinai town with increasing foreign tourism to Nasser City, an Upper Egypt township of villages relocated more than 30 years ago from the rising waters of Lake Nasser.

Background data and information for the Secondary Cities Project were gathered and reported in a project paper whose objectives were to: a) Analyze the feasibility of water and wastewater projects and sustainable institutio nal arrangements; b) c) d)

Define the policy constraints and recommended strategies for reform;

Refine the estimated levels of assistance required;

Explore implementation options; and

Identify the environmental consequences of site selection. e)

That project paper completed in March 1994, constitutes the point of departure for the current design phase of the Secondary Cities Project, for Luxor and the other six cities of the Project. This report, the environmental assessment of the Luxor city water and wastewater interventions, likewise begins from information presented in the project paper of 1994, amplified by a more detailed examination of existing data and interviews with citizens and professionals involved with the project.

Relationship to Other Documents and Projects

This EA fulfills a part of the Secondary Cities Engineering Design and Construction Management

(ED/CM) contract. A Basis of Design Report is concurrently in preparation. Supported by the EA and by a Report on the Luxor Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation needs. The Basis of Design Report will lead to final design facilities.

In parallel with this ED/CM contract for Luxor is an Institutional Support Project for Luxor, under a separate contract.

5.1.4 Summary of USAID and Host Country's Environmental Procedures

The project is implemented under the supervision of the National Organization of Potable Water and

Sanitary Drainage (NOPWASD) representing the Government of Egypt (GOE) and the United States

Agency for International Development (USAID).

Egypt is in the process of establishing a strong commitment to the preservation of the environment. An environmental assessment is required to satisfy the comprehensive body of regulations that have been developed to protect the Egyptian environment based on Law 4 for the Year 1994.

In addition to meeting the Egyptian regulations, the USAID environmental procedures embodied in 22

CFR 216 "Environmental Procedures" must be satisfied. These Egyptian and USAID regulations are discussed in the following sub-sections.

63



USAID Environmental Procedures

USAID's environmental procedures are found in 22 CFR Part 216 and are further explained in the

Agency's Handbook 3, Appendix 2D. These procedures are consistent with Executive Order 12114, issued January 4, 1979 entitled "Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions" and the purposes of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970. These guidelines which were adopted in

1976 and revised in 1980 formalize the agency's commitment to environmental considerations during the decision-making process leading to implementation or rejection of a project. Within the process, reasonably foreseeable environmental impacts are identified, and alternatives or mitigating measures are recommended.

For projects failing in various classes of actions (Sect.216.2.d), including potable water and sewerage projects other than those that are of small scale either an Environmental Assessment (EA) or

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) will be required (Sect. 216.2.d.l.xi). Thus, either an EA or an EIS would be required for the water supply and wastewater measures proposed for Luxor under this project.

An EA is defined as "a detailed study of the reasonably foreseeable significant effects. Both beneficial and adverse of a proposed action on the environment of a foreign country or countries" (Sect. 216.1.c.4).

It must be prepared when an EIS is deemed unnecessary according to the criteria in Sect. 216.7.

An EIS is defined as "a detailed study of the reasonably foreseeable environmental impacts, both positive and negative, of a proposed AID action and its reasonable alternatives on the United States, the global environment or areas outside the jurisdiction of any nation as described in Sect. 216.7 of the procedures

"(Sect. 216.1.c.5). It must be prepared when "agency actions significantly affect.... (1) the global environment or areas outside the jurisdiction of any nation (e.g., the oceans); (2) the environment of the

United States; or (3) other aspects of the environment at the discretion of the Administrator" (Sect.

216.7.a). In the case of (1) and (3) above, an EIS ... "will generally follow the President's Council on

Environmental Quality (CEO) Regulations, but will take into account the special considerations and concerns of AID."

In June 1994 a Positive Threshold Decision was issued for all of the cities of the Secondary Cities Project, and this document identified the necessity for the preparation of this EA.

64



Table 36: Summary of USAID Environmental Procedure

USAID Environmental

Procedures

Description of Environmental

Procedures

Remarks

1. Initial Environmental

Examination

First review of the reasonably foreseeable effects of a proposed action on the environment.

Not required for activities identified in 216.2(d), the category of this project

2. Threshold Decision

3. Negative Declaration

A formal agency decision which determines whether a proposed agency action is a major action affecting the environment.

Declaration in writing that the agency will not develop an EA or an EIS regarding an action found to have an effect on the environment.

Required for the secondary cities project new interventions in Luxor City

No negative declaration was made for Luxor

4. Scope of the EA or EIS

5. Preparation of the EA or

EIS

6. Monitoring

Identification of the significant issues relating to the proposed action and determination of the key issues to be addressed in the EA or EIS. Expert consultation, public and private installations, and host governments should participate in the scoping.

A detailed study of the reasonably foreseeable significant impacts, both beneficial and adverse, of a proposal action on the environment

Written statements covering the environmental key issues

Review and approval by the

Bureau Environmental Officer,

(BEO)

Report covering the study is required.

BEO review and approval is requested

Environmental monitoring is an integral part of the EA or EIS and the project implementation to the same extent as other aspects of the project.

EA or EI should include a monitoring program

7. Revisions In the case of major changes in the scope of work or nature of the project during its implementation, the Negative

Declaration will be reviewed, and the above procedures carried out again.

Supplements to the EA or EIS will be required and BEO review and approval is required.

65



Egyptian Environmental Legislation

Law 4 for the year 1994 entitled "Promulgating the Law on the Environment" and its Executive

Regulations, the Prime Ministerial Decree No. 338 for the Year 1995, set forth the overall framework for protection of the environment. Under the law, installations or establishments that are subject to the provisions on evaluation of the environmental impact assessments are determined according to the type of the establishment’s activity; the extent of the establishment's exhaustion of natural resources, especially waters, agricultural lands, and mineral wealth: the site of the establishment; and the type of power used in operating the establishment. The proposed water supply and wastewater facilities are under these controls.

Law No. 4/94 requires the preparation of an environmental impact assessment with the application for license for a project. The owner of the establishment -according to the provision of this law -- shall attach to his application a statement describing the establishment, comprising the data included in the form to be prepared by the environmental affairs agency. In addition the owner shall monitor and record the impact of the project's activity on the environment.

Law No. 4/94 establishes an agency for protection and development of environment which is called

"Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency". This agency replaces the agency which was established by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 631 of the year 1982, with all its rights and obligations.

A series of regulations have been issued by different ministries, which are applicable to the project facilities. These include:

Presidential Decree No. 3/1962 Concerning drainage of liquid wastes

Decree No. 649/1962

Decree No. 470/1971

Law No. 57/1978

Presidential Decree No. 631/1982

The executive regulations of Law No.93/1962

On the norms of atmospheric pollution in establishments and industrial subordinated units

On eliminating pools and swamps and prevention of digging works

Regarding establishing an Environmental Affairs Authority

Law No. 102/1982

Law No. 48/1982

Ministerial Decree No. 08/1983

Decree No. 09/1988 at the Presidency of the Council of Ministers

Concerned with the establishment and management of

Egyptian protected natural areas

Protection of the River Nile and waterways from pollution

The executive regulations of Law 48/1982

Regarding the amendment of certain provisions of

Ministerial Committee organized under

Law No. 276/1994

Ministerial Decree No. 08/1983

Reuse of wastewater in irrigation

Decree No. 108/1995 Ministry of Health standards for drinking water

In addition to the above regulations, NOPWASD through the Water and Wastewater Institutional Support

Project (WWISP), had proposed water and wastewater standards. These standards are included in Final

Report No. CG11 entitled, "Environmental Standards for Potable Water and Wastewater Discharge", and

SR-9 entitled, "Environmental Code Enforcement Program."

5.2 Existing Facilities and Projected Conditions

The present population within the study area is estimated to be 152,500 persons (including 13,300 persons in Al Bayadiya village). This population figure is based on an estimated 2.65 percent annual growth rate

66



(population growth rate estimate provided by the Luxor Information Center), since the 1986 government census. By the year 2015, the population is expected to increase to about 257,300 persons (including

22,300 persons in Al Bayadiya village) and to about 334,200 persons (including a population of 29,000 in

Al Bayadiya village) by the year 2025. From the information on the existing water and wastewater system and using the population projections and demands to estimate future systems flows, an assessment of appropriate modifications to the present systems has been developed.

5.2.1 Water System

Existing Facilities and Conditions

Luxor obtains its raw water from the River Nile. The water is processed at two adjacent plants. The riverside plant constructed in 1929 has a capacity of 5,180 m

³

/d (60 lps). This plant uses a rapid sand filtration technology. At the site, there are also two package treatment units which were installed in 1983.

The package plants with a combined output of 5,180 m

³

/d (60 lps), require a substantially higher level of operational skills and maintenance attention. There is also an existing 300 m3 elevated steel water storage tank at the site.

A new 17,280 m

³/ d (200 lps) facility is under construction at the riverside plant, using clariflocculation and rapid sand filtration. This plant, designed by NOPWASD, should be operational by 1997.

5

The second plant, located just inland from the riverside facility, is a 17,280 m

³

/d (200 lps) plant constructed in 1983 using a chemically enhanced settling/rapid sand filtration design common in Egypt.

Pre-chlorination, alum, and final chlorination dosages are 3 mg/l, 18 mg/l and 1 mg/l, respectively. The plant was expanded to a capacity of 34,560 m

³

/d (400 lps) in 1994. In addition, a second extension to increase the plant capacity to 51,840 m

³

/d (600 lps) has been designed by NOPWASD and is presently under construction. This last phase will be operational in 1997. The table below presents a summary of the water supply data.

Table 37: Summary of Water Treatment Facilities

Facility

Old Plant

Packaged Plants

Location

Riverside

Riverside

Year 1995

Capacity, Lps

60

²

60

Year 2015

Capacity, Lps

Conventional Plant Riverside 200

Main Plant Cityside 400

¹ 600

Totals 520

Notes: 1: 17,280 m

³/d

(200 l/s) expansion is now on-line as part of plant commissioning.

800

2: This plant will be abandoned after the new 200 lps riverside plant is placed into service.

The general practice for disposal of washwater and sludge is to discharge it back to the River Nile. The new extension includes the construction of a washwater and sludge sedimentation tank from which the supernatant will be discharged back to the River Nile and the sludge will be pumped into the city sewer network.

Plant equipment is in very good condition, controls for pumps, valves and equipment all appear to operate well. The facility is equipped with a laboratory. Both plant sites contain shops and maintenance facilities. The plant site is surrounded by a wall and is bounded on three sides by residential buildings

5

The CDCL population projections are based on the 1996 national census, and its findings are included in table 1 of The Final

Structure Plan Volume I

67


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents which preclude further expansion of the site. Water from the Luxor plants is distributed to a system that supplies the entire Luxor region, including outlying villages. The existing water distribution system is shown in Figure 13 . The network was originally constructed in 1929 and since then the pipes have been replaced, upgraded and extended to feed the city and the region. According to plant staff, there are problems with low pressures throughout the system.

The water distribution system consists of approximately 360 km of steel, asbestos cement and galvanized steel pipes ranging in size from 50 mm to 600 mm. The system serves approximately 90 percent of houses and business through about 23,000 house connections. Residents of buildings not served by the distribution system obtain their water from public taps and hand pumps. Approximately 95 percent of water connections are metered: about 20 percent of these meters do not work properly.

There are two elevated tanks in Luxor City, one is 300m

³

and 32m high located at the old water treatment plant site. The second is to the east of the railway with a capacity of 1,000m

³

and 40m high. Problems of low pressure precluded the proper operation of the second tank.

A hydraulic investigation and a limited leakage study were conducted in Luxor to determine the system operation parameters for engineering input for rehabilitation and expansion of the water distribution system. The average pressure in the city water network was 15m while it was 35m at the delivery of the new water treatment plant and 27m at the delivery of the old water treatment plant. The leak detection survey covered about 17km of the city water mains, 35 leaks were found and the estimated leakage was

11.28 lps which represent an average of 0.66 lps/km. Over 80% of the leaks were found in the service connection.

The Luxor City High Council is responsible for operating the water supply and treatment facilities, main distribution system and the local distribution networks.

Water Demand Projections

Based on the projected 2015 and 2025 populations, a summary of the projected water demands are presented in. The existing water treatment facilities, combined with those presently under construction, will be sufficient to meet projected demands until about the year 2020, when additional facilities will be required.

Table 38: Summary of Projected Water Demands – m

³

/d

Category

Residential

Tourist

Commercial

Industrial

Institutional

Losses

TOTAL

City

26,432

5,490

3,192

2,554

2,235

7,981

47,884

Year 2015

Villages

10,135

608

507

709

2,392

14,351

Total

36,567

5,490

3,800

3,061

2,944

10,373

62,235

City

36,623

7,200

4,382

3,506

3,068

10,956

65,735

Year 2025

Villages

13,164

790

658

922

3,107

18,641

Total

49,787

7,200

5,172

4,164

3,990

14,063

84,376

68

F IGURE 13: L UXOR W ATER D ISTRIBUTION S YSTEM



69



5.2.2 Wastewater System

Existing Facilities and Conditions

Based on the present population, Luxor and surrounding villages served under this project generates approximately 21,640m³/d of raw sewage: 15,859m³/d from residential sources, 1,500m³/d from commercial sources, 1,200m³/d from industrial sources, and 1,110m³/d from governmental sources.

Groundwater infiltration is expected to be a factor, and an infiltration flow of approximately 1,970 m³/d, or 10 percent of the generated flow, has been assumed.

Based upon a feasibility study carried out in the early 1980's, the construction of the collection system for

Luxor has been divided into three phases. Phase 1 was completed in the mid-1980's, Phase 2 is currently under construction and is expected to be placed into service next year, and Phase 3 is the subject of this project.

Phase 1 wastewater system covers an area of about 310 hectares, and includes the original old city of

Luxor and old Karnak. Through this phase, around 24-km length of vitrified clay and PVC pipes, ranging in diameter from 175mm to 500mm, 12km force mains of diameters 350mm, 400mm, and 500mm and four pump stations (P.S. 1, P.S. 2, El Corniche and P.S. 3) were constructed.

Figure 8 shows the existing and proposed areas served and Figure 1-9 shows the locations of the existing and proposed pump stations.

The table below summarizes the existing pump station information. Phase 2 will provide sewer service to a large part of New Karnak and Al Awameya Island. Through this phase around 16 km of sewer lines ranging between 175 to 600mm diameter, five new pump stations and 10km of force mains of 250, 300,

400 and 700mm diameters, will be constructed. P.S. 1 and P.S. 2 will also be upgraded during this phase.

Information concerning the pump stations is summarized in the table below.

Table 39: Summary of Wastewater Pump Station Data

4

5

6

7

1

2

3

Pump Station

No. Location

P.S. No. 1

P.S. No. 2

P.S. No. 3

P.S. No. 4

P.S. No. 5

P.S. No. 6

P.S. No. 7

Number Of

Pumps

3

3

6

4

4

3

4

Capacity, lps

(Each)

120

100

150

40

60

40

60

Force Main

Dia. (Mm)

400

350

2x500 mm

300

400

250

400

Remarks

Disposal Location

P.S. No. 3

P.S. No. 3

WWTP

P.S. No. 3

P.S. No. 8

P.S. No. 8

P.S. No. 8

8

9

P.S. No. 8

El Cornish

6

2

200

100

700

350

WWTP

P.S. No. 1

A wastewater treatment plant serving Luxor is located to the south east of the city several kilometers away from the city approaching the edges of the desert. It is a biological secondary treatment plant of the high rate trickling filter type. The hydraulic design capacity of the plant is 13,000m

³

/d. The design BOD and suspended solids concentration in the wastewater was established as being 500mg/l and 600mg/l, respectively. The treatment plant site of 550m x 850m includes space to duplicate the existing facilities.

The construction work began in 1974 and the facilities were placed into service in June 1986. The wastewater treatment plant is comprised of the following units: mechanical screens, grit removal chambers, primary sedimentation basins, high rate trickling filter basins, final sedimentation basins,

70


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents sludge drying beds for primary sludge, sludge drying beds for secondary sludge and an effluent storage pit.

The plant is now at capacity; however, because of the daily variations in flows from the pump station, the plant experiences regular overloading at certain periods of the day. There are no as-constructed drawings or operations and maintenance manuals: however, preliminary calculations indicate that the facility should, if properly operated, be capable of providing secondary treatment to its design capacity. Plant hydraulics are poor, flow distribution is uneven, no chemicals are used to promote/control physical or biological conditions, there are no functioning electrical controls, the surface concrete is deteriorating, and there is no chlorination system. The mechanical equipment and the laboratory appear to be in relatively good operating condition, but the plant is not being operated properly to maximize process performance. Primary and secondary sludges are being drawn off separately to adjacent, undersized drying beds.

A second treatment train, adding another 13,000m

³

/d, is presently under construction; this expansion includes effluent chlorination facilities for both trains. This expansion phase is scheduled to be completed in 1997.

In addition to the wastewater treatment system components that presently exist, or have already been designed by others, an effluent volume-equalization pond: an effluent pump station: and a force main to lead from the effluent pump station to an effluent reuse area have been designed. The agriculture reuse area is about 714 ha and lies to the south east of the city in the desert. Figure 14

Wastewater Flow Projections

Based on the projected water consumption demands for Luxor and its surrounding villages for the years-

2015 and 2025, it is estimated that 48,100m

³/d for year 2015 and 65,400 m

³

/d for year 2025, of mediumstrength raw sewage will be produced. The table below summarizes the projected 2015 and 2025 wastewater flow projections.

Table 40: Summary of Projected Wastewater Flow - m3/d

Category

Residential

Tourist

Commercial

Industrial

Institutional

Infiltration

TOTAL

City

23,789

4,941

2,873

2,298

2,011

3,591

39,503

Year 2015

Villages

6,611

397

331

463

780

8,582

Total

30,400

4,491

3,270

2,629

2,474

4,371

48,085

City

32,961

6,480

3,944

3,155

2,761

4,930

54,231

Year 2025

Villages

8,587

515

429

601

1,013

11,145

Total

41,548

6,480

4,459

3,584

3,362

5,943

65,376

71

F IGURE 14: E FFLUENT R EFUSE A REA



72



5.3 Proposed Activities

5.3.1 Layout and Description

The project discussed below comprises the following principal elements:

•

Expansion of the water distribution system, including additional storage tanks;

•

Construction of new wastewater stabilization pond, including facilities for effluent disposal;

•

Rehabilitation of the existing wastewater treatment plant; and

•

Expansion of the wastewater service system including installation of new wastewater pump stations and force mains, as required.

The following sections describe the proposed water and wastewater facilities for Luxor. The design information discussed below has been taken from the Basis of Design Report and the Assessment and

Recommended Rehabilitation of Luxor Wastewater Treatment Plant Report. The Basis of Design Report details may undergo some revision prior to construction but no major alterations to the design of the distribution system, the new wastewater stabilization ponds and the collection network are anticipated.

Expansion of Water Distribution System

The distribution system will require improvements to accommodate the increased water availability and projected demands. The regional distribution system was analyzed hydraulically to establish the necessary modifications, which is necessary to ensure reliable pressures throughout the system.

Extensive upgrading of the main transmission pipes is required in growth areas or areas of potential supply or pressure problems. The proposed water distribution network for Luxor is shown in Figure 13 .

The main features of the network are:

•

The network will be fed from the upgraded old and new water plants with respective capacities of

200 and 600lps. The upgrade of these plants is beyond the scope of this project;

•

A new pipeline 600/500/400-mm diameter is proposed from the water plants along the River Nile shore (Cornish) northwards to connect with the 400mm pipeline currently under construction at

Nag Badran. This link will close the main loop around the old city and El Karnak area and will improve the water pressure in the north of Luxor;

•

A new 400mm-diameter pipeline is proposed along the airport road to feed Minshaat El Ammari and the airport and connect to the 400mm pipeline currently under construction. This link is essential to reinforce the loop feeding this vital distant area in the far east of Luxor and ensure supply from more than one direction;

•

A new 300mm diameter pipeline is proposed to feed El Bayadiya and loop back to connect to the main network;

•

A new 300mm diameter pipeline is proposed to feed Nag El Samman, Nag El Sawalhi and Nag

El Qubahi and then connect to the proposed 400mm diameter feeding Minshaat El Ammari;

•

An elevated tank (1,000m

³

) at El Karnak District to feed the northern part of Luxor;

•


³)

at Minshaat El Ammari to feed the area and Luxor Airport; and

•


³

) at the border between El Awameya and El Bayadiya districts.

73



The table below lists the construction and operation activities of water distribution system rehabilitation and expansion.

Table 41: Activities Related to Rehabilitation and Expansion of Water Distribution Network

Activity

Construction Activities

Occupation of construction area

Preparation and drainage of site

Transportation and other services

Construction, piling, material handling and storage

Description

Occupation of rights of way along streets for pipelines and transmission lines, and less than 1 ha of land for elevated storage tanks

Likely to involve mechanical earth excavation, removal of trees, asphalt cutting and dewatering

Movement of people and construction materials through the main roads close to the site. Water supply, wastewater system, electricity, and telephone would be supplied via the city utilities

Pipelines will be laid 1m to 2m below the ground surface. Storage tanks structures will be built on the ground surface

Offices, guard rooms and storage sheds Presence of temporary structures and equipment on site

Supply of materials and other resources

Supply of facility equipment

Waste disposal

Work force

Construction schedule

Operation Activities

Supply and transportation of materials and other resources

Material handling and storage

System operation and maintenance

Locally manufactured construction materials from cement, aggregate, pipe, etc.

From USA to Alexandria then by road to the site

Removal of excess soils, construction materials

About 150 local workers

To start June 1997

Spare parts

Waste disposal

Work force

Presence of the system

Use of warehouses and stores

Storage tanks, pipelines and valves. Facility for maintenance of equipment

Wash waters from flushing water mains

Around 46 qualified technical staff and operators

Increase of water quantities and pressures

New Wastewater Stabilization Ponds

The new wastewater stabilization ponds (NWSP) are designed to treat non-industrial wastewater collected within Luxor to a level meeting the Egyptian and the USAID regulations for treated wastewater disposal and reuse. The average plant capacity will be 22,100m³/d to meet projected flows in the year 2015.

Further expansion will be required to meet projected flows beyond this time. The general location of the

NWSP is shown in Figure 14 and the plant layout is presented on Figure 15 . The table below summarizes the expected influent and effluent characteristics for the new wastewater stabilization pond, the Egyptian Standards for Disposal in non-potable waters (drains), Article 66 of Law 48/1982, and guidelines for reuse of treated effluent recommended by the Ministry of-Housing and Utilities.

Under normal operating conditions the effluent will be reused for irrigation. The system has been designed to transmit the effluent to an allocated agricultural area of 714 hectares located 6 km east of the

74


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents new wastewater stabilization ponds, in the desert. To meet the effluent design criteria, the treatment process will include the following:

Preliminary treatment which includes screening and grit removal

Waste stabilization ponds which consist of anaerobic ponds, facultative ponds, and maturation ponds; and an effluent reuse system including pumping to the area designated for reuse. (The effluent reuse system, to be arranged and designed by others, will provide irrigation water for local farmers, as at present: but also irrigation of plantation at the designated reuse area 6 km east of the WWTP, at rates that in every season will sustain the plantation.)

A simplified process flow diagram showing the treatment process is presented in Figure 17 . The table below lists the construction and operation activities for the new wastewater stabilization ponds.

Rehabilitation of Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant

The planning and design for the Phase 1 Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) began in early 1970's and was completed in 1986. The treatment system is of conventional design and utilizes single stage trickling filters for biological treatment.

Figure 18 is a schematic diagram of the Phase 1 facilities. The major units of the plant are:

•

Mechanical screens

•

Grit chamber

•

Primary sedimentation tanks

•

High rate trickling filters

•

Final sedimentation tanks

•

Recirculation screw pumps

•

Sludge drying beds

•

Effluent storage pond

Table 42: Influent and Effluent Characteristics Projected for the New Wastewater Stabilization

Ponds

Parameter Projected

Influent

360

Effluent Design

Criteria

50

Discharge in

Non-Potable

Water Standards

50

Reuse Standards

(Secondary

Treatment)

40 Total Suspended

Solids (mg/l)

Biological Oxygen

Demand (mg/l)

Chemic al Oxygen

Demand (mg/l,)

Total Dissolved

Solids (mg/1)

Nitrates (mg/1)

Fecal Coliform per

100 cm4

Intestinal Nematodes no/liter

Dissolved Oxygen

360

500

560

N/A

5,000,000

100

<1

40

80

2,500

50

5,000

<1

>4

60

80

2,000

50

5,000

1

>4

40

80

2,500

N/A

10,000

1

N/A

75



The plant is being expanded by addition of a module essentially identical to the existing plant including sludge drying beds with underdrains. A chlorination building and contact tanks to serve both the existing and new modules is included. The construction of new facilities appears to be 80 percent complete.

The Assessment and Recommended Rehabilitation Report developed a set of recommended actions for this plant. The actions with greatest environmental relevance are:

•

Replacement of the effluent storage pit with a facility that is designed within the framework of overall effluent disposal management and environmental considerations;

•

Provide all structures and stairs with safety rails;

•

Fencing around the treatment plant facilities to control access and improve safety, particularly for children;

•

Improvements to the electric control cabinet in regard to disconnected power cables

•

Improve laboratory equipment; and

•

Provide operation and maintenance manuals and training of personnel.

Table 43: Activities Related to the New Wastewater Stabilization Ponds

Activity Description

Construction and Installation Activities


Preparation and drainage of site


About 225 ha of desert land

Likely to involve mechanical earth excavation

People and raw construction material through the main roads close to the site. Water supply and wastewater system, electricity, etc. through the city systems

Construction piling material handling and storage Desert and some cultivated areas are surrounding the plant site

Offices, guard rooms and storage sheds Presence of temporary structures and equipment on site



Waste disposal

Work force


Locally manufactured construction materials from cement, steel bars, bricks, aggregate etc.

From USA to port of Alexandria and then by road to the site

Removal of excessive soils, construction materials

Approximately 100 local workers


Supply and transportation of materials, spare parts and other resources

Plant operation & maintenance

To start in June 1997

Types sources and transportation methods

Waste disposal

Work force

Presence of plant

See process diagram Figure 1-7.Facility equipment for maintenance

Treated effluent and waste sludge from treatment process flow quality control.

Around 8 qualified technical staff and operators for operating and maintaining the plant

Availability of treatment of wastewater from city and villages

76



F IGURE 15: L UXOR W ASTEWATER P LANT P ROPOSED S ITE L AYOUT

77

F IGURE 16: F LOW P ROCESS D IAGRAM



78



F

IGURE

17: L

UXOR

P

HASE

I W

ASTEWATER

T

REATMENT

P

LANT

S

ITE

P

LAN

79



Most of these items have environmental relevance with regard to occupational safety and health of the plant workers, but also to the neighboring community, particularly in the matter of effluent reuse.

The table below lists the construction and operation activities in rehabilitation of the existing wastewater treatment plant.

Expansion of the Wastewater Collection System

A significant expansion of the existing wastewater collection system in the city of Luxor will be required as shown in Figure 14. The collection system has been designed as being a combination of gravity sewers and force mains maximizing the use of gravity lines when possible.

The proposed sewers range in diameter from 175 mm to 800 mm. The system also includes the pump stations and force mains necessary to raise the collected wastewater from one gravity system to another and then to the wastewater treatment plant.

Four new Pump stations and rehabilitation Of Pump station number 3 (P.S. No. 3) are proposed as a part of the sewer system. The proposed pump stations are El Karnak, El Khutaba, El Samman and El

Ammari.

In conjunction with the pump stations at Karnak, Khutaba and Samman, force, mains will be constructed to convey the wastewater to P.S. No. 3 and then to the wastewater treatment plant. The wastewater flow from the El Ammari P. S. will be conveyed directly to the wastewater treatment plant.

The table below lists the construction and operation activities in relation to the expansion of the wastewater collection system.

5.3.2 Construction Activities

Construction activities for each project component have been discussed in the course of section 5.3.1 above.

5.3.3 Operation and Maintenance Activities

Operation and Maintenance activities for each project component have been discussed in the course of section 5.3.1 above.

5.3.4 Abandonment Plans

This has been covered in Section 5.3.1 for each project activity, in turn. Decommissioning of the existing septic and holding tanks cleaning out disinfecting and backfilling the redundant septic and holding tanks in these areas is of concern.

5.4 Project Alternatives

5.4.1 No Action Alternative

Future conditions without the project are described in Sections 2.6 and 3.5.2 where it is demonstrated that the no action alternative was not a viable option.

80



Table 44: Activities Related to the Rehabilitation of Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant

Activity

Construction Activities

Temporary occupation of construction area



Waste disposal

Work force





Plant operation and maintenance

Description

Available land inside the wastewater treatment plant area

Locally manufactured construction materials from cement, steel bars, bricks, aggregate, etc.


Removal of excess soils, construction materials

Around 100 local workers


Types, sources, and transportation methods

Waste disposal

Work force

Presence of plant

Diesel, oil, and grease, as well as spare parts

See process diagram Figure 1-8, facility equipment for maintenance

Treated effluent and sludge from treatment process

Existing staff is more than adequate to operate and maintain the facility

Availability of treatment of wastewater from city and villages

81



F IGURE 18: R ECOMMEND W ASTEWATER C OLLECTION S YSTEMS

82



Table 45: Activities Related to the Rehabilitation and Expansion of Wastewater Collection

Network

Activity

Construction and Installation Activities


Preparation and drainage of sites


Construction, piling, material handling, and storage

Description

Linear occupation of lands in streets for sewer lines and force mains and about 2 ha of land for pump stations

Likely to involve mechanical earth excavation, plantation removal, asphalt cutting, dewatering, and demolition of septic tanks

People and raw construction materials through the main roads close to the site. Water supply and wastewater system, electricity, etc. through the city systems

Sewer lines will be laid at depths that could reach

8 meters below the ground surface. Pump stations will be below ground level to depths of 8 meters, whereas warehouses and other structures will be built on the ground surface

Offices, guard rooms, and storage sheds Presence of temporary structures and equipment on site



Waste disposal

Work force





Locally manufactured construction materials from cement, aggregate, sewer lines, etc.


Removal of excessive soils, construction materials

Approximately 200 local workers


Diesel, oil, greases, and spare parts

System operation and maintenance

Waste disposal

Work force

Presence of the system

Intermittent use of diesel; use of warehouses and stores

Pump station, force mains and sewer lines.

Facility equipment for maintenance

Solids and sludge

Approximately 200 qualified technical staff and operators

Increase of wastewater quantities

83



Table 46: Workforce Required for the Operation and Maintenance of Different Proje ct Elements

Description

New Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations Technicians

Laborers

Rehabilitation and expansion of water distribution network

Water Distribution manager

Supervisors/Technicians

Plumbing Technicians

Meter Technicians

Leak Detection Technicians

Store Keepers

Laborers

Rehabilitation and expansion of wastewater collection network

Wastewater Collection Manager

Wastewater Collection District Managers

Supervisors, Technicians

Plumbing Technicians

Pump Station Operations Technicians

Mechanical Cleaning Operations Technicians

Network Civil Repairmen

Mechanical/Electrical Maintenance Engineers

Mechanical/Electrical Maintenance Technicians

Storekeepers

Laborers

Notes:

1. Staffing for pump station operations technicians is based on all stations being dry pit type. Each submersible station will reduce this number by 4, with a corresponding reduction of laborer.

2. Based on the assumption that mechanical cleaning equipment will be available for use.

No. of Jobs

4

12

3

4

2

20

4

4

1

11

52

6

10

2

1

4

7

6

2

96

84



Annex 6: Analysis Of The Agricultural Sector

Another major aspect of Luxor’s economic base is its agricultural sector. In this section, we examine the make-up of the agricultural sector in Luxor and examine the possibilities for its contribution to economic growth in the study area.

According to the HCLC’s Agricultural Directorate, in 1996 there were a total of 86,510 feddan of agricultural land in Luxor Markhaz

6

, classified according to pr oductivity as follows:

First Class

Second Class

Third Class

Fourth Class

Fifth Class

Sixth Class

307

2739 feddan

34931 feddan

3533 feddan feddan

45000 feddan

--- feddan

The “fifth class” land refers to a proposed reclamation project in the eastern desert, so the actual productive land in Luxor Markhaz has an area of 41,510 feddan, which is inside what is called the “ zimam

El zaraay.

7

”

According to the Agricultural Directorate of Luxor Markhaz, the 41,510 feddan of agricultural land are broken down into ownership as follows:

Registered freehold

Registered leasehold

Temporary permits

21913

15876

367

Governmental institutional 3357

Major Crops

The Agricultural Directorate of Luxor classifies agricultural land into two main division:

Horticulture

Field Crops

1524 feddan

39986 feddan

Total Area of zimam 41510 feddan

Crops in Luxor are traditional. The following crops, and associated land allocated for these crops, are indicative of current (1996) agricultural practices in Luxor:

6

Presumably the figures do not include Dabaaia administrative village

7 The Information and Decision Making Center of HCLC has compiled an up-to-date list of all agricultural and other land within the HCLC boundaries, including Al Dabaaia, broken down into 22 administrative units (6 units for Luxor City, 15 for the rest of

Luxor Markhaz, and one for Al Dabaaia). This shows that there is a total of 47710 feddans of zimam El zaraay but a total of

53966 feddans of surface area. The agricultural land within Luxor City’s administrative boundary “kordon al Medina” (i.e.

Luxor City plus 5 suburban zones) is 8453 feddans.

85



Table 47: Major Crops cultivated in Luxor

CROP

Sugar Cane

Wheat

Beans

Lentils

Vegetables

Garlic

Shaair

Other

FEDDAN

22,447

13,934

1,250

93

780

19

5

2,98238,528

Total 298,277,05641,510

Some of these land allocations do not account for double or triple cropping on the same land, a practice made possible by the favorable climate and year-round irrigation. Sugar cane, the major crop, is, however, a perennial, and only one crop per year is harvested on these lands. Sugar cane is also a high water user and will be discouraged in future reclaimed lands.

Traditional agricultural lands are irrigated through a system of gravity-fed canals using Nile River water.

Reclaimed lands generally use wells for irrigatio n if they are not near existing canals. Farmers must pay for the pumping of water to their lands and this cost effectively rations water usage.

The official average size of an individual plot is 1.84 feddan. In reality the average size of land holdings is much lower due to fragmentation through inheritance. There are, however, a number of larger holdings, in the 40 to 100 feddan range. The Government has instituted a policy to increase small land holdings as an economic development measure and is allocating 5 feddan plots to graduates of the

Agricultural Technical College. Small plot holdings cause difficulties for implementing high-value crop production because of quality control and intensive management required to produce acceptable crops for export.

6.1 The Potential for High-Value Crop Production

Substantial research has been undertaken in Egypt, over a number of years, on the potential for high-value crop production. High-value crops not only add income to the Egyptian economy from exports, but also diversify Egypt’s produce so there is not a reliance on a single crop, which fluctuates in price on world markets. There are several current on-going projects related to high-value crops in Egypt. Conclusions from these studies are that there is substantial potential for high-value crop production in Egypt, particularly for European and Middle Eastern markets. Because of climatic advantages (mild, subtropical climate with abundant year-round sunshine), Egypt can provide crops early, late or contraseasonal for European markets and, thus, has a competitive edge due to the seasonality of European production. Egypt can also grow exotic horticultural products not available locally in Europe. Egypt has the additional advantages of low-cost labor and water and close geographic proximity to potential markets, advantages which could make Egyptian products even more competitive than for competitors in

Latin America, Asia and Sub-Sahara Africa.

The Agricultural Technology Utilization and Transfer Project (ATUT), sponsored by USAID, in 1996 analyzed 20 potential high-value crops for production in Egypt. The results of the study concluded that there were a number of crops where Egypt has a potential competitive edge. The ATUT project finally selected four horticultural products to receive priority focus: table grapes, mangoes, melons and

86


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents strawberries. Based on the analysis, if only 25% of the unmet demand in Europe is provided for these four crops, this will generate an economic value added of LE 347 million (about US $104 million) annually and create labor opportunities of up to 1.25 million labor days annually, of which 690,000 would be filled by women. In addition to the four crops noted above, experts at ATUT indicate the favorable potential in Upper Egypt for: fresh dates, garlic, dried onions, sun-dried tomatoes, raisins, flowers, ornamental plants and pecans. Selection of high-value crops for production in any given area depends a lot on local conditions, e.g. soil conditions, salinity of the soil and water and availability of transportation.

One of the ATUT project reports

8

underscored some of the basic challenges facing Luxor in implementing a high-value crop program, “Evidence suggests that the growing European Community has huge unsatisfied seasonal demand for high quality fresh fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants, with specific characteristics preferred by their people.”

High-value crops require certain minimum agriculture production areas to be cost effective. For example, strawberries and green beans need a minimum of 10 feddan, and table grapes, onions, garlic, mangoes, dates and potatoes require a minimum of 50 to 100 feddan. Small plots require special organizational arrangements to implement successfully high-value crop industries in Luxor. Small plots in the reclaimed lands will be only 5 feddan each. To assure proper quality controls and management, an agricultural association will have to be established in Luxor. This will require continuous technical assistance and management oversight for the small farmers. It will also require that the Agricultural Technical College upgrade its curriculum to provide focus on high-value crop production and management. The small farmers need to hook up with larger landholders to accomplish the volumes, quality standards, processing and marketing necessary to achieve favorable conditions for a successful high-value crop industry. Highvalue crop production requires an entire management system, from selection of the crops to technical assistance and management during production to processing to marketing. All steps in the process must be implemented prior to encouraging small farmers to adopt high-value crop production.

Certain policy implications result from these factors. Thus, the Government must adopt policies that promote high-value agriculture. For Luxor, this includes:

(1) Sale of a significant portion of reclaimed lands to larger landholders , i.e. plots ranging in size from

50 feddan and greater. At least several large land holdings would increase the potential of successful high-value crop production.

(2) Improving management and technical education for high-value crop production , i.e., upgrading the curriculum at the Agricultural Technical College.

(3) Allowing free competition for shipment of crops to external markets.

(4) An agricultural community needs to be developed near the reclaimed lands to process the crops and provide housing and services for agricultural workers . Substantial investment is required to make a high-value crop industry in Luxor successful.

Luxor enjoys several advantages for high-value crop production and agro-processing.

(1) Luxor has excellent transportation systems . The Luxor International Airport has direct flights to

Europe and the Middle East. Luxor has train transport within its borders. Luxor has excellent port facilities which could add crop transport capability. Luxor is on the Cairo-Aswan Highway and is near major roads leading to Red Sea tourist areas and ports.

8 European Export Market Analysis for Five Egyptian Horticultural Crops, September, 1994.

87



(2) Luxor is the closest major urban area to the Western Desert Oasis areas and the northern section of the proposed New Valley . This area is planned as a major reclamation area, with 500,000 feddan of land to be reclaimed.

(3) Luxor has access to water from the Nile and wells from underground water.

(4) Luxor has one of the lowest incidences of dust storms in Egypt.

(5) Luxor, and the surrounding Qena Governate, have a large pool of labor with a tradition in agricultural production

(6) Luxor has an Agricultural Technical College.

(7) Luxor has a substantial tourism industry , both hotels and cruise ships, that are a potential market for high-value crops. The close proximity of southern Red Sea tourist resorts extends the potential domestic tourism market for Luxor crops.

(8) Luxor has the potential of two or three crops per year . This would increase the economic feasibility of high-value crop production.

6.2 High-Value Crop Production and Agro-Processing in Luxor

The Government has announced plans to reclaim 80,000 feddan of land in Luxor, primarily for agricultural purposes. The Government has a stated policy to promote high-value crops on newly reclaimed lands. At present, 12,500 feddan on the East Bank and 13,500 feddan on the West Bank in

Luxor have been identified as potential suitable for agriculture. The Ministry of Agriculture is beginning test well drilling on the East Bank to locate appropriate water sources as a first step in allocating the land.

On the East Bank, 3,500 feddan have already been earmarked for graduates of the Agricultural Technical

College in 5 feddan plots.

The ATUT project is beginning promotion of high-value crops in Upper Egypt. They are encouraging farmers to cultivate melons, mangoes, strawberries and table grapes. Although no farms are located in

Luxor, there are nearby areas where farmers are enrolling in the program. The Ministry of Agriculture will be taking steps to expand the Agricultural Technical School program in Luxor to focus on high-value crops and expects to expand the curriculum from three to five years.

These measures will allow for meaningful improvements in the agricultural sector of Luxor. This will contribute to the increase in the income of the population in Luxor as well as an increase in the levels of population as the economy expands.

6.3 Agricultural Communities

Area to be reclaimed: 25,000 feddan 9

Basic Assumptions:

Families per feddan:

Average family size:

One (1) (1 new job per 5 feddan = 1 family)

4.59 (1996 Census)

Most agriculture communities are not planned in Egypt. Farmers are relegated to informal villages or farm housing that often result in substandard housing conditions and minimal services. With the advent of agro-processing, there is the basis for developing a model agricultural community in the Luxor reclaimed lands. Thus, planned communitie s to accommodate a total of approximately 50,000 residents could be established on the new lands in Luxor. As illustrated in Figure 2, The Regional Structure Plan, five agricultural communities are proposed. On the East Bank one agricultural community is proposed

9

The consultants have identified 25,000 feddans of reclaimable agriculture land. However, the Ministry of Agriculture has planned to reclaim 80,000 feddans of land in Luxor.

88


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents for New Luxor, while on the West Bank four communities are proposed. These communities include

Mrs. Mubarak Village and El Tarif. Each of the communities is expected to eventual have approximately

8-10,000 residents.

The key factor in determin ing the size of the agricultural communities is the minimum population needed to accommodate a Compulsory Education School. According to the 1996 data, an average of 16-18% of the Study Area total population was at the age of 6-12 years old . Assuming an average size of the school of 700 pupils, the community would be around 5,000 inhabitants, at a minimum.

The agricultural new town would have full water, wastewater, solid waste, electric and telephone services and public facilities for education, health care and recreation. As farmers have modest incomes, especially small farmers, grant assistance and low-interest loans will be required to finance this agricultural new town. A typical low-cost house (100 m2) will cost about LE 35,000. A total of 12,000 homes are estimated to support a population of 50,000 in the five communities, with the total housing finance estimated at LE 420 million (US $123.5 million). The table below offers the land uses and area for a typical agricultural community that can support 8-10,000 residents.

Table 48: Typical Agricultural Community Land Uses and Area

Service Center

Public Facilities & Servic es

Commercial

Parks

Parking

Commercial Workshops

Neighborhood Mosque

Commercial

Primary School

Nursery & Kindergarten

Parking

Park

Residential Areas

Housing

Open Space

Light Industrial/

Agro-Processing Facilities

Light Industrial Workshops

Total

Infrastructure

(15% of Developed Land Total)

Grand Total

Total Land Area Required

Totals by sub-category Totals by category

(feddan) (feddan)

5.10

0.56

0.39

0.50

85.00

10.00

5.80

4.40

5.50

0.89

1.19

0.44

0.98

25.75

95.00

4

2.5

6.5

127.25

19.09

146.34

89



Annex 7: The General Enviro nment for Tourism

7.1 Global Tourism

Measures of worldwide tourism indicate a trend of steady growth in the industry in terms of total arrivals, total receipts and average receipts per arrival. The following two Tables present data for the period 1992-

1998 as compiled by the World Tourism Organization, with a breakdown of tourism into six regions.

Over this period, the world travel volume increased a substantial 26%, equal to an annual average rate of growth of 4%. Total receipts rose 40% equating to an annual average rise of 5.8%. The main economic factors underlying this growth trend include rising international trade relationships among nations, rising personal income levels, falling international airfares [in real terms], a generally peaceful world environment after the Gulf crisis in 1991, and continuing innovation in the packaging and marketing of international travel in the key source areas of Europe, the USA and Japan.

7.1.2 Performance of the Middle East

The Middle East’s share of global tourism is a modest 2.4%. Travel to the region had contracted during the Gulf Crisis of 1990-1, which explains the extraordinary rebound in arrivals in 1992, exceeding 30% that year. Trends in this region clearly illustrate the fragility of tourism to political and economic adversity, but also the resilience of the industry in its ability to revive once conditions return to normal.

Tourism to the Middle East has been a strong performer, with arrivals growing 38% and receipts 57% over this period, leading the world trend. However, as regards average expenditure per arrival, the region’s average of $533 is substantially below the world average of $692.

7.1.3 Observations on Tourism in the Eastern Mediterranean

In the Eastern Mediterranean Turkey and Greece are the dominant destinations with much of their tourism focused along the coastlines and on the many islands in their territories. They are examples of destinations offering substantial infrastructure designed for both cultural tourism and also for resort tourism. Turkey in particular has benefited from substantial World Bank Group support from as early as the 1960s with respect to development of virgin coastline to equip it to accommodate mass tourism from

Europe. Tunisia has also received similar aid for tourism development along its coastline. There has been substantial foreign investment in tourism in all of these countries.

90



Table 49: International Tourists Arrivals by Region 1992 – 1998

(Millions of arrivals; percent)

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

World

% change

Middle East

% change

Africa

% change

America

% change

East Asia/Pacific

% change

Europe

% change

South Asia

% change

502.8

8.4

10.9

30.5

18

18.0

103.6

7.1

64.2

13.8

302.4

6.9

3.6

9.9

518.3

3.1

11.4

4.6

18.5

2.8

103.6

0

71.2

10.9

310.1

2.5

3.5

-2.8

553.3

6.8

12.8

12.3

19.1

3.2

106.5

2.8

76.8

7.9

334.3

7.8

3.9

11.4

568.5

2.7

13.5

5.5

20.3

6.3

110.6

3.8

81.4

6.0

338.5

1.3

4.2

7.7

599.6

5.5

14.1

4.4

21.9

7.9

116.9

5.7

89

9.3

353.3

4.4

4.4

4.8

619.6

3.3

14.8

5.0

23.2

5.9

118.9

1.7

88

-1.1

369.8

4.7

4.8

9.1

86.6

-1.6

381.1

3.1

5.0

4.2

1.4

24.7

6.5

122.7

3.2

1998 growth index

635.1

2.5

1.26

15.0 1.38

1.37

1.18

1.35

1.26

1.39

91



Table 50: International Tourists Receipts by Region 1992 – 1998

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

World

% change

Middle East

313.6

13.0

5.1

323.1

3.0

5.7

352.6

9.1

6.4

403

14.3

7.5

437.6

8.6

8.2

1997 1998 growth index

438.2 439.4

0.1 0.3

9.1 8

1.40

1.57

% change

Africa

% change

America

% change

East Asia/Pacific

% change

Europe

% change

32.7

6.2

23.2

85.5

9.8

47.4

17.2

166.7

12.6

11.8

6.3

1.6

91.1

6.5

53.9

13.7

163.5

-1.9

12.3

6.8

7.9

95.2

4.5

63.4

17.6

177.7

8.7

17.2

7.5

10.3

102.7

7.9

74.2

17.0

207.6

16.8

9.3

8.7

16.0

112.4

9.4

82

10.5

222.2

7.0

11.0 -12.1

9

3.4

118.9

5.8

76.4

9.6

6.7

120

0.9

68.6

-6.8 -10.2

220.5 228.9

-0.8 3.8

South Asia

% change

2.8

19.0

2.7

-3.6

3.1

14.8

3.5

12.9

3.9

11.4

4.3

10.3

4.3

0.0

1.54

In this region, Israel is the example of a destination that has had to cope with intermittent outbreaks of violence causing downturns in tourist arrivals because of security fears. It has managed this problem through different security and public relations measures and has succeeded in maintaining a general growth pattern for its tourism industry in past years. Its neighbor Jordan has also emerged as an additional cultural destination in the region, facilitating surface links to Israel, to Syria and to Egypt to earn a position along the region’s key touring circuits. The table below indicates the relative magnitude in terms of international tourism receipts in selected destinations around the Mediterranean Sea, excluding

Italy, France and Spain. In the near term, once firmly re-established onto a growth path, Egypt might be capable of overtaking the more mature destination of Greece to capture the second place in revenue generation after Turkey.

1.55

1.40

1.45

1.37

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Table 51: Tourism Receipts for Selected Mediterranean Destinations

[US$ millions – 1996]

Destination

Turkey

Tunisia

Israel

Greece

Egypt

Cyprus

World total

Note: Transport receipts are excluded.

Receipts

5,962

1,436

2,800

3,660

3,200

1,670

425,262

7.2 Tourism to Egypt

7.2.1 Overall Dimensions of Tourism

Selected measures of tourism to Egypt as it has evolved since 1981 are contained in the table below.

These include tourist arrivals, nights spent by tourists in Egypt, and foreign exchange receipts for the

Egyptian economy.

Table 52: Aggregate Measures of Tourism to Egypt 1981-1998 10

1981

1985

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1998 2 nd

half

Arrivals Touristnights

[000s] [000s]

1,376.0

1,518.0

2,600.0

3,133.0

3,896.0

3,961.0

3,450.0

2,560.0

9,805.0

9,007.0

19,943.0

20,451.0

23,765.0

26,579.0

17,408.0

Duration of

Stay

[nights]

7.1

5.9

7.7

6.5

6.1

6.7

6.8

Foreign Exchange Receipts [US$]

Total

[millions]

498.2

255.5

1,060.2

2,298.9

3,009.0

3,646.0

2,941.0

1,927 per tourist

362

168

408

734

772

920

753

Per day change

It was in 1977 that total arrivals first reached the one million threshold , and it took over a decade more to meet the 2 million threshold in 1989. Growth accelerated and arrivals reached the 3 million threshold only 3 years later in 1992, just missing the 4 million mark in 1997, Egypt’s banner year. It is very significant that despite occasional downturns in arrivals caused by violent incidents and regional tension and conflict, the basic trend has been one of clear growth, as Egypt’s tourism diversifies its product line to expand on a sustainable basis and consolidate its position in the world’s travel marketplace.

10 Sources: EIU Egypt Quarterly Reports; Egypt Stabilization and Structural Change, The World Bank, January 1999

93



The Luxor attack in late 1997 has caused a major downturn in 1998 [arrivals for the nation down 13%, receipts down 19%] affecting tourism across the country. The year 1999 has been one of rebound in traffic and some tourism specialists expect the year’s count of arrivals to well exceed 4 million and possibly exceed the 4.5 million mark. This rebound is evidence of the success of the government’s remedial security measures and the industry’s success in publicizing the heightened security in the source markets.

The industry represents one of the country’s prime foreign exchange sources , exceeding US$3.6 billion

[26.7% share] in 1997, ahead of other major generators such as oil and workers’ remittances [ Table 46 ].

The economic damage of the industry’s downturn in 1998 is apparent in Table 46 where tourism has slipped in ranking behind both of these same categories [22% share]. In its banner year of 1997, tourism earned an average expenditure per tourist of $920. Recent trends in terms of average length of stay and spending per tourist are less clear since there has been some fluctuation in these measures. There is some evidence that the average length of stay is declining, having fallen from 7.7 nights in 1990 to 6.7 nights in

1997. However, the levels of expenditure per tourist and per day have undergone strong growth in the years before the downturn of 1998 as shown in the table below.

Table 53: Aggregate Measures of Tourism to Egypt 1981-1998 11

[US$ millions]

Main Foreign Exchange Earnings

Tourism

Workers' Remittances

Oil exports

Non-Oil Exports

Suez Canal

Total

Source Markets for Tourists

1997

3,646

3,256

2,578

2,352

1,849

13,681 share

26.7%

23.8%

18.8%

17.2%

13.5%

1998

2,941

3,519

1,728

3,400

1,777

13,365 share

22.0%

26.3%

12.9%

25.4%

13.3%

It is the European market that dominates the visitor profile to Egypt; in 1997 representing 60% of tourists and 63% of tourist-nights far exceeding shares for the second source, the Middle East. In that same year, the total of tourist-nights in Egypt rose nearly 12% over the year before because of an exceptional 17% rise in tourist-nights for Europeans. The categories Europe and America taken together represent 67% of tourists and nearly 70% of tourist-nights. The next source is the Middle East with 22.5% of tourists and

21.2% of tourist-nights. The increase in tour operations and the opening of new scheduled and charter air services by Egyptian and foreign airlines between different European points and Egyptian airports has been a major factor for the strong growth in European arrivals.

11 Source: Egypt: Stabilization and Structural Change, January 1999, The World Bank

94



Table 54: Inbound Tourism to Egypt by Main Generating Groups: 12

Middle

East

Tourists Tourists

1996

828,727

1997 change

893,351 7.8%

Touristnights

1996

5,649,882

Touristnights

1997 change share

Average nights

1997

5,645,915 -0.1% 21.2%

Africa 115,808 120,145 3.7% 814,985 868,201 6.5% 3.3%

Americas 259,057 256,668 -0.9% 1,470,667 1,693,623 15.2% 6.4%

Europe 2,342,709 2,394,414 2.2% 14,375,407 16,827,259 17.1% 63.3%

Asia

Others

288,328

61,313

260,318

36,520 -40.4%

-9.7% 1,433,260

20,440

1,523,618

20,214

6.3%

-1.1%

5.7%

0.1%

6.3

7.2

6.6

7.0

5.9

0.6

Totals 3,897,938 3,963,413 1.7% 23,766,637 26,580,827 11.8% 6.7

At the core of the lasting popularity of Egypt despite occasional setbacks is its cultural resources lead by the Pharaonic monuments which are unique in the world. Egypt’s Islamic and Coptic heritage also form part of the nation’s international appeal. However, it is the monumental heritage of ancient Egypt which has long been celebrated in western literature and the arts that in the 19 th

century established the nation’s image internationally giving it ready worldwide recognition. This positive renown has made it possible for Egypt to emerge as an economical, successful beach destination offering a seaside resort experience, available as in many parts of the world, combined with an Arab and ancient Egyptian cultural aspect that tour operators have found highly marketable. The Western Europe market has responded to this strategy with rising arrivals and tourist-nights.

International Accessibility

Once the sole international airport in the country, Cairo no longer dominates as the gateway for the majority of visitors to Egypt. With the opening of land borders in Sinai, and the inception of international air services into additional points along the Red Sea, in Sinai and in Upper Egypt, the country has greatly improved access for its different regions from Middle Eastern and European points. In addition, with improvements in border crossing conditions and ferry services to Jordan, mobility to and from Egypt for travelers to the region has also improved substantially, helping to de-concentrate the industry from Cairo and the Nile Valley and spread its benefits to other governorates. Table 48 below presents this geographic distribution of arrivals by all modes of transport [air, road, rail, and water]. The entry points of the Red Sea and Sinai make up nearly 40% of arrivals, approaching the share of Cairo. With an 11% share Luxor clearly serves as the major international gateway for Upper Egypt.

12 Source: 1997 Tourism in Figures Ministry of Tourism

95



Table 55: Foreign Arrivals via Main Points of Entry – 1997: 13

Port of Entry

Cairo

Sinai

Red Sea

Luxor

Elsalum

Alexandria

Aswan

Suez

Port Said

Others

Totals

Arrivals

1,602,647

997,867

489,850

414,261

184,892

30,869

14,291

11,625

3,202

135

3,749,639

Share Average per day

42.7%

26.6%

13.1%

11.0%

4.9%

0.8%

0.4%

0.3%

0.1%

0.0%

4,391

2,734

1,342

1,135

507

85

39

32

9

0

10,273

7.2.2 Geographic Distribution of Tourism

The distribution of tourism and its benefits around the country parallels to some extent the distribution of its lodging capacity and its usage. Table 49 indicates the distribution of Egypt’s 83,000-room hotel capacity by major zone, and the tremendous stock of 48,000 rooms under construction. The Greater

Cairo area as the nation’s prime gateway and economic center accounts for 24% of capacity [24,000 rooms]. The nation’s coastal capacity has been approximated by summing the capacities along the Red

Sea, in the Sinai governorates and at Marsa Matrouh and exceeds 34,000 rooms. This stock amounts to

41% of the national total. Luxor and Aswan together represent only 8.5% of the total, but if the floating hotel capacity is included, the Upper Egypt share includes nearly 19,000 rooms or almost 23% of capacity. Table 50 shows figures on tourist-nights in hotels, which reveals a pattern that approximately parallels supply.

The country’s real estate developers are rapidly expanding Egypt’s capacity along the country’s Sinai and

Red Sea coasts in order to compete for the seaside holiday market that is operating on a large scale in nearly all the nations along the Mediterranean Sea. The development of beach resorts along these two coastlines has enabled Egypt to compete vigorously for mass seaside tourism, which formerly had bypassed it. Egypt’s emergence as a seaside resort destination is a major success enabling it to scale up its industry dramatically.

It is significant that some 34,000 rooms are under construction on the coastlines indicating the industry’s increasing orientation to resort tourism as opposed to cultural tourism. Spatially the industry is becoming more concentrated on the Red Sea and South Sinai coastlines, while the extent of construction along the

Nile Valley is quite limited [a combined total of 7,383 rooms in Luxor, Aswan and on the floating hotels].

The resort tourism is quite different in nature from cultural tourism and the two are being promoted in tandem for mutual benefit since many visitors are combining stays along the coast with visits to the Nile

Valley. This high volume of construction along the coasts only indicates the high confidence the investment community has in the Egyptian government and in the travel trade to double and triple tourist volume in the coming years. It also is an indication that the current set of tax incentives offered by government is adequate, and that both Egyptian and foreign capital availability is sufficient.

13 Source: 1997 Tourism in Figures Ministry of Tourism

96



Table 56: Egypt's Lodging Capacity Distribution by Region – 1998 14

Marsa Matrouh coastal total

Cairo

Giza

Greater Cairo

Alexandria

Luxor

Aswan

Red Sea

South Sinai

North Sinai

Others

Floating hotels

Grand Total

Existing rooms

11,327

8,425

19,752

4,592

4,309

2,708

18,731

12,597

564

2,266

34,158

5,633

11,673

82,825

Share Under

Construction

13.7%

10.2%

23.8%

5.5%

5.2%

3.3%

22.6%

15.2%

0.7%

2.7%

41.2%

6.8%

14.1%

100%

1,381

2,337

4,018

528

1,971

962

11,810

20,218

635

151

32,814

3,761

4,450

48,204

Share

2.9%

4.8%

8.3%

1.1%

4.1%

2.0%

24.5%

41.9%

1.3%

0.3%

68.1%

7.8%

9.2%

101%

Table 57: Hotel Nights in Selected Governorates - 1997 15

Governorates

Cairo

Alexandria

Luxor

Aswan

Luxor + Aswan

Red Sea

South Sinai

Total

Government’s Policy for Tourism

Hotel Nights

[000s]

6,231.8

1,990.1

1,936.1

1,634.5

3,570.6

5,457.8

2,751.9

20,002.2

Percentage

31.2%

9.9%

9.7%

8.2%

17.9%

27.3%

13.8%

Total

12,708

10,762

23,770

5,120

6,280

3,670

30,541

32,815

1,199

2,417

66,972

9,394

16,123

131,029 per day

17,073

5,452

5,304

4,478

9,782

14,953

7,539

Share

9.7%

8.2%

18.1%

3.9%

4.8%

2.8%

23.3%

25.0%

0.9%

1.8%

51.1%

7.2%

12.3%

100%

There are several main sector issues and government strategies the project will support as well as some strategic choices that must be made. Tourism continues to be a principal source of foreign currency for

Egypt, playing a vital role in the balance of payments. The government foresees an even stronger role for tourism with a greater reliance upon the sector as a job creator and foreign exchange earner in the future.

The government is promoting the substantial diversification of supply of facilities in order to equip the

14

Source: Ministry of Tourism, Information Department [with minor corrections]

15 Source: 1997 Tourism in Figures , Ministry of Tourism

97


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents country to compete for new types of tourism having a broad range of interests and activities. This effort is to be lead by the private sector relying primarily on private investment by a combination of Egyptian and foreign investors.

The industry must find viable ways to quadruple the volume of national tourism, from a current level of 4 million [1997] to 16 million in 2017 which is the government’s target projection, and which would generate 650,000 new jobs. This pace will require the construction of 315,000 new rooms of lodging capacity at an investment of about 100 billion Egyptian pounds, and requiring an average annual expansion of 15,750 rooms. This pace appears attainable in view of the current building momentum of

48,200 rooms [ Table 49 ] across the country. The private sector is identifying opportunities and responding to the incentives offered by the government and this pace of construction appears to be adequate to reach this goal.

7.3 Tourism in Luxor

7.3.1 Key Attractions -The Magnets

The antiquities on both banks of the Nile in the region of Luxor constitute the area’s key attraction.

Luxor is an obligatory stop for the first time cultural tourist to Egypt and for many repeat visitors. A second attraction is the natural beauty of the Theban Mountains and the Nile River, which offer outstanding scenery for all types of tourists. A third attraction is the local village life present in the town and throughout the river valley, relevant for the cultural tourist. This beauty is not at all unique to Luxor as it is found throughout the Nile River valley and in many of the country’s oases. Finally a fourth attraction is the mild, dry, sunny weather of the region for most of the year particularly in the winter months, but excluding the summer months.

7.3.2 Measures of Tourism Activity

The Structure Plan for Luxor City has estimated a visitor volume in the 1.0-1.5 million-visitor range for

1997 and bases its planning on a 1.2 million-visitor level. This count includes visitors lodged in local lodging establishments, in floating hotels, and also day visitors based at points along the Red Sea, in

Aswan and even in Cairo.

Tables 48-54 provide various measures of tourist activity at Luxor as contained in the lodging statistics issued by the Ministry of Tourism. To approximate the economic role of Luxor tourism in generating foreign currency, one can use different measures to allocate to Luxor a share of total national foreign exchange earnings from tourism [ Table 46 ].

(1) Its share of hotel capacity , 5.2%

(2) Its share of hotel nights sold , 9.7% [which includes an allocation of floating hotels]

(3) Its share of foreign arrivals , 11.0%

The share of hotel capacity is the best measure since it excludes the contribution of floating hotels which capture a significant part of the foreign air arrivals to Luxor. The occupancy performance of Luxor’s hotels as a group has largely paralleled the national trend [Table 51] except in 1998 when with Aswan it suffered a severe downturn in occupancy, sinking to 26% versus the 45% national average. The Aswan performance is the weakest of them all, while the Red Sea and South Sinai averages are clearly the strongest ones, which is motivating the continued expansion along the coasts.

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Table 58: Annual Occupancy Rates of Hotel Rooms 1994-99 [percentages] 16

1994 1995 1996 1997

South Sinai

Cairo

Red Sea

Giza

Alexandria

Luxor

Aswan

Average

82

67

65

59

53

41

21

55

75

64

74

62

56

47

24

57

76

65

77

64

57

66

33

63

71

67

72

61

56

66

45

62

1998

61

54

53

49

50

1999

5 months

77

70

77

66

51

26 decline 51 rebound

26 50

45 63

7.3.3 Foreign Currency Generation

An estimate of foreign currency generation for Luxor and Aswan is shown in Table 52. For Luxor tourism only it equals $190 million excluding any floating hotel contribution. In reality a pro-rata share of the floating hotel contribution could be allocated to Luxor and to Aswan on whose local economies the floating hotel industry depends. The Luxor share so defined is estimated at $360.7 million if simply half the floating hotel allotment is allocated to it. This amount equaled a substantial injection of one million dollars per day of foreign currency expenditure for 1997, falling to less than half that for the depressed industry in 1998. These estimates of foreign currency generation reflect initial injections into the economy, and reflect no multiplier effect upon it which would be greater.

Table 59: Estimation of 1997 Foreign Exchange Earnings -Luxor Share

[US$ millions]

Luxor

Aswan

Luxor + Aswan

Floating hotels

Luxor + floating

National total share

5.2%

3.3%

17.9%

100% earnings

189.7 Hotels only

119.2 Hotels only

650.8 Hotels & floating hotels

342.0 Derived

360.7 Derived

3,646.0

Note : Estimate for floating hotels is derived from Min. of Tourism information.

7.3.4 Tourism at Luxor’s Hotels

Some additional indicators of tourism to Luxor appear in Table 53 and 54. A flow of approximately

405,000 tourists to Luxor is estimated by this method, which excludes day visitors staying outside the area and tourists lodged in the floating hotels. If these two groups can be estimated, a total exceeding 1

16 Source: Ministry of Tourism - Computer Center.

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Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents million visitors for 1997 may be a reasonable estimate since the allocation of a share of the floating hotel tourism alone [having over 11,000 rooms] would more than double this amount. These estimates hold that on an average day in 1997, 1,135 tourists arrived on international flights at Luxor airport, and an average guest population in the city’s hotels was 5,547 persons. For 1998 the numbers are drastically lower.

Table 60: Selected Measures of Tourism at Luxor

Tourist arrivals by air - 1997

Occupied rooms -1997, 66%

Occupied rooms -1998, 26%

Hotel guest count 1997

Hotel guest count 1998

Estimated hotel guests: daily average

1,135 tourists

3,082 rooms

1,120 rooms

5,547 guests

2,017 guests year total

1997 year total

1998 year total

Change

Notes :

1. Average stay assumption is 5 nights.

2. Guests per room assumption is 1.8.

404,914 guests

147,213 guests

-63.6% decline

The table below indicates the geographical composition of guests lodged at the hotels in Luxor. It is notable that visitors from Europe and the Americas make up a 57% share of total resident nights. The

Arab share is only 6.3%. The average length of stay is 5 nights.

Table 61: Luxor Hotel Residents by Geographic Group - 1997 17

Residents

NS&W Europe

Egyptians

North America

Australasia

South America

Arabs

East Europe

Africa

Total

103,176

55,945

55,193

53,425

39,350

29,398

26,107

25,013

387,607

Res.-nights Average nights Res.-nights

Share

491,211

263,169

233,657

223,571

193,990

186,115

184,723

159,680

4.8

4.7

4.2

4.2

4.9

6.3

7.1

6.4

25.4%

13.6%

12.1%

11.5%

10.0%

9.6%

9.5%

8.2%

1,936,116 5.0 100.0%

17 Source: 1997 Tourism in Figures , Ministry of Tourism

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7.3.5 The Functions of Luxor for Egypt’s Tourism

The Luxor area fulfills different functions regarding the tourism that it serves. The listed functions describe the role Luxor currently is playing for Egypt’s tourism; they do not include any potential or unrealized ones.

(1) A Prime Destination for Cultural Tourism – Traveling in organized groups or individually, these tourists use hotels and guest-houses and are motivated by their interest in the Egypt’s past. Luxor serves as the primary gateway to Upper Egypt.

(2) A Base for the Cruise Industry – Luxor serves at the main port for Nile cruisers. Nearly all cruises operate between Luxor and Aswan as the extended cruise between Cairo and Upper Egypt has been discontinued.

(3) An Emerging Destination for Long-stay Vacationers – The long-term vacationers favor the

Mövenpicke Hotel on Crocodile Island, and a number of homes and guesthouses located on both banks of the river. As temporary residents for several weeks or months, their average daily expenditure is typically much less than the general average for tourists.

(4) A Prime Destination for Day-long Excursions – Tourists lodged in Cairo, on the Red Sea coast or in

Aswan can easily purchase day-long excursions by bus or airplane to visit Luxor. These generate the least benefit for the local economy.

The gateway function for Luxor is highly important as Luxor links Upper Egypt with the outside world through three channels. Firstly, air and rail links to the country’s prime gateway, the capital city Cairo, form the key domestic travel corridor between Lower and Upper Egypt. Secondly, the road link between

Luxor and the Red Sea coast is growing in importance as the country’s largest concentration of tourist capacity expands. Finally, international air services into Luxor link Upper Egypt directly with major metropolitan areas in the Middle East, Europe and Britain with nonstop flights of from 3 to 5 hours, a major advance in travel efficiency. If conditions remain peaceful, the foreign carriers that canceled scheduled services after the 1997 attack will reinstate them and provide direct flight connections from cities in North America and Japan into Luxor.

Aspects characterizing tourism to Luxor representing its strengths and weaknesses are summarized below.

Strengths

(1) The enduring popularity of its cultural attractions – Luxor will retain its prominent status in international promotions and along the main touring circuits for the foreseeable future.

(2) Mild wintertime climate – The climate of Upper Egypt is mild and pleasant throughout the winter season; the industry regularly increases prices during the peak season.

(3) Excellent Transportation nexus – Luxor functions as a good transport hub for all modes [international

& domestic air, road, cruise and rail] and enjoys easy road proximity to the Red Sea coast.

(4) Factor availability Labor and land are plentiful and unhindered by binding shortages enabling further expansion in the scale of tourism in the area as the demand for more services grows.

(5) Low price level – This is true of all parts of Egypt excluding the metropolitan Cairo area. Hotel and restaurant prices are very competitive internationally during most seasons of the year.

Weaknesses

(1) One-dimensional product – The offering of attractions and activities at Luxor is quite limited since it consists mainly of the extraordinary antiquities and the Egyptian village life with little more. There is an absence of facilities and activities such as cultural events and performances, sports facilities, meetings and conferences, language schools or cultural institutes, or health spas.

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(2) Substandard service quality – The unfamiliarity of foodservice and hotel staff with international standards of service results in unsatisfactory service in tourism establishments and dissatisfaction of visitors.

Both of these weaknesses have solutions. The second falls in the realm of human resources development

[training]. The first one was identifie d in interviews with hotel managers and tour operators familiar with

Luxor and Egypt generally. It is the first of these two weaknesses that the El Toad project will address squarely if it is implemented as recommended in this report.

7.3.6 The Projection of Tourism to Luxor

The CDCL has examined the MOT’s growth target in arrivals and has measured the implications for tourism to Luxor taking into account a number of factors such as the volume of day visitors, the visitor capacity at the ancient tombs, and the increase in cruise ship capacity. This plan foresees a need for a total of 6,600 additional rooms in hotels to be located in the Luxor area. Table 55 below indicates the ideal allocation of capacity to Luxor City, New Luxor, Other Markhaz [Khuzam and West Bank], and to the project site at El Toad.

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Table 62: Estimated Hotel Capacity Requirement, 2017 18

Hotels in Luxor

Study Area

3,858

Cruise Ships

(rooms divided by 3)

3,386 Existing Hotel Room Supply

1997 Tourists/day=12,420

Planned Additions to Hotel Room Supply

Add 100 cruise ships likely

Add rooms planned

Sub-total, Supply

1,348

5,206

1,693

5,079

2017 Hotel Room Demand

Total Room Demand, based on increased capacity of West Bank tombs in 2017

Tourists/day=28,875

Required additional rooms in Study Area

11,804

6,598

5,079

Rounded =

Total

7,244

1,693

1,348

10,285

16,883

6,600

Approximate Distribution of Estimated New Rooms:

Luxor City

New Luxor

Other Markhaz

Khuzam

Other West Bank

El Toad

Total

500

700

900

600

300

4,500

6,600

Plus rooms already planned or started in Luxor City 1,348

This increase of 6,600 rooms represents a 127% rise over the 5,206-room level in existing and planned projects. This increase is far below the 300% rise in total arrivals to Egypt targeted by the MOT because of the buildup of substantial new capacity along the coastal areas of Sinai and the Red Sea, and also because of the continued expansion of the floating hotel industry. The distribution of this added capacity by category is contained in Table 56 below, which depicts the dominance of the four and five star categories.

18 Source: CDCL Phase II, Draft Structure Plan Report; Table 4.

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Table 63: Distribution of New Hotel Capacity by Type 19

Typical Size, rooms/hotel

Luxor City

New Luxor

El Toad

Other Markhaz

Totals

Breakdown by Hotel Type

Five Four Three

Stars Stars Stars

300 250 200

New

Hotels

7

7

2

2

4

2

10

1

7

2

10

2

3

18

4

27

.

Total New Rooms

500

700

4,500

900

6,600

7.4 Existing Economic Pressures and Impacts

A number of factors influencing the economic environment for tourism in Upper Egypt and specifically in

Luxor are discussed below.

7.4.1 Limited Employment Opportunities for South Egypt

There is an exodus from South Egypt of new entrants into the labor force to Cairo and the delta area, more recently to the Red Sea coastline, or abroad to jobs in foreign countries. The amount of entry-level job opportunities in the region is inadequate to absorb the expanding labor force. Many people are partially occupied in low-yield agriculture, in minor retailing activities or in the informal sector. As a result pay levels are low. As tourism makes major use of unskilled and low-skill labor, the industry benefits from the low prevalent wage level.

7.4.2 Insufficient Dispersal of Activity and Participation of Rural Citizenry

In Luxor, most of the food, lodging and entertainment needs of visitors are met by businesses in the central part of the city itself and only secondarily by establishments on the West Bank or in rural areas.

The same is probably true for the cruise industry, which is using both Aswan and Luxor for basing purposes. Most commercial tourism activity is quite concentrated in the immediate areas of Luxor and

Karnak temples, and at a limited number of ancient sites on the West Bank. Rural areas of Luxor are basically bypassed by tourist activity.

7.4.3 Hotel Development Activity

Despite these pressures, but in view of the reviving hotel occupancy figures, investors are proceeding with several hotel construction projects that will directly expand the capacity for international tourism.

Some of the existing hotels are undergoing renovation programs as well to remain competitive. Projects under construction and proposed ones with permits are listed in Table 57. It is significant that a few of the projects are stalled or proceeding very slowly. Construction ceased on the largest one, the Sofitel site, some 3 years ago. It is apparent that an unclear legal environment has slowed and even stalled some of these projects. The decision to proceed for all or most these projects was taken prior to the tourist attack of November 1997. The ultimate completion of all of them is uncertain. In view of the problems some of

19 Source: CDCL Phase II, Draft Structure Plan Report; Table 5

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Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents these projects are facing, a situation of over-building and over-supply in the hotel industry does not appear probable over the short run.

Table 64: New Hotel Projects in Luxor 20

Project, sponsor

1 Sofitel,

Intercontinental Co.

2 Memphis, I. Dusuki

3 Marriott, Egyptian

Status

Construction

Advanced, stalled 3 years in litigation

Proposed

Proposed for site

Size

350 rooms

55 rooms

268 rooms

General Org. for

Tourism & Hotels involving litigation

4 Queens Valley, B. Fakri Under construction 60 rooms

5 Meridien Nile Palace,

Dr. Galad Zaki

6 Sunrise, P. Markos

Construction advanced

296 rooms

Under construction 25 rooms

Proposed 118 rooms 7 El Abte, Mohamed

Shaba

8 King Tut, Egyptian

Projects for Tourism

Co.

Proposed 300 rooms

Total rooms

Total under construction

1,472 rooms

731 ROOMS

UNDER

CONSTRUCTION

Comments

Semi-rural site north of town

Low-rise design riverside site

Salaheldin Square

Riverside site adjacent to

Novotel

Yusef Hussein St.

Narrow river frontage, between Isis, Sonesta hotels

City location on river

River site in Awameya

River site in El Bogdadi

7.4.4 Other Tourism-related Developments

Two other developments in the Luxor area of major importance for tourism to Upper Egypt are described below.

The Royal Valley Golf Club

The Royal Valley Golf Club is a private development situated north of the airport on a 500-feddan site east of the city. This project is an undertaking of the Tulip Co. of Cairo, which undertakes other real estate development including villa and golf course development, some of which is in the greater Cairo area. Tulip is using a desert site for this project, which eventually will have as many as 3 hotels, villas, and a museum, in addition to the club house and 18-hole golf course which is now nearing completion.

Its strategy is to use the golf course to market the other components of the project and it intends to build

20 Source: Ministry of Tourism, Luxor City Office

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Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents this resort community fully up to international standards. This golf club intends to serve as the pioneer golf resort in Upper Egypt and establish the name of Luxor internationally as a golfing destination. This project significantly parallels the subject project of this report. It is evidence of the confidence that the private sector has in the future of tourism to Upper Egypt. Its completion is a major step towards the needed product diversification for tourism at Luxor that the MOT holds as an objective.

Cruising Port at the new Nile River Bridge

Some berths for cruise ships have been built on the down-river [north] side of the new bridge on the east bank, but are not as of yet in full use since few shore facilities are installed. The prospect of development of the immediate vicinity on either side of this bridge as a functional facility for the cruise ship industry has several tangible advantages such as:

(1) Sufficient land for a well-designed shore base containing all needed facilities

(2) Excellent road access to the berths for vehicles of all sizes

(3) Proximity to the Cairo-Aswan highway in an uncongested environment

(4) Proximity to the West Bank and its ancient sites

(5) Accessibility to Luxor airport in 15 minutes

(6) Space for complementary activities (retail, food outlets, etc.)

7.4.5 International Airline Access

The initiation in recent years of nonstop charter flights into Luxor from European points is a major advance for Upper Egypt, substantially improving the logistics of moving volumes of tourists between the region and the source countries. The domestic air service on the Cairo-Luxor run is not suffic ient in all seasons of the year for moving groups handled by the tour operators or cruise operators. The capability for tourist flows to reach Luxor directly and entirely bypass Cairo is a major advantage for tour operators managing flows of travelers to Upper Egypt in groups. The reinstatement of regularly scheduled flights, on either a seasonal or year-round basis, between Luxor and regional and European points [Athens, Tel

Aviv, Beirut, Frankfurt, London, Paris, etc] is to be encouraged to gain ready access for Upper Egypt to those markets, and to facilitate connections from the more distant North American and Far East cities.

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Annex 8: Heritage Concept

8.1 Heritage Overview

The purpose of the Heritage Concept Report is to establish the basic direction for the Heritage Element of the Comprehensive Development Plan for Luxor. This concept will be amplified and refined in Phase II of the Comprehensive Development for the City of Luxor Project and will be documented in final report form in Phase III.

The Comprehensive Development Plan for the City of Luxor will include both a Structure Plan and a

Heritage Plan, as well as Investment Projects that can advance the implementation of each element of the

Plan. The purpose of this report is to present the Concept for the Heritage Plan.

The Heritage Plan will address the preservation, interpretation, development and use of the historic resources within the study area:

(1) Preservation -- will protect the key antiquities sites and settings that make Luxor unique. Luxor’s historic resources are the magnets that draw visitors; if these resources are not protected, the plan, however well-intentioned, will fail. Preservation efforts must go beyond the individual monuments that the Supreme Council on Antiquities and associated archeological missions have, over time, conserved and made visible in the landscape. Preservation must also deal with the surroundings of each monument and the regional settings that place each monument in a larger context.

(2) Interpretation -- will define means and methods to convey to visitors an overview of the importance of Luxor and the specific “story” of each individual monument and/or site. If the purpose and structure of each site is made understandable, both visitors and residents will appreciate and will respect these resources.

(3) Development and use -- will deal with improvements to sites and related areas. Site improvements may include parking, transportation, pedestrian improvements, on-site visitor comfort facilities and associated services. Related area development may include visitor accommodations and support facilities (such as hotels, shopping, and related support facilities). Standards are needed for new and rehabilitated development that adjoins antiquity sites to insure that the context of each site is protected.

8.2 The Story of Luxor

The modern city of Luxor is the site of ancient Thebes, which extended across both banks of the Nile.

The eastern portion of Thebes has been so thoroughly swallowed up by the modern towns and fields that only the majestic ruins of the temples of the god Amun in Karnak and Luxor and the great processional way (the Avenue of the Sphinxes) between the two temples remain. The West Bank was the city of the dead, reserved for the tombs and ceremonial places of deceased kings and the burials of their followers.

The region of Thebes was settled by man in prehistory during the Old Stone Age, and Paleolithic tools dating back tens of thousands of years have been found on the desert cliffs of Western Thebes. During the Predynastic Period (4500- 3200 BC) numerous settlements were established to the north and south of the present-day Qurna. During the Archaic Period (3200-2700 BC), Thebes was one of four small townships within the confines of the fourth Upper Egyptian nome, the others being Toad, 20 miles to the southeast, Hermonthis ( Armant ) opposite Toad across the river, and Madamud, to the north of Thebes near the eastern desert. Residents of all four settlements observed the cult of the warlike falcon-headed god Montu, ultimately raising stately temples in his honor.

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It is unknown how Thebes or Waset, as the town is referred to in Egyptian, came to outstrip its companions so vastly, but the beauty of its setting may have been the decisive factor, for the entire land might be searched in vain for equal magnificence of scenery. The western desert, at no great distance beyond the fields, is dominated by the massive bluff of the Qurn , beneath whose lofty eminence smaller hills offer unrivaled opportunity for rock-tombs. To the north, almost facing the temple of Karnak, the long and narrow gorge of the Valley of the Kings winds into the mountain.

About a mile to the south and separating Qurna and Draa Abu El-Naga the shorter and wider recess called Deir El-Bahri , after the Coptic monastery which was placed there, leads to a sheer cliff of indescribable grandeur. On the east bank, a large green expanse of cultivated fields provides a setting for a distant line of hills behind which the sun rises in all its glory.

In the Old Kingdom, Thebes was the seat of the provincial administration of the entire southern part of

Egypt. Its real rise to prominence came toward the end of the twenty-first century BC, in Dynasty XI, when, after a period of strife and civil war, the Princes of Thebes once more united the whole of Egypt, from the Mediterranean in the north to the First Cataract of the Nile at the southern border.

The rulers of Thebes held dominion over the country from their province until the kings of Dynasty XII moved the capital to Ithet-tawy down river from Thebes. After the Second Intermediate Period, which saw the domination of the Nile Valley by the Hyksos from Western Asia, it was again a Theban family which reunited the two Kingdoms, Upper and Lower Egypt, after having defeated the enemy. Now the seat of power remained at Thebes, and under the Kings of Dynasties XVIII, XIX and XX - the Tuthmosis and Ramessides - the local god Amun "The Hidden," became the chief deity of Egypt and of the territories conquered abroad between the Sudan in the south and Anatolia and Mesopotamia to the northeast.

Splendid temples were erected at Thebes, to the glory of Amun and his family (Wife Mut and son

Khonsu) at Luxor and Karnak on the East Bank, and to the memory of the dead rulers on the West Bank such as Deir El-Bahri , the temple of King Seti I , the Ramesseum and Medinet Habu . All the power and wealth of the far-reaching Egyptian empire were concentrated at Thebes, and some of the fame the region acquired at that time has lasted over the millennia to this day. The worship of the god Amun of

Thebes, to which the great temple of Karnak owes its existence, and of the other Theban deities Montu,

Khonsu, and Mut, brought with it a flourishing of architecture and the arts of relief and sculpture in the round unparalleled elsewhere in the Nile Valley. Schools of artisans, and especially of expert stone sculptors, must have existed there for nearly 2000 years, and generations of faithful followers of the gods of Thebes deposited in the temple not only figures of their favorite gods, Amun and Osiris, but also statues of themselves. Statuary include Kings as well as commoners, priests and officials alike.

During the Third Intermediate Period, Thebes had its own dynasty of priest-kings, and when the Kushites invaded Egypt in the middle of the eighth century BC, the new rulers from the Sudan established their religious center at Thebes for nearly a hundred years.

After the Assyrians sacked Thebes briefly, it was restored under the Saites (26th dynasty, 664- 525 BC).

Persian kings (525 BC) are said to have destroyed it again, but it greatly benefited from the rule of

Alexander and his successors, the Ptolemies. It is not surprising that soon after the conquest of Egypt by

Alexander the great (332 BC) the building of monumental temples and sanctuaries of the Pharaonic period was continued. The earliest Ptolemaic structure is that of Philip Arrhidaeus at Karnak, a halfbrother of the great Macedonian, who nominally ruled Egypt from 323 to 317 BC Soon thereafter a number of other building activities took place, new sanctuaries were erected on both banks of the Nile, and existing structures, such as the Second Pylon of Karnak , were newly decorated. These construction activities at Theban temples also continued during the Imperial Period.

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The Romans maintained a garrison at Thebes and laid out a large military establishment on both aides of the Luxor Temple which has given rise to the present name of the town, a Europeanized version of the

Arabic name, al-Qusur, "The Castles.” Today, however, the river road has covered up a good deal of the

Roman installations so that only a few ruins are still visible on the west side of the temple.

Although Herodotus, who visited the Nile Valley in the fifth century BC and described what he saw and heard, may be called one of the first foreign tourist in Egypt, the stream of curious visitors to Thebes really began with Diodorus of Sicily who came in 60 BC He was followed, decade after decade, by many others, among them the Roman Emperor Hadrian. Special attractions at Thebes were the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings that were called "Syringes" or "Pan Pipes," due to their parallel entrance corridors.

Another attraction, primarily during the Roman Period, was the so-called Colossi of Memnon because of its "music of the spheres", which is attested by literary documents and especially by numerous visitors’ graffiti. In the same way, pilgrims in search of healing left their names on several temples , especially in the sanctuary of Deir El-Bahri. By the second century, Christianity began to spread in Egypt. After AD

392, the practice of heathen rites was forbidden by threat of severe penalties. In AD 641, the Arabs brought Islam to Egypt; the mosque of Abu El Hagag is one of Egypt’s first Islamic buildings at Luxor.

Thebes, through its long history, was a great city which occupied a vast area extending for many kilometers on both sides of the Nile. Thebes was also known as Waset, which means stability, and was referred to as niout, a word which means “the city” and is no small indication of its enormous prestige.

Also it was mentioned as no or no Amun, city of Amun. Homer, on the other hand, used the epithet

"Thebes-with-the-Hundred-Gates"

Thebes is today marked by two major groups of remains:

(1) On the East Bank there are the temples of Amun, (more than 20 temples), Mut (temples), Khonsu,

Montu and the Open Air Museum at Karnak and the Temple of Luxor at Luxor. Between the temples of Karnak and Luxor is the Avenue of Sphinxes, which has been partially excavated. At a distance from the center of Luxor, the remains of the Temples of Madamud and Toad are located at early settlement villages which were part of the region of Thebes. These la tter temples contain remains which date to the earliest Theban periods.

(2) On the West Bank beyond the green valley there are the rocky hills containing the Necropolis of

Thebes - the site of the Valley of The Kings (62 tombs ) the Valley of Queens (75 tombs) and many funerary temples. This hillside fronts the city, dominating the view.

The two parts of the city, on the east and west, are inexorably bound together across the river and the bond between both sides of the river must never be broken. It is an essential element of the beauty of

Thebes, created by the clear relationship of the city of Thebes, on the eastern bank, to the river and the green valley stretching away to the Necropolis of Thebes in the hills of the West Bank. This grand and beautiful regional landscape, an important symbol of beliefs in antiquity and a clearly visible setting

Today, transcends the contemporary settlements and 20th century life of Luxor.

21

21

The story of Luxor is based on a narrative provided by Dr. Mohammed El Saghir, Director of the Upper Egypt, Supreme

Council on Antiquities

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8.3 Interpretive Goals and Approaches

Current visitors receive “object-oriented” interpretation, which varies greatly depending on the sites they visit and the capabilities and interests of their guides. However, there are few structured opportunities for visitors to understand the larger context and story of Luxor. This Heritage Concept Report proposes that a series of “outcome-oriented” expectations be defined for visitors to understand about Luxor:

Visitors should appreciate the powerful physical setting of Luxor (the Nile, East Bank, West Bank, and climate) and the role of this environment in the development of a culture and system of beliefs.

Critical to visitor’s comprehension of the historical development of human settlement in the area is an understanding of the physical geography of Luxor, and its impact on the genesis of ancient Egyptian culture. The exceptionally powerful landscape; the defining presence of the River Nile, the inhospitable

Sinai to the east, and the sun-drenched mountains to the west, significantly shaped the belief systems and societies of the Egyptian ancients. Visitors should be given an appreciation of this landscape’s influence through, for example, interpretation of images and text of religious figures such as the goddess Mut, who was believed to reside on the West Bank of the Nile and was said to swallow the evening’s sun and give birth to it anew each morning. Site interpretation directed at connecting Luxor’s geography to the development of it’s human societies and occupants will serve to undergird visitor’s grasp of Luxor’s overall context and will allow them to better place significant individuals and events within that context.

Visitors should understand the general role of Thebes as a capital of Egypt and seat of culture in antiquity.

Along with imparting visitors with tangible knowledge regarding the physical landscape’s impact on

Luxor, a primary goal of interpretive efforts in Luxor should be to outline the general role of Thebes as a capital of Egypt, and as a center of culture in ancient times. The rationale behind this goal is to illustrate the regional connection Luxor has to the rest of Egypt. Site-specific interpretation can often lead to a localized understanding of historic places and structures. Presenting visitors with information that explains how Thebes developed into a capital city and functioned as a center of political and cultural influence will stimulate visitor interest in other parts of Egypt, and will serve to strengthen their perceptions of Luxor/Thebes as a historically significant place beyond its immediate vicinity. As just one example, the role of Montjuhotep II in unifying the monarchy of the Middle Kingdom shortly after 2000

BC, and installing Theban loyalists as provincial governors, is but one historical episode that could be emphasized to assist in creating awareness in visitors of Luxor/Thebes influence in greater Egypt.

Visitors should comprehend the span of time over which Luxor has been significant and appreciate the resulting layering of artifacts from diverse cultures (Pharaonic, Roman, Ptolemaic, Islamic, Coptic) which is evident within monument settings and the city.

Visitors should grasp the fact that Luxor has been a site of influence and development for well over 4000 years, they should also learn that it has been significant to many cultures. The various layering of artifacts from a diversity of cultures including Pharaonic, Roman, Ptolemaic, Islamic, Coptic and modern should be used to instill an appreciation in visitors of the totality of Luxor’s history. The considerable visual impact of the Pharaonic monuments could easily overshadow the visitors’ perception and understanding of the meaning and value of the cultural antiquities of both the Coptic and Islamic societies that settled and developed in Luxor. An interpretive goal of the Heritage Plan should be to ensure that visitors are exposed to artifacts which represent these cultures and come to understand how they intersect the visually powerful Pharaonic antiquities. This exposure will convey a sense of the time span Luxor has been important, as well as the breadth of people to whom it has had significance.

Visitors should comprehend the relationship of individual sites and settings to the breadth of history and environment which is encompassed by Luxor.

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Visitors to Luxor should depart with a comprehension of the relationship of individual sites and settings to the overall history and environment represented by artifacts of Luxor. Heritage tourism in Luxor should be structured such that the typical visitor gains some knowledge of where particular sites, and especially prominent ones, fit into the historical time line of Luxor. For example, a tourist viewing the

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut should be made aware of the fact that Hatshepsut was the granddaughter of the famous Queen Nefertari, and that Hatshepsut’s temple is part of a complex that was originally started by the XI Dynasty, some 550 years prior to her reign. This type of contextual knowledge allows visitors to see individual sites as part of an interconnected system of historic events, rather than as static places removed from one another.

Visitors should be encouraged to understand, within the time constraints of their length of stay, specific stories of individuals and groups associated with each monument site.

Current site interpretation provided by guides for tour groups conveys much anecdotal information, based on explanation of architectural elements, carvings, and sculpture within each site. However, a baseline body of knowledge for each site should be gathered and presented to visitors in a standardized format.

Personal guides can give unique and valuable interpretations of specific sites, while also attaining varying levels of historical accuracy. An important goal for long term interpretation would be to develop an interpretive prospectus that defines “base-line” interpretive objectives for each site. Through various site specific mechanisms, visitors could be encouraged to internalize this information and utilize it in comprehending the totality of peoples who have contributed, over time, to the creation of Luxor.

Visitors should appreciate the many types of innovation which were inherent to the culture of the

Egyptian people (architectural, technological, artistic, cultural, etc.) and should be encouraged to support preservation of the antiquities of Luxor.

A key component of heritage tourism and informing visitors about human development in ancient places such as Luxor, is the concept of technological innovation. Visitors to the sites at Luxor should be given an overview of some of the primary technological innovations that have occurred throughout the development of Luxor. Architectural elements are the most obvious. For example, the central nave at the

Temple of Karnak was started under Amon-Ofis III towards 1375 BC and continued by Seti I, Ramesses

II and completed by Ramesses IV. The architectural style of construction developed over this period of time evolved so that the introduction of the "claustra," large openwork windows, was possible in the final compositio n of the nave. Emphasizing technological innovation such as this will assist in orienting visitors towards the importance of preserving the antiquities of Luxor. Other innovations, such as the written hieroglyphic language, papyrus manufacture, mummification, and the decorative arts are welldocumented, but could be strongly linked to this theme.

First-time visitors should leave with the understanding that the story of Luxor is complex and compelling and should be encouraged to return to enrich their understanding.

Finally, and perhaps most critical in creating a minimum level of understanding for visitors to Luxor, is to impart an appreciation for the richness and complexity of Luxor’s story. A careful balance must be used to make visitors aware of this concept. Further curiosity should be fostered to encourage visitors to return again to Luxor, while at the same time avoiding the frustration that can be associated with becoming aware that a trip or intellectual journey is not entirely complete. Visitors should move beyond the brief thrill of visits to famous places to realize that they have just begun to gain a true picture of Luxor, ancient

Egypt and the peoples who have lived there. This realization should be framed in a manner that will encourage them to continue learning more and to return to Luxor and Egypt.

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8.4 The Resources and Setting of Luxor

The key antiquities resources

22

of Luxor and the study area, including:

East Bank Antiquities

Temple of Luxor

Temple of Karnak

Avenue of the Sphinxes

Temple of Madamud

Temple of Toad

Coptic Monasteries

Historic Mosques

Historic Buildings

Roman Ruins

West Bank Antiquities

Tombs of the Necropolis

Valley of the Kings

Valley of the Queens

Deir El Medina and Tombs of the Nobles

Tombs of Qurmet Murai

Tombs of Sheikh Abd EL Qurna

Tombs of Khokha and Asasif

Tombs of Dra-Ahu El-Nagga

Tombs of Tarif

Mortuary Temples

Temple of Nebjepetre Mentuhotep I

Temple of Hatshepsut

Temple of Seti I

The Ramesseum

Colossi of Memnon

Medinet Habu

Coptic Monasteries

Historic Mosques

Historic Buildings

Roman Ruins

For each of the above resources, a summary description has been provided, along with a highlight of key resource and visitation characteristics. This information has been developed in cooperation with the

Luxor Office of the Supreme Council on Antiquities.

8.4.1 Regional Setting

In addition to the key sites mentioned above and enumerated in the Appendix, these resource include numerous structures in the Malqata area, south of the Qurna necropolis. The Malqata inclu des the

22 An Overview of the Monuments of Luxor has been included in the Appendix.

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Temple of Shalweet as well as sites associated with Pharaonic settlement, many of which are ruins of mud brick structures such as the Chapel of Amenhotep III, the Palace of Amenhotep III, and various associated settlements, largely unexcavated. Within this area is a Coptic monastery, various Coptic settlements, and many earth mounds which are likely to contain remains of archeological interest.

Important character-defining elements of the Luxor setting, as well as the location of major antiquity sites, are indicated in Figure 2. The environmental setting of Luxor, characterized by the desert, the Nile, the East and West Banks of the river, and cultivated agricultural lands, retains many of the characteristics which must have been present in the early days of Thebes. If a current day visitor stands on the East

Bank of the Nile with his back to the city, facing the necropolis of the West Bank and watching the setting sun disappear behind the mountains, the environment retains the power and majesty that prompted the development of a system of beliefs and a way of life thousands of years ago.

The major West Bank viewshed is defined by the edges of the West Bank topography, as viewed from the key East Bank settings of Karnak and Luxor Temples, as well as from the Corniche and areas between the two temples. An important character-defining element is the agricultural, cultivated land which is located along the airport road along the entry to the City, which complements the urban form of the developed area. Equally, the sharp junction between desert environment and cultivated land, especially along the

West Bank within the prime viewshed, is a strong character-defining element of the landscape.

Key comments on strengths of and threats to the regional historical and cultural setting of Luxor are as follows.

Strengths

(1) Viewsheds from the East Bank temples which encompass the Nile, agricultural lands, and prominent topography of the West Bank necropolis and its desert environment.

(2) Views of Luxor Temple, the Karnak Temple complex, and the city from the West Bank.

(3) Agricultural landscapes along the approach road from the airport and from Luxor City to the Luxor

Bridge / West Bank monuments.

(4) Small vernacular villages which add interest to the West Bank.

Threats

(1) Inappropriate development along West Bank , particularly at ferry landings.

(2) Docked cruise ships which block views across the river.

(3) Informal settlements along the East Bank which obscure views of Karnak Temple and the Avenue of the Sphinxes.

(4) Contemporary informal settlements that strain area infrastructure and blight the overall environmental setting.

(5) Figure 3 indicates protected agricultural areas and other lands either owned by or under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Council on Antiquities.

8.4.2 East Bank

Luxor and Karnak Temples were, in the 19 th

and early 20 th

century, major monuments surrounded by sparse settlement. Today, these imposing sites are surrounded by the growing traditional and contemporary districts of Luxor City.

Strengths

(1) The Luxor Temple area , including the open character of the site which enable views across the river from within the grounds.

(2) Night lighting adds a dramatic presentation

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(3) The defined and separate precinct of Karnak Temple , within the perimeter wall.

(4) Intermittent views from the Temple complex grounds across to the West Bank.

(5) Archeological remains in the Karnak vicinity outside the perimeter wall.

(6) Mut Temple site

(7) Excavated portions of the Kebash Avenue (Avenue of the Sphinxes) , and their relationship to the

Sphinx-lined entrance to Karnak Temple.

(8) Remaining parcels of open and agricultural lands along the Nile near Karnak Temple and along the airport entry corridor.

(9) Approach to the bridge on the east bank and along the monument access route on the West Bank .

(10) Rehabilitated and well-landscaped portions of the Corniche , which provide excellent views of the

West Bank.

(11) Remaining 19 th

and early 20 th

century buildings within the City , including the Winter Palace Hotel

(original building) and associated gardens, and historic buildings along segments of the Corniche.

(12) High quality landscaping in some public open spaces throughout the City , including parks near

Karnak and Luxor, as well as the Corniche.

(13) Horse carriages which retain a slower pace and can co-exist with automobiles.

(14) Traditional shopping areas (souks) which are located nearby to Luxor Temple.

Threats

(1) Encroachment of the contemporary city on eastern and northern edges of Luxor Temple

(2) Encroachment of informal settlements on all sides of Karnak Temple

(3) Inadequate definition of the “buffer” space surrounding Karnak Temple

(4) Commercial uses adjacent to Karnak Temple entry which are visually incompatible with the resource and its setting.

(5) Views from entry of Karnak complex to Nile and West Bank which are obstructed by major vehicular access, parking, overhanging trees, and river edge development.

(6) Some hotels and contemporary developments along the River between Luxor and Karnak Temples, which detracting from the sense of connection of these resources to one another and to the river.

(7) Obstruction of future excavation of the remainder of the Kebash Avenue by contemporary development , both existing and on-going.

(8) Future growth in vehicular traffic , which may require additional road widening (to the extent required vehicular roads encroach upon historic settings.)

(9) Inadequate provisions for bus parking , forcing loading and unloading in awkward locations that intrude on the historic setting and diminish the quality of the visitor experience.

8.4.3 West Bank

This area is characterized by the dramatic topography of the necropolis and exhibits sharp transitions between cultivated agricultural land and the harsh landscape of the desert foothills. The West Bank has been substantially explored, but is so rich in resources that new areas may be discovered at any time, causing the designation of a Protection Zone, within which nearly all residences will be relocated to enable access to tombs which are below sites in the existing villages of Gourna. Key features of the major antiquity areas within the West Bank include:

Strengths

(1) Tombs and their immediate settings in the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens . There are in excess of 500 known tombs within the West Bank of which slightly less than 10% are open to the public and only 5% are visited heavily. In general, the site development in the immediate vicinity of the tombs is well done and in character with the setting.

(2) Overall quality of approach to Valley of the Kings (winding through the hillside, with actual sites out of view of the parking).

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(3) Deir El Bahiri Temple and its setting below a distinctive bluff line , visible from across the river, and associated archeological sites.

(4) Ramesseum, Medinet Habu, and Seti I Temples, within site perimeters . These temple sites are very impressive and tend to get lower levels of visitation than Luxor and Karnak temples on East Bank.

Additionally, these temples are located on the junction between agricultural land and the barren necropolis hillside, providing a landscape transition.

(5) Deir El Medina and Tombs of the Nobles , which are in a well-defined topographic and physical setting.

(6) Major unexcavated tomb sites , many of which are in several locations which are sites of existing settlements to be removed. These tomb areas, enumerated in the Appendix, include:

•

Tombs of Qurmet Murai

•

Tombs of Sheikh Abd EL Qurna

•

Tombs of Khokha and Asasif

•

Tombs of Dra-Ahu El-Nagga

•

Tombs of Tarif

(7) Visual prominence of Colossi of Memnon on the approach road to the necropolis , serving as an entrance marker to the West Bank

(8) Approach to West Bank sites (in general) across agricultural settings with quaint vernacular agricultural villages

(9) Views back to East Bank across agricultural settings

Threats

(1) Damage to tombs from existing traditional villages (see list immediately above) from water infiltration, as well as visually inappropriate commercial development (such as brightly painted commercial uses).

(2) Confusing road access which conveys a poor sense of entry and orientation to the historic resource area.

(3) High humidity from visitors deteriorates the wall paintings.

(4) Parking, vehicular circulation, and retail structures at Deir El Bahiri, which obstruct the view of the

Temple.

(5) Informal and other settlements too close to archeological sites .

(6) Inappropriate vending and sales at the entry to the Valley of the Queens , which detracts from quality of entry experience.

(7) Poorly sited parking too close to Colossi of Memnon , obstructing views.

(8) Intrusion of large tour buses which obstruct key views, conflict with pedestrian movement, and tend to “take over” the approaches to key sites.

(9) General intrusion of parking and vehicular traffic on the necropolis setting .

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8.5 Visitor Patterns and Impacts

8.5.1 Visitor Patterns

Information has been provided from the Supreme Council on Antiquities and the Luxor Information and

Decision Support Center regarding tourist visitation in Luxor, overall and by specific site. Partial information has been provided regarding overall tourist volumes indicating the number of tourists visiting key sites, by month, for the first six months of 1997.

A summary of key aspects of this information is attached in tabular form at the end of this section. Table

58 through Table 63 indicate the visitor volume at key Luxor sites for the first six months of 1997. These

Tables indicate that nearly all visitors to Luxor go to both the Valley of the Kings and Karnak Temple.

Table 64 indicates the relative percentage of tourist visitor volume over this period at key sites for which data were available, setting the Valley of the Kings and Karnak Temple at 100% of tourist visitation.

Key findings and observations which can be made from this information are as follows:

(1) Nearly all tourists visit both the East and West Banks. This can be concluded because the number of visitors to the prime sites on each bank (the Valley of the Kings and Karnak Temple) are nearly identical. However the other sites which they visit (and presumably, the time spent at each) vary substantially. The Valley of the Kings is visited by nearly all tourists, and its visitation is slightly larger than that of Karnak Temple. Accordingly, the total visitation to the Valley of the Kings may be assumed to be an approximation of the total number of tourists visiting Luxor.

(2) The total number of tourists per month (in the first six months of 1997) ranges from a low of 50,000 visitors per month (in June) to a high of 123,000 visitors per month (in April). The high monthly total over the last number of years has been in excess of 190,000.

(3) Luxor Temple is visited by almost as many people as Karnak Temple, although the patterns of visitation are somewhat different. If Karnak Temple’s visitation is equal to the total East Bank visitation (e.g. - 100% of East Bank tourists), then the day visitor volume to Luxor Temple is approximately 68% that of Karnak Temple, although another 21% visit Luxor Temple at night for a total of 89%. In other words, nearly all visitors to Luxor enter Luxor Temple, but almost 1/4 of those who do elect to visit at night, when it is cooler. This leads to the observation that extended night hours for selected sites could be an effective mechanism to both meet visitor demand and disperse visitors throughout their stay.

(4) Luxor Museum visitation is 21% of the Karnak visitor number. Data was not immediately available for the recently opened Mummification Museum.

(5) West Bank attraction visitation varies substantially.

Compared to visitation at the Valley of the

Kings (defined to be 100% of West Bank visitors), the visitor volume of other West Bank sites is substantially lower, as follows:

Deir El Bahiri


Medinet Habu

Ramesseum

Deir El Medina

30-40%

26%

18%

15%

13%

These percentages are relatively consistent, month-by-month. In other words, there is significant additional capacity to accommodate visitors at the above sites. This matches on-site observations, which noted that visitor volumes at Medinet Habu and the Ramesseum were very low, in comparison to those noted at the other West Bank sites. Better “marketing” and information about these Temple

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Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents sites might prove to be effective in dispersing West Bank visitors and reducing impacts on overcrowded sites.

(6) The typical tourist visits approximately 5 “sites,” counting the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens as single sites (but including additional tickets for individual tombs separately). Clearly, this varies with length of stay, although specific data is not available on behaviors of different types of tourists. The average number of tombs visited in the Valley of the Kings is 3-4, whereas the average number of tombs visited in the Valley of the Queens is 2.

(7) Visitation to individual tombs varies greatly . Only selective data were available (and it should be noted that data for the visits to the tombs which are included as part of the ticket to the Valley of the

Kings were not available). Those tombs which are ticketed separately for which data are available include the following (expressed as a percentage of total West Bank visitation):

Tut Ankh Amun Tomb

Nefertari Tomb(limited to 100/day)

25%

4%

(8) This data seems to indicate that visitor choices are quite price sensitive , inasmuch as the Nefertari

Tomb is one of the most expensive, at a price of 100 Egyptian pounds. Additionally, it does appear that if better data were available about tombs which were available to be visited, it is possible that the capacity of the Valley of the Kings could be increased, subject to environmental and impact concerns.

(9) Foreign visitors comprise 93% and Egyptian visitors 7% of the total visitors to Luxor attractions.

(10) The average revenue per visitor from ticket admissions over the initial six months of 1997 was approximately 87 Egyptian Pounds . The average visitor buys tickets for approximately 5 sites.

Based on this information, it would appear that a Luxor Passport could be priced competitively to include an overview presentation as well as the majority of key admissions. Premium tomb admissions might be priced flexibly, to manage visitor demand.

Some types of information which would be useful, and might be investigated in Phase II, include the ratio of free and independent to group tourists, the distribution of visitors, by length of stay, and the specific visitor use patterns, by attraction, by time of day and day of the week.

8.5.2 Visitor and Other Impacts

Numerous impacts and threats to the antiquities have been documented by archeological missions,

Egyptologists, and international study missions. The principal concerns which have been noted include:

(1) Water infiltration (from groundwater and habitation) which threatens the structural underpinnings of major temples as well as the integrity of underground tombs.

(2) Humidity and carbon dioxide (from inadequately ventilated, contained spaces that have visitor traffic) which can damage wall paintings.

(3) Vibration (from vehicular and other traffic) which can jeopardize foundations and structural underpinning.

(4) Other environmental pollution (from vehicular and industrial emissions) that can damage stone carvings and exterior decorative elements.

It has been suggested that additional visitor volumes can jeopardize the very quality of Luxor’s resources and that strict capacity management should be instituted. The most acute areas of risk which have been noted appear to be the tombs on the West Bank, particularly in the Valley of the Kings, which is subject to the highest visitation. There are substantial differences of opinion on this matter. Discussions with representatives of the Supreme Council on Antiquities (SCA) reveal that only 5% of the nearly 500 known tombs on the West Bank are subject to any significant visitation, and that 37 additional tombs will be opened by the end of 1998. Potential measures to accommodate additional tourist volumes might

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Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents include, individually or severally , expansion of the resources open to the tourist public, ventilation of vulnerable settings, extension of hours of operation, visitor management, and appropriate resource marketing.

Other, more subtle, impacts include:

(1) Overcrowding that would diminish the visitor experience, by having the perception of visitor densities overpower the power of the resources.

(2) Additional traffic , both bus and vehicular, that could overcrowd road and parking facilities and intrude on resource settings as well as risk damages due to vibration.

The severity of these latter types of impacts are debatable; some argue that overcrowding would create an unpleasant experience that would constrain or limit potentials for tourism growth. However, there is little empirical evidence in the research literature on precise thresholds where tourists or recreation users feel so uncomfortable that they are discouraged or leave with negative impression. Vehicular intrusions also are in the eye of the beholder - tour operators and business interests rarely see a definable limit, even though historic preservation and conservation interests perceive threats to resources.

8.5.3 Monument and Tomb Capacity and Visitor Projections

The director of the Supreme Council on Antiquities, Upper Egypt section, has cooperated with the study team by assessing the potential tourist capacities of various Luxor attractions. A summary of this data, by attraction, is presented in Table 66 Several observations can be made about this information:

(1) In many cases, the hourly capacity of monuments, or types of resources, can be increased by adding and restoring new areas or sites . In the case of the Karnak Temple complex, for example, several areas (including the entire Temple of Mut) could increase the area which could accommodate visitors and meet their interests.

(2) In other cases, the capacity of areas can be increased by adding additional resources, such as additional tombs in West Bank areas . In the case of the West Bank, this could be accomplished by opening new tombs in existing areas (such as the Valley of the Kings or the Valley of the Queens) or by opening areas which do not now receive visitors (such as the tomb areas which are now interwoven with the occupied Gourna villages in the areas of Qurmet Murai or Sheikh Abd El-

Qurna). The current inventory of 40 tombs open for visitation could be doubled in a relatively short term (5-10 years) and could be substantially increased beyond this period.

(3) Extension of visiting hours would dramatically increase capacity . Estimates are offered for expansion of various sites from 10 hours to 16 hours of operations through illumination. This would dramatically affect capacity and could also contribute considerably to increase visitor comfort by making resources available for viewing in evening hours, when temperatures are cooler. The experience of Luxor Temple is interesting; as over one third of the visitors experience the site at night.

(4) In the case of tomb capacity estimates, the hourly and daily figures are based upon SCA best judgments , taking account of the size, orientation, ventilation, and decorative sensitivity of each tomb.

Additionally, it is assumed that mechanical ventilation would be added as required to protect the resources within sensitive and highly visited tombs.

Based on the overall visitor patterns to Luxor it is evident that the most acute constraint on overall tourist visitor growth is the capacity of the tombs, inasmuch as existing visitors appear to most heavily visit the

Valley of the Kings and seem to be most uniformly fascinated with the tombs. Accordingly, several assessments of maximum capacity of the tombs have been prepared, assuming that adequate ventilation is

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Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents provided and using the capacity constraints as provided by SCA. Key data of that analysis are presented in Table 68-71 and have led to the following observations:

(1) Table 68 -- indicates the simple maximum capacity of the tombs on the West Bank, assembling data provided in the Appendix.

The number of tombs which could be open for visit ors could be increased from 40 to 84 within a relatively short time period, nearly doubling the hourly peak tomb visitor capacity from 1,656 visitors per hour to 2,789 visitors per hour. It is important to note that these estimates of capacity are conservative - in some cases existing visitor volumes substantially exceed these capacities in peak months and days. In the long term, the capacity of tombs to accommodate visitors could be increased to 3,850 visitors per hour, a doubling of existing capacity, by opening additional tombs, although this number does not include every single tomb on the West Bank.

(2) Tables 69 and 70 -- provide an assumed model of visitor accumulations and peak visitation to West

Bank tombs, with varying hours of operation. Although this model uses several assumptions which may require “fine-tuning,” it provides useful insight into probable existing tourist behavior on the

West Bank.

(3) Table 69 indicates an assumed pattern of arrival, based on several key assumptions, which seem reasonable based on examination of typical tourist and visitor patterns: (1) tombs are open from 6:00 to 16:00 hours, a period of ten (10) hours; (2) Typical visitors stay approximately four (4) hours on the West Bank; (3) Sixty percent (60%) of the daily visitors arrive between the hours of 06:00 and

09:00, with diminishing percent of arrivals over the hotter hours of the day; (4) The typical West

Bank tourist spends one hour within tombs of the total four hours spent on the West Bank.

Accordingly, Table 69 shows that approximately 18% of total West Bank tourists are within tombs at the peak visitor hour, which is between 09:00 and 10:00. Also in this peak hour, approximately 73% of all daily visitors are on the West Bank, with associated implications for bus and vehicle parking and needs for visitor services.

(4) Table 70 shows comparable visitor assumptions for West Bank tomb visitors over a sixteen (16) hour day, from 06:00 to 22:00, based on illumination of sites. Several differences are apparent, compared to the ten hour model : (1) the 16 hour model assumes that 25% of tomb visitors would arrive at

17:00 or after, to take advantage of cooler weather, if illumination were provided; (2) accordingly, even though the peak tomb visitation would still be at 09:00, this would drop to 14% of the daily volume, due to an assumed dispersion of visitors in night time hours, allowing for increased daily volume even though the peak hourly capacity remains constant; (3) the peak visitor accumulation in the West Bank overall drops to 54% of the daily volume, with a corresponding diminishing of necessary parking and services, compared to the 10 hour schedule.

It is important to note that Tables 69 and 70 illustrate that the total daily capacity of the tombs cannot be computed by simply multiplying the hourly capacity by the total hours of operation (most visits are concentrated in the 8:00am to 12:00am period.) Clearly, the opening hours are not likely to be ‘“full,” and the closing hours are not likely to be fully utilized, inasmuch as late arrivals realize that their hours for visiting will be curtailed. Based on these assessments, it is believed that the “practical” capacity of the any given tomb is probably no more than 75% of its “maximum” capacity.

(5) Table 71 provides an estimate of overall West Bank visitor capacity, using the capacity of all potential West Bank tombs as the constraining factor. As a cross-check on these computations, the computed capacity of the Valley of the Kings (under existing and future condit ions) is shown, inasmuch as the visitor volume to this attraction is known by historical data. Several sequential computations are shown for the Valley of the Kings and all West Bank tombs:

•

Peak hour tomb visitor-hours using estimates provided in Table 68 .

•

10 hour day maximum tomb visitor-hours - multiplying peak hour times ten hours/day

•

10 hour day likely tomb visitor-hours - estimated at 75% of the maximum

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•

10 hour day likely West Bank visitors - assuming that typical visitors spend 1/4 of West Bank time inside tombs, this number equals the previous estimate.

•

Peak month likely West Bank visitors -- assuming that the peak day is 5% of the peak month visitation (e.g. - peak month visitors = peak day visitors / 0.05)

•

Annual visitors to West Bank (and Luxor) -- assuming, based on historical seasonality of visitation, that the peak month is 14% of the annual visitation (e.g. - annual visitors = peak month visitors / .14)

•

Annual visitors, assuming extended hours -- assumes an additional 35% of visitors, based on spreading peak visitation over a longer visitor day.

The findings of Table 71 include the following:

•

Existing annual capacity of the Valley of the Kings is approximately 143,700 per month or

1,026,429 per year. This is somewhat higher than peak monthly visitation to this site during the first half of 1997, but lower than historical visitation during the highest peaks over the last decade.

•

The capacity of the Valley of the Kings could be increased to 1,589,000 per year through opening additional tombs and to in excess of 2.1 million by extending hours through illumination.

•

If the number of tombs in the West Bank could be substantially increased by opening additional tombs and by marketing them to visitors to relieve the most heavily impacted sites, the total annual visitation could increase to nearly 3 million with current 10 hour operations and over 4 million with extended hours in the 5-10 year period. Over a longer term, the annual tomb visitation could increase to in excess of 5 million.

•

Any of these increases would assume that illumination and ventilation would be implemented to protect resources and that additional tomb areas would be marketed to relieve existing areas which are heavily impacted in the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens.

The work to date indicates that such marketing might be possible, inasmuch as many of the tombs which have not been opened are large and have substantial decorative interest.

If these volumes of tomb visitation could be achieved, the likely maximum volumes (e.g. - 21,000 likely visitors/day to the West Bank) would still be less than the approximate practical capacity of the two combined Temples (Luxor and Karnak) of the East Bank, which could accommodate, together, in excess of 25,000 daily visitors.

8.5.4 Visitor Pattern Supplemental Data

The following tables provide insight into visitor use patterns, tourism expenditures, and the relationship of monument capacity to overall visitation to Luxor’s antiquity sites:

•

Table 58 :· Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, January 1997

•

Table 59 :· Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, February 1997

•

Table 60 : Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, March 1997

•

Table 61 :· Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, April 1997

•

Table 62 :· Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, May 1997

•

Table 63 :· Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, June 1997

•

Table 64 : 1997 Distribution of Visitors, by Site for East and West Banks

•

Table 65 : 1997 Monthly Revenues at Antiquity Sites: Total and per Visitor

•

Table 66 :· Antiquities Resources (Capacities)

•

Table 67 :· Antiquities Resources (Fees)

•

Table 68 : West Bank Tomb Capacity

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•

Table 69 : Assumed Pattern of Arrival to Tombs, 10 hours of Operation

•

Table 70 : Assumed Pattern of Arrival to Tombs, 16 hours of Operation

•

Table 71 : Estimate of Overall West Bank Visitation, Based on Tomb Capacity and Seasonal

Patterns

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Table 65: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, January 1997

Site

Dandara

Deir El Madina

El Deir El Bahri

Habu

Luxor Museum

Luxor Temple - Day

Luxor Temple - Night

Nefertari Tomb

Open Museum, Karnak

Ramesseum

Seti I Temple

Temple of El-Toad

Temple of Esna

Temple of Karnak-day

Tut Ankh Amun Tomb

Valley of Kings

Valley of Queens

Total

Foreigners Egyptians visitors student visitors

Total student visitors

7,196

16,376

5,163

14,852

14,717

55,800

10,553

5,875

658

9,088

8,770

176

1,280

4,746

2,132

1,399

2,418

806

217

98

1,301

145

412

389

2,229

1,182

577

2,732

687

180

53

361 8,145

18,045

2,574 14,712

18,166

373 17,066

798 61,748

93 12,139

36 6,308

21 830

10,389

8,915

36

24,150

80,163

32,720

80,779

22,365

389,261

20

471

4,719

4,263

5,334

2,940

32,465

308

56

108 25,037

3,437 1,108 89,427

2,227 13,347 52,557

2,760 497 89,370

915 753 26,973

18,088 20,069 459,883

Source: Supreme Council on Antiquities and Luxor Information and Decision Support Center

122



Table 66: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, February 1997

Site

Dandara

Deir El Madina


Habu

Luxor Museum



Nefertari Tomb

Foreigners Egyptians Total visitors

9,869 student visitors student visitors

297 3,267 391 13,824

11,387

25,133

15,662

18,983

72,200

1,362

4,956

2,324

2,108

3,617

1,603

2,114

2,467

1,223

9,391

14,352

2,079 34,282

20,453

1,843 24,157

2,457 87,665

7,224

5,034

895

11,822

8,972

675

170

90

1,603

35

2,813

219

390

324 11,036

14 5,437

1,375

13,425

9,007


Ramesseum

Seti I Temple


Temple of Esna



Valley of Kings

25

28,450

92,116

18,294

91,800

23

818

5,543

2,704

5,479

682

10,851

2,466

6,712

48

280 30,230

3,725 112,235

23,464

3,017 107,008


Total

24,504

442,370

3,471

35,275

2,183 1,646 31,804

46,381 15,776 539,802


123



Table 67: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, March 1997

Site

Dandara

Deir El Madina


Habu

Luxor Museum



Nefertari Tomb


Ramesseum

Seti I Temple


Temple of Esna



Valley of Kings


Total


12,269 student vis itors student visitors

1,692 386 653 15,000

9,161

38,240

17,716

22,284

43,450

680

4,717

1,047

28,365

35,150

471

1,900

932

647

2,569

10,312

44,857

19,695

1,200 52,496

890 82,059

10,861

4,955

864

22,749

10,613

11,480

247

830

1,377

25

537

127

53

194 23,072

5,329

1,747

24,126

10,638

20

33,322

70

2,580 180

109,556

19,441

109,765

27,506

492,772

62,220

2,629

5,444

3,008

161,561

3,189

1,801

2,970

828

16,590

90

40 36,122

1,035 176,000

23,871

961 119,140

462 31,804

5,435 676,358


124



Table 68: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, April 1997

Site

Dandara

Deir El Madina


Habu

Luxor Museum



Nefertari Tomb


Ramesseum

Seti I Temple


Temple of Esna



Valley of Kings


Total

Foreigners visitors

9,929 student visitors student visitors

305 1,844 837 12,915

12,084

34,995

19,007

15,986

68,300

947

4,364

1,172

2,072

3,750

Egyptians

594

934

650

4,741

Total

13,625

39,359

21,113

524 19,232

774 77,565

10,286

3,349

699

17,808

6,515

958

381

182

1,233

214

1,543

91

11

146

9

12,933

3,830

892

19,041

6,729

93

26,131

19

858 188

90,814

13,446

93,500

14,895

437,837

9,305

1,857

5,669

2,890

36,176

5,092

1,337

6,310

799

24,134

112

97 27,274

895 106,106

16,640

17,808 123,287

266 18,850

21,356 519,503


125



Table 69: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, May 1997

Site

Dandara

Deir El Madina


Habu

Luxor Museum



Nefertari Tomb


Ramesseum

Seti I Temple


Temple of Esna



Valley of Kings


Total


8,401 student visitors

132 164 student visitors

141 8,838

8,039

125,643

13,263

561

2,463

648

305

532

8,600

128,411

14,443

12,818

47,500

11,660

2,346

313

11,549

4,876

24

1,344

68,430

6,425

71,385

19,300

413,316

950

135

852

285

135

673

7

214

3,016

30,325

3,350

1,679

45,425

362

1,240

929

71

10

239

124

1,541

489

3,337

383

9,726

158 14,288

58 48,933

82 13,523

2 2,704

16 474

12,461

4,883

24

12 1,694

102 73,089

37,239

1,507 79,579

23 21,385

2,101 470,568


126



Table 70: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, June 1997

Site

Dandara

Deir El Madina


Habu

Luxor Museum



Nefertari Tomb


Ramesseum

Seti I Temple


Temple of Esna



Valley of Kings


Total

Foreigners Egyptians Total

Visitors student visitors

4,984 195 390 student visitors

246 5,815

5,326

15,272

6,798

7,060

30,852

777

2,435

558

1,045

1,669

294

1,450

367

373

1,408

6,397

19,157

7,723

264 8,742

131 34,060

6,409

1,161

126

6,482

2,444

1,050

268

69

693

10

1,086

30

5

96 8,641

1,459

200

7,175

2,454

6

12,283

3

193 191

42,352

8,732

45,765

12,293

208,345

3,286

840

3,579

1,861

18,531

1,565

350

545

572

8,626

9

20 12,687

150 47,353

9,922

107 49,996

2 14,728

1,016 236,518


127



Table 71: 1997 Distribution of Visitors, by Site for East and West Banks

%

Average

Jan-Jun 1997

% %

Average

Jan-April, June 1997

% % %

Dandara

Deir El Madina


Habu

Luxor Museum

West East Others West

12.89%

55.40%

17.85%

20.96%

11.42%

13.22%

East

31.28%

17.71%

21.40%

Others

11.35%



Nefertari Tomb


Ramesseum

4.32%

15.07%

68.04%

14.00%

3.84%

4.53%

14.84%

67.76%

13.39%

4.51%

Seti I Temple


7.42%

0.05%

7.54%

0.06%

Temple of Esna


Tut Ankh Amun Tomb 23.85%

100.00%

22.66%

26.82%

100.00%

26.82%

Valley of Kings


100.00%

26.40%

100.00% 100.00%

26.27%

100.00%

West Bank expressed as percentage of visitors at Valley of the Kings East Bank expressed as percentage of visitors at Karnak Temple.

Data shown in second set of columns omits May 1997 to remove unusually high visitation at Deir El

Bahiri, which is atypical of other months for which data was available

Source: Supreme Council on Antiquities and Luxor Information and Decision Support Center.

Table 72: 1997 Monthly Revenues at Antiquity Sites: Total and per Visitor

January

February

March

April

May

June

Total - 6 months

Visitors,

Valley of the Kings

89,370

Visitors, % by month

Total

Revenue

Le, (000)

15.72% 8,533,997

107,008 18.83% 9,025,419

119,140

123,287

79,579

49,996

20.96% 11,116,606

21.69% 8,632,041

14.00% 7,930,893

8.80% 4,124,276

Revenue/

Visitor

95

84

93

70

100

82

568,380 100.00% 49,363,231 87

128



Table 73: Antiquities Resources (Capacities)

Name of monument

EAST BANK

Temple of Luxor

Temple of Karnak

Open Museum of Karnak

Temple of Toad

Temple of Madamud:

Current Potential Average Current Current Maximum Maximum Practical Current Maximum

Visit Visit Daily Capacit y

Capacit y

Capacity Capacity Capacity Hours of Hours of per Day per Hour per Day Per Day Operation Operation Duration Duration Visits, ‘97 per

Hour

(minutes) (minutes) note 1 note 5 note 8 per Day per Day

60

60

90

360

2,280 500 8,000

3,318 1,000 11,000

750

1,340

12,000

21,500

9,000

16,125

16

11

16

11 note 2 note 2

60

60

60

60

30 note 2 note 2

2

0

NA

NA

NA

NA note 2

150

73 note 2

1,650

800 note 2

1,238

600

11

11

11

11

11

11

WEST BANK

Valley of the Kings

Tombs of the 18 th

dynasty

Thutmosis III

Queen Hatshepsut

Amenophis III

Amenophis II

Tutankhamun

Ay

Thutmosis IV

Horemheb

Tombs of the 19 th

dynasty

Ramesses I

Sethos I (closed)

Ramesses II

Son of Ramses II

Septah

25

30

30

20

NA

NA

30

NA

NA

20

10

NA

20

10

30

30

30

20

3,411

30 note 3

30 note 3

30 note 3

20 note 3

600

25 note 3

30 note 3

30 note 3

20 note 3

NA

NA

NA note 3

,

958 9,580

60

0

0

60

60

50

60

45

30

0

0

0

75

600

0

0

600

600

500

600

450

300

0

0

0

750

1,483

60

60

70

60

60

50

60

45

30

70

70

80

75

22,600

960

960

1,120

960

960

800

960

720

480

1,120

1,120

1,280

1,200

16,950

720

720

840

720

720

600

720

540

360

840

840

960

900

10 note 4

10

0

0

10

10

10

10

10

10

0

0

0

10

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

129




Queen Tawsert/King

Setnakh

Sethos II

Merneptah

Tombs of the 20 th

dynasty

Current Potential Average Current Current Maximum Maximum Practical


Capacit y

Capacity Capacity Capacity Hours of Hours of

Duration Duration Visits, ‘97 per

Hour

(minutes) (minutes) note 1

20 20 note 7 75 per Day per Hour per Day Per Day Operation Operation

750 75 note 5

1,200 note 8

900 per Day

10 per Day

16

20

30

20 note 3

30 note 3

45

70

450

700

45

70

720

1,120

540

840

Current

10

10

Maximum

16

16

Ramesses III

Ramesses IV

Ramesses VI

Ramesses VII

Ramesses IX

20

20

20

20

20

20 note 3

20 note 3

20 note 3

20 note 4

20 note 3

60

60

75

45

60

600

600

750

450

600

75

60

75

45

60

1,200

960

1,200

720

960

900

720

900

540

720

10

10

10

10

10

16

16

16

16

16

Montu Herkhopshef

Other Tombs (40)


Khaemwaset

Set-Her-Khopshef

Prince Amun-her-

Khepshef

Queen Tawi

Unknown Queen No. 40

Queen Titi

Additional Tombs (10)

Nefertari

Deir El-Medina

Tomb of Senenmut

Tomb of Inherkhau

Pashedu


Village and temples

15 15 note 3

NA varies NA

870

20

20

20

20

20

20 note 3 note 3 note 3

NA

NA

20

15

20 note 3

20

20

NA varies

15

NA

NA

NA

178

10

10

561

10 note 3

10 note 3

15 15 note 3

NA varies NA

45 45 note 3

28

0

280

0

208 1,950

45

45

45

450

450

450

0

0

45

0

28

45

45

45

0

0

0

450

0

150

450

450

450

0

120 1,200

28

160

363

45

45

45

30

45

45

80

28

45

45

45 varies

120

280

1,600

5,030

720

720

720

480

720

720

800

150

720

720

720 varies

1,200

210

1,200

3,810

540

540

540

360

540

540

600

150

540

540

540 varies

1,200

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

6

10

10

10

10

10

16

10

16

16

16

16

16

16

10

16

16

16

10

6

130




Qurmet Murai

Additional Tombs -short term (8)

Additional Tombs - long term (12)

Sheikh Abd El-Qurna

Existing Open Tombs

(10)



Khokha and Asasif

Existing Tombs (5)



Dra-Abu El Naga

Tombs suitable short term

(2)

Other Unopened tombs

(86)

Temple of Nebjepetre

Hatshepsut Temple

Temple of Tuthmosis III

Temple of Sethos I

The Rammessseum

Colossi at Memnon

Current Potential Average Current Current Maximum Maximum Practical Current Maximum



Hour


NA 60 NA 80

Capacit y

Capacity Capacity Capacity Hours of Hours of per Day per Hour per Day Per Day Operation Operation

800 80 note 5

800 note 8

600 per Day

10 per Day

10

NA

20

NA

NA

30

NA

NA

NA

60

45

45

45

30

10 varies

20 varies varies

30

NA varies varies varies varies

60

60

45

45

NA note 3

NA varies note 3

NA

NA

NA

NA note 3

1,288 note 3

217

427 varies

235

0 varies

120

0

0

21 varies

70

150

65

80 varies

2,350

0 varies

1,200

0

0

210 varies

700

1500

650

800

10 note 3 varies varies

80

235

200 varies

120

250

230

21 varies

70

200

65

80 varies

800

2,350

2,000 varies

1,200

2,500

2,300

210 varies

700

3,200

1,040

1,280 varies

600

1,763

1,500 varies

900

1,875

1,725

158 varies

700

3,200

1,040

1,280 varies

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

12

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

16

16

16

12

131



Name of monument Current Potential Average Current Current Maximum Maximum Practical

Temple of Medinet Habu

Luxor Museum

Mummification Museum



Hour


45 550

45

45

743

68***

Capacit y

Capacity Capacity Capacity Hours of Hours of per Day per Hour per Day Per Day Operation Operation

2,000 note 5 note 8

Current per Day

10

Maximum per Day

132



Table 74: Antiquities Resources (Fees)


EAST BANK

Temple of Luxor

Temple of Karnak

Open Museum of Karnak

Temple of Toad

Temple of Madamud:

WEST BANK

Valley of the Kings

Tombs of the 18 th

dynasty

Thutmosis III

Queen Hatshepsut

Amenophis III

Amenophis II

Tutankhamun

Ay

Thutmosis IV

Horemheb

Tombs of the 19 th

dynasty

Ramesses I

Sethos I (closed)

Ramesses II

Son of Ramses II

Septah

Queen Tawsert/King

Setnakh

Sethos II

Merneptah

Tombs of the 20 th

dynasty

Ramesses III

Ramesses IV

Ramesses VI

Ramesses VII

Ramesses IX

Montu Herkhopshef

Other Tombs (40)


Khaemwaset

Set-Her-Khopshef

Prince Amun-her-

Khepshef

Queen Tawi

Unknown Queen No. 40

Queen Titi

Fees

F

20

20

Egyptian Pounds

FS N NS

10

10

1

1

1

1

10

20

5

10

1

1

1

1

NA NA NA NA

20* 10* 1* 0.5*

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

40 20 10 5

10 5 1 1

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

12

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

6

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

NA

NA

NA

NA

133





Nefertari

Deir El-Medina

Tomb of Senenmut

Tomb of Inherkhau

Pashedu


Village and temples

Qurmet Murai



Sheikh Abd El-Qurna

Existing Open Tombs

(10)



Khokha and Asasif

Existing Tombs (5)

Additiona l Tombs -short term (5)


Dra-Abu El Naga

Tombs suitable short term

(2)

Other Unopened tombs

(86)

Temple of Nebjepetre

Hatshepsut Temple

Temple of Tuthmosis III

Temple of Sethos I

The Rammessseum

Colossi at Memnon

Temple of Medinet Habu

Luxor Museum

Mummification Museum

Fees

Egyptian Pounds

F FS N NS

NA NA NA NA

100 50 10 5

12 6 1 5

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

10 5 1 1

NA NA NA NA

10 5 1 1

20 10 2 1

NA NA NA NA

NA

12

NA

NA

12

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

12

12

NA

6

NA

NA

6

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

6

6

NA

1

NA

NA

1

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

1

NA

1

NA

NA

1

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

1

NA NA NA NA

12 6 1 1

30

20

15

10

4

3

2

1

134



Table 75: West Bank Tomb Capacity

Number of Tombs Existing Tomb Visit

Capacity

Short Term Tomb Visit

Capacity

Long Term Tomb Visit

Capacity

Area Total Total

Open 1997 Open in 5-

10 years

Total

Open in

20 + years

Per Hour Absolute

Valley of the Kings

Valley of the Queens

Qurmet Murai

Deir El Medina (Nobles)

Sheikh Abd El Qurna

Khokha and Asasif

Dra-Abu El Naga

17

5

0

3

10

5

0

22

7

8

15

20

10

2

62

17

20

55

146

111

88

Total 40 84 499 1,656

Note 1 Number adjusted to account for reduced visitation to Nefertari Tomb

135

235

120

0

958

Maximum

Per Day

(10 hrs.)

9,580

208

0

1,950

Note 1

0

1,350

2,350

1,200

0

16,430


1,333

Maximum

Per Day

(10 hrs.)

13,330

280

80

2,800

800

270

435

370

21

2,700

4,350

3,700

210

2,789 27,890


1,483

363

160

Maximum

Per Day (10 hrs)

14,830

3,630

1,600

504

640

600

100

5,040

6,400

6,000

1,000

3,850 38,500

135



Table 76: Assumed Pattern of Arrival to Tombs, 10 ho urs of Operation

Arrival 6:00

% of total 7:00 daily 8:00 visitors 9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

4%

4%

2%

1%

16:00

Total 100%

Percent of Daily Visitors in Tombs during each one hour interval 25%

20%

22%

Percentage of Total Daily Visitors Present During Each Hour of Tomb Operations

6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00

20% 20%

22%

20%

22%

20%

22% 22%

18%

13%

9%

7%

18% 18%

13%

18%

13%

18%

13% 13%

9% 9% 9% 9%

7% 7% 7% 7%

20%

5%

42%

11%

60%

15%

73%

18%

62%

16%

47%

12%

4% 4% 4% 4%

33%

8%

4%

24%

6%

4%

2%

17%

4%

4%

2%

1%

11%

3%

136



Table 77: Assumed Pattern of Arrival to Tombs, 16 hours of Operation

Time

Arrival 6:00

% of total 7:00 daily visitors

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

%

Percentage of Total Daily Visitors Present During Each Hour of Tomb Operations

6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00

15% 15% 15% 15% 15%

15% 15% 15% 15% 15%

15%

9%

7%

4%

1%

1%

1%

2%

15% 15% 15% 15%

9% 9% 9%

4%

9%

4%

7% 7% 7% 7%

4% 4%

1%

1% 1% 1% 1%

1% 1% 1% 1%

1%

2%

1%

2%

1%

2% 2%

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

20:00

21:00

4%

5%

9%

8%

3%

1%

4% 4% 4% 4%

5% 5% 5% 5%

9% 9%

8%

9%

8%

3%

9%

8%

3%

1%

Total 100%

Percent of Daily Visitors in Tombs during each one hour interval 25%

15% 30% 45% 54% 46% 35% 21% 13%

4% 8% 11% 14% 12% 9% 5% 3%

7%

2%

5%

1%

8% 12% 20% 26% 25% 21%

2% 3% 5% 7% 6% 5%

137



Table 78: Estimate of Overall West Bank Visitation, Based on Tomb Capacity and Seasonal Patterns

Valley of the Kings West Bank, Overall

Units Assumptions Existing Short Long Existing Short Long

Peak Month Likely

Term Term Term Term

Peak Hour Tomb visitor-hours

10 Hour Day Maximum Tomb visitor-hours available visit-hours

10 Hour Day Likely Tomb visitor-hours actual visit-hours

10 Hour Day Likely WB

75.0%

1 tomb visit-hour = 4 hour

958

9,580

7,185

7,185

1,333

13,330

9,998

9,998

1,483

14,830

11,123

11,123

1,656

16,560

12,420

12,420

2,789

27,890

20,918

20,918

3,850

38,500

28,875

28,875 visitors visit

WB Peak Day, % of Mo. 5.0% 143,700 199,950 222,450 248,400 418,350 577,500 visitors

Annual Visitors Site WB Peak Month, % of 14.0% 1,026,429 1,428,214 1,588,929 1,774,286 2,988,214 4,125,000

Increase, Extended Hours visitors

WB visitors

Yr.

Extend to 16 hours 35.0% 1,385,679 1,928,089 2,145,054 2,395,286 4,034,089 5,568,750

Note 1: assume that West Bank tomb capacity defines overall capacity

Note 2: assume each visitor spends 1 hour inside tomb; 3 tomb-visits at 20 minutes. Therefore, each tomb visit-hour equals 1 West Bank visitor

138



Annex 9: The National Plan for the Development of the South of

Egypt, 2017

23

9.1 South Of Egypt Strategy, 2017

The Government of Egypt's general strategy for the development of Egypt over the coming two decades calls for a “Comprehensive Development” approach; not only at the sector level but also at the regional level. This strategy has received specific focus in those regions that have received equitable development resources. This strategy attempts to transform these regions into “population attracting” ones and also to achieve a better and balanced population distribution outside the inhabited Nile Valley.

Within the framework of this general strategy, several national projects have been planned and are currently underway. At the forefront of these is the National Project for the Development of Sinai, the

National Project for the Development of the South of Egypt, the National Plan for Rural Development and others.

9.1.1 Objectives

These National Projects share a number of objectives:

(1) To boost the private sector’s role in development and to create a favorable environment for private sector participation.

(2) Mobilizing Governorates’ resources for effective utilization at both the local and national levels.

(3) To achieve balanced development for various Governorates and resolve problems resulting from population and activities centralization.

(4) To achieve an equitable distribution of investments and services among Governorates.

(5) To offer the chance for regional institutions for effective participation in development activities .

9.1.2 Strategic Directions

The major strategic directions for Comprehensive Development are:

(1) To raise the real growth rate of GDP to an average of 8% annually.

(2) To create more than 12 million jobs.

(3) To construct about 4 million housing units .

(4) To provide potable water to each settlement , no matter how small it is and to provide sewerage facilities and treatment in all cities, districts and villages.

(5) To achieve complete absorption (full enrollment) in primary education, to eradicate illiteracy and to lower classroom density in all education levels to about 30 students per class.

(6) To develop and upgrade universities , emphasis on scientific research and linkages to community and development needs.

(7) To improve health indicators , emphasis on preventive health.

(8) To disperse population outside the inhabited Valley to achieve balance and emphasizing rural development as one of the bases for national development.

(9) To reclaim and cultivate around 2 million feddan .

(10) To develop industries at a real growth rate between 10% and 14%.

23

Ministry of Planning, Summary National Plan for the Development of the South of Egypt to the Year 2017 , February 18, 1996

(in Arabic).

139



(11) To increase attention given to tourism and tourism infrastructure to reach an overall tourism flow of

15 million in 2012 and around 129 million touristic nights.

(12) To increase generated electricity.

(13) To upgrade and improve road networks, railroads and telecommunications .

(14) To gradually increase rural citizens’ participation in the development process.

9.1.3 Background

The South of Egypt encompasses two planning regions:

(1) South Upper Egypt Region – including the Luxor City, Governorates of Sohag, Qena, Aswan, and the southern part of the Red Sea Governorate, and

(2) Middle Upper Egypt Region (Assiyut Region) – including the Governorates of Assiyut and El Wadi El

Gedid (New Valley), in addition to the remainder of Red Sea Governorate.

The overall area of the South of Egypt is slightly more than half the total area of Egypt. However, the population of the area is no more than 10 million inhabitants, or 17% of total Egypt’s population. Most of this population is concentrated in the Nile Valley whereas only less than 0.25 million reside in the Red

Sea and El Wadi El Gedid Governorates.

The region encompasses one of the two major areas for out migration; that is, Assiyut, Sohag and Qena where population density is very high. The Red Sea is the only Governorate positively impacted by migration. With proposed developments, it is expected that the total population of the South of Egypt would reach approximately 16.2 million inhabitants by 2017.

9.1.4 Principals and Objectives

The principals and objectives of the National Project for the Development of South of Egypt are summarized as:

(1) Improvement of locals’ living standards and minimizing economic and social gaps between them and the rest of Egypt’s population;

(2) Transforming promising zones of this region into attracting areas for activities and population;

(3) Exploring new horizons for agriculture, industry and tourism to participate in national development;

(4) Attracting the private sector to participate and support the development of the region;

(5) Contribution to the resolution of security problems within the framework of economic and social development;

(6) Improvement of comprehensive development management and local administration and supporting local administration.

9.1.5 Economic Resources

Tourism represents one of the most important activities in the South of Egypt region. There are two main types of tourism: cultural tourism in antiquity sites in Luxor and Aswan and resort and water sports tourism in Hurghada and along the Red Sea shores.

The South of Egypt encompasses some 1.3 million feddan of agriculture land, primarily in the governorates of Assiyut, Sohag, Qena and Aswan. Agriculture land, on the other hand, is minimal in the two desert governorates of El Wadi El Gedid and Red Sea. However, these two governorates hold the largest potential for land reclamation. El Wadi El Gedid governorate, alone, has some 365,000 feddan of land suitable for reclamation. The other four governorates, between them, hold some 951,000 feddan of land suitable for reclamation.

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The South of Egypt also includes two major fishing grounds, namely Lake Nasser and the Red Sea shores.

The region is also rich in its mineral resources, particularly in the southern parts of the Eastern Desert: gold, copper, iron, phosphate, zinc, lead and others, in addition to quarries for marble, granite, white sands and gypsum. El Wadi El Gedid governorate has the richest deposits of phosphate in Abu Tartour.

Although processing industries do not constitute a major element of the region’s economic structure, the region is not void of some important industries such as sugar in Qena and Aswan, aluminum in Nagaa

Hammady (Qena), cement in Assiyut and fertilizers and chemicals in Aswan.

9.1.6 Human Resources

Governorates of the South of Egypt region enjoy a pool of human resources that can aid in the establishment and operation of many productive projects, which will lead to considerable social and economic improvements in the region.

9.2 Tourism

9.2.1 Major Issues

(1) Importance of diversifying the tourism product .

(2) Support/Expand Nile tourism .

(3) Upgrading and landscaping of antiquity sites and environmental preservation.

(4) Importance of integration and linkages between tourism areas in El Wadi El Gedid, Red Sea and the

Western Desert.

9.2.2 Sector Objectives

(1) Achieving effective utilization of tourism resources , with emphasis on existing infrastructure and public utilities.

(2) Directing tourism development away from congested, fast growing areas to alleviate environmental pressures on natural and cultural resources.

(3) Definition of tourism centers with promising potentials to accommodate tourism growth in the region.

(4) Achieving integration among tourism areas through linkages between circulation networks.

(5) Distribution of tourism products and their integration among different areas .

9.2.3 Planned Projects to 2017

Tourism Accommodation

Projected new accommodation for the South of Egypt is estimated at 228,000 new rooms, 88% of which in the Red Sea mainly for resort and recreational tourism and 11% in Aswan and Luxor for historic tourism. These new rooms are distributed as follows:

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Table 79: Projected New Tourism Accommodation in the South of Egypt, 2017

Governorate

Red Sea

Aswan *

Luxor

Qena

Sohag

El Wadi El Gedid

Assiyut

No. of Rooms

200,000

15,741

9,259

800

724

575

375

Total 227,474

* Inclusive of cruise ships with new capacity of up to 5,000 rooms.

Pe5rcentage

87.92

6.9

4.07

0.35

0.32

0.27

0.16

100.00

Luxor:

•

•

•

•

•

Construction of a Nile docks complex.

Establishment of a golf course and areas for recreational facilities.

Construction of a Nile port south of the City.

Streetscape and paving of city roads.

Shading areas on the West Bank.

•

•

•

•

Aswan Governorate:

•

•

Construction of a repair and maintenance center for Nile ships.

Improvement and upgrading of roads leading to antiquity sites in the cities of Aswan, Kom Ombo,

Esna and Edfu.

Construction of a new dock in Aswan and repair of existing ones.

Streetscape of roads leading to hotels.

Construction of a bridge over the Nile.

Construction of Kalabsha bridge and Kalabsha Institute.

Red Sea Governorate:

•

•

•

•

•

Development of Sahl Hashish area.

Development of Ras Benias area.

Development of Marsa Alam area.

Development of Abu Soma area.

Development of Wadi El Gemal area.

Assiyut Governorate:

•

•

•

•

•

•

Construction of a cruise ships port and development of docking area.

Upgrading and landscaping of antiquity areas around Mon. area.

Completion of the Assiyut Wadi road.

Construction of a bridge on Nagaa Hammady El Sharkeyia.

Grading and paving of the governorate’s roads.

Construction of a fence for the touristic project in El Haggameyia.

Sohag Governorate:

•

•

Paving of Akhmim area roads.

Expansion of El Baliana dockings and completion of the Corniche.

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• Completion of Akhmim cafeteria.

Qena Governorate:

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Establishment of a control, communication and rescue center.

Construction of a cruise ships port.

Corniche Qena bridge.

Construction of gates at Qena entrance.

Construction of gates at Esna City entrance.

Completion of El Kallabeyia Canal Corniche.

Development of Denderra Temple area.

El Wadi El Gedid Governorate:

•

•

Establishment of an advanced center for desert safari in El Dakhla and El Kharga, in addition to recreational and facilities areas.

Establishment of an emergency and accidents medical center.

9.2.4 Urban Fabric and Development

The National Plan for the South of Egypt aims to put in place new bases for the urban fabric an structure so that the Nile would become a major source of water but the only attracting factor influencing the urban structure. The objective being to re-distribute population in a way that preserves the Valley and allows use of desert and coastal stretches that have not received their fair share of development.

9.2.5 Spatial Distribution of Population

The population of the South of Egypt resides in a total of 867 settlements, a third of which (303 settlements) are of more that 10,000 inhabitants each – as of January 1994 – accommodating nearly 70% of the total population. The remaining settlements (564) accommodate about 30% of the region’s population. These two facts put together indicate the concentration and imbalanced distribution of population. Further, nearly 86% of the population are concentrated in the three governorates of Assiyut,

Sohag and Qena. Luxor, El Wadi El Gedid and Red Sea accommodate only 4% of the population and the remainder 10% resides in Aswan.

The continuation of this pattern will lead to either of two possibilities, or both:

(1) The South of Egypt will continue to be a rebelling region for population leading to more pressures on the northern regions, or

(2) More agricultural lands will be encroached upon for urban development and land holdings will be further fragmented.

9.2.6 Projected Urban Structure, 2017

While redirecting population growth outside the narrow Valley remains a driving objective; the establishment of new communities in desert areas requires substantial investments. Therefore, the projected urban structure have been based on a number of assumptions:

(1) Population growth rates will remain low .

(2) Preservation of existing agricultural lands and the antiquities .

(3) Preservation and safeguarding the environment .

(4) Integration between the South of Egypt and the rest of the country’s regions .

(5) Gradual change in the urban structure and concentrated growth at the edges of the Valley .

143



The main bases for the proposed urban structures are:

(1) Creation of two corridors parallel to the Valley at the edge between agriculture and desert serving as a starting point for attracting growth through environmenta lly sound plans.

(2) Creation of west-east corridors in the Eastern Desert linking the Valley to the Red Sea and start development of new communities along these corridors.

(3) Development of large cities at the edges of desert ; that applies for Assiyut and Qena.

(4) Preservation of the touristic character of both Luxor and Aswan by absorbing growth in New Aswan and New Luxor cities and enforcement of laws and regulations that safeguards the protected zones in these two areas.

(5) Emphasis on the development of Al Owinat – Kom Ombo – Bernis corridor to become an international circulation route, and encourage urbanization along it through the development of new communities.

(6) Urbanizing El Wadi El Gedid and development of most existing settlements and creation of large urban centers in six main cities : El Farafra, Abu Tartour, Moutt, Shark Al Owinat, Paris and El

Kharga.

(7) Development of the Red Sea coast in an environmentally sound approach . Safaga and Bernis are to absorb 40% of population. New communities are to be established away from the coast to accommodate industrial and commercial growth to safeguard the shores.

The projected spatial distribution of population would be as follows:

(1) Settlements of less than 10,000 inhabitants , in 530 villages all of which in the Nile Valley governorates.

(2) Settlements of 10,000 to 100,000 inhabitants , mainly urban ones, totaling 289 towns.

(3) Settlements of more than 100,000 inhabitants . These are eight (8) main cities in the Valley governorates including Assiyut and Qena (more than 400,000 inhabitants), Sohag and Aswan

(250,000 to 400,000 inhabitants) and Luxor, Guerga, Tahta and Akhmim (100,000 to 250,000 inhabitants). This group of settlements will accommodate nearly 12% of the total region’s population, or 10% of the expected growth.

(4) Existing settlements to be developed : including 62 towns and villages, 23 of which in the Valley and the remainder in El Wadi El Gedid and Red Sea. This group will accommodate 2.1 million inhabitants (13.3% of total population, or 21.4 of the expected growth.

(5) New agricultural settlements : this group is linked to land reclamation and expected to accommodate

1.35 million inhabitants, primarily in El Wadi El Gedid and Aswan representing 8% of the region’s population, or 20.7 of expected growth.

(6) New towns : including 27 new town totaling 2.15 million inhabitants and ranging from 25,000 to

250,000 person/town. This group includes some of the towns that are currently being developed: El

Safa in Assiyut, New Sohag/Akhmim, New Luxor and New Aswan. These towns will accommodate

13% of the region’s population, or 32 of expected growth.

To accommodate the expected population growth, and to substitute for loss in existing urban stock, nearly

1.69 million new housing units will have to be constructed.

9.3 Agriculture


(1) Imbalance between cultivated land and population , especially in the governorates of Assiyut, Sohag,

Qena and Aswan.

144



(2) Small agriculture land holdings depriving the sector from large-scale economics.

(3) Low productivity per feddan .

(4) Decreasing agricultural lands due to all sorts of encroachment.

(5) Inefficiency of transportation and storage facilities leading to an increasing loss of crops.

(6) Imbalance between livestock and poultry production and population .

(7) Minimal fishery production compared to the fast fishing ground available in the region.

(8) Minimal available investment resources .


(1) Horizontal expansion in agriculture with the reclamation of nearly 1,25 million feddan.

(2) Increase economic revenue of available agricultural resources , which will be reflected in an increase of production and individual’s share of income.

(3) Increase agricultural production through development and upgrading of current production systems.

(4) Increase both self -sufficiency ratio of strategic crops and export of other crops .

(5) Increase the added value of agricultural production through industrial and agricultural integration, especially in newly reclaimed lands.

(6) Creation of more job opportunities .

(7) Increase the inhabited area of the region/nation through relocation in newly reclaimed lands.

(8) Building the capacity of the private sector through the establishment of large companies to allow for optimum utilization of agricultural resources.


Vertical Development Projects

These projects aim to increase the productivity of existing agricultural lands:

(1) Inventory and classification of lands : in light of recent changes to soil characteristics.

(2) Soil Improvement .

(3) Generalization of covered drainage systems .

(4) Improvement of irrigation system .

(5) Completion of substitution and renewal of the High Dam and Aswan Dam infrastructure/facilities.

(6) Support research in the field of high-value crops.

(7) Veterinary care projects.

(8) Agricultural marketing .

(9) High-productivity seeds production .

9.3.4 Horizontal Development Projects

In light of current and foreseeable ground and water resources, some 600,000 feddan can be reclaimed, using primarily Nile water and partially underground water, in the Nile Valley and adjacent desert lands and in some areas of the Red Sea governorate. 350,000 feddan can also be reclaimed on underground water East of Owinat and the oases of Kharga, Dakhla and Farafra. Additionally, about 300,000 feddan can be reclaimed south of the El Wadi El Gedid (Paris) on Nile water, through a new canal to be dug.

9.3.5 Livestock Development Projects

Fodder resources in newly reclaimed lands is estimated at 16 million tons (green fodder) which is enough for nearly 1 million units. In light of these resources, the private sector can be encouraged to invest in these projects in newly reclaimed lands.

9.3.6 Development of Fishing Resources

This projects aim to increase fish production from around 45,000 to 70,000 tons. The program includes:

145



(1) Construction and development of fishing ports on the Red Sea, improvement of the current fishing fleet and intensive cultivation of natural and man-made lagoons.

(2) Establishment and development of incubators for Lake Nasser supply, three incubators in Garf

Hussein, Amada and El Alaqui areas and construction of fishing ports inclusive of ice factories, refrigerators and services that facilitate handling.

(3) Fish incubation/cultivation in cages in lagoons and small bays along the Nile and canals is an important means to increase fish production.

9.4 Potable Water and Sewerage

9.4.1 Potable Water

The overall capacity of water plants in the region is 960,000m

3

/day whereas current needs are estimated at a total of 1,340,000m

3

/day – assuming an average consumption rate per individual of 115 liter/day and

190 liter/day for rural and urban residents, respectively.

Water plants are located in Assiyut, Sohag, Qena and Aswan. There are no plants in either the Red Sea or

El Wadi El Gedid governorates; the former depends on pipelines from Suez and El Korimat.

The National Project for the Development of the South of Egypt aims at raising the average consumption rate to 200 liter/day and 240 liter/day per individual in rural and urban areas, respectively.

9.4.2 Sewerage

The National Project for the Development of the South of Egypt aims at raising the average rate of sewerage to approximately 192 liter/individual/day, or nearly 2.9 million m

3

/day.

9.5 Social Services

9.5.1 Strategic Objectives

(1) Provision of basic facilities to correspond to expected population growth so as to raise the standard of facilities in the region.

(2) Meeting the expected needs of settlements in promising areas of the region.

(3) Achieving an acceptable level of balance in the distribution of facilities and services between rural and urban areas and between populated and remote areas.

(4) Raising the standard of quality and improve operation .

9.5.2 Planned Projects, 2017

Educational Facilities

(1) Increase the carrying capacity of primary and secondary schools by increasing number of schools and classes, which will lead to:

•

Meeting expected needs,

•

Lowering class density to 30 students/class,

(2) Increase number of teachers and upgrade general and technical education curriculum .

(3) Emphasis on women’s education and eradication of illiteracy .

(4) Achieving an acceptable balance in distribution of educational facilities between different areas of the region.

146



(5) Application of new approaches in education that are more suitable to the region’s characteristics and needs.

(6) Expansion in one- or two -classes primary schools in rural and remote areas.

(7) Move towards community colleges , rather than new universities, as being more suitable to the local community’s needs.

(8) Upgrading of technical and technological institutes in Aswan and transform them into a technological university.

In light of these, the demand for educational facilities to the year 2017 is estimated as:

(1) Establishment of nearly 55,300 primary classes (general and Azhar education), 32,500 prep. Classes and 26,400 secondary classes (general, technical and Azhar).

(2) Establishment of 20 community colleges in areas not served by university colleges or higher institutes

(2 in Assiyut and Sohag, 4 in Qena, Aswan and El Wadi El Gedid, 3 in Red Sea and 1 in Luxor City).

(3) Upgrading technical institutes in Aswan and transforming them into a technological university.

(4) Completion of the South of the Valley University (5 colleges, one of which for Agriculture and one for tourism and antiquities in Qena).

(5) Rehabilitation of Assiyut University .

Scientific and Technological Research

(1) Establishment of regional research branches for the Ophthalmic Research Institute .

(2) Completion of the National Institute for Marine Science and Fishery in the Red Sea .

(3) Establishment of Magnetic Observatory and Regional Earthquake Center in Aswan and a main center in El Wadi El Gedid.

Health Facilities

The main objectives for the development of this sector are summed as:

(1) Emphasis on eradication of health illiteracy , especially in rural and desert areas.

(2) Provision of health facilities in remote areas and reliance on mobile health units.

(3) Emphasis on the importance of recording births and deaths , especially in infancy.

(4) Support of targeted health programs , such as combating malaria, diarrhea and vaccination campaigns.

(5) Quality and quantity upgrading supporting medical services such as nursing and tests.

(6) Expansion of the social health insurance umbrella to cover the entire population.

(7) Achieving an acceptable balance in distribution of medical and treatment facilities between urban and rural areas and between the region’s governorates.

(8) Encouraging the private sector to build hospitals, clinics and medical centers.

(9) Support the privatization of an acceptable percentage of hospital beds for nominal fees .

The total number of beds needed by 2017 is estimated at 46,000 beds.

Religious Facilities

The strategy aims to the expansion in provision of these facilities to relatively deprived and new development areas, in addition to making available the human resources required for these facilities.

Culture, Information and Youth and Sports Facilities

The development objectives for these sectors are as follows:

(1) Increase the number of establishments , especially in higher-density governorates.

147



(2) Emphasis on cultural centers and convoys and mobile libraries to serve desert and rural areas, in addition to emphasis on information (media) centers and convoys and the establishment of a sufficient number in each governorate.

(3) Expansion in establishing youth and sports facilities , especially in Assiyut and Sohag.

(4) Making available the human resources required and training these resources.

Social Care Facilities

(1) Family and Childhood projects to reinforce the role of the family and its educational effectiveness.

(2) Emphasis on productive families projects and vocational training , bringing to the front the role of local associations in organizing local efforts.

(3) Support the role of social and rural units in providing social care facilities in rural and deprived desert areas.

Vocational Training Facilities

Expansion in vocational training facilities to meet the needs of development projects.

9.6 Electricity and Energy

9.6.1 Sector Plan, 2017

This plan aims to extend the National Grid to remote areas of Red Sea and El Wadi El Gedid governorates, at a total of 4,400km in length of lines. 3,200km of these will be high-voltage power lines and the majority of these will be in El Wadi El Gedid (1,670km) and the Red Sea (770km). The plan also aims to raise the capacity of existing power plants by 750 Mega Watt.

148



Table 80: Projected Increase in Electricity Generation, South of Egypt, 2017

Governorate

Assiyut

Qena

Power Plant

El Walideyia Thermal

Assiyut Barrage

Hydroelectric

Nagaa Hammady

Hydroelectric

Nagaa Hammady Thermal

Diesel Plants (Abu Simbel)

Diesel Plans

Nominal

Capacity

(Mega watt)

300

40

60

270

Notes

Third expansion

New

New

New

Aswan

Red Sea

20 Expansion

60 New

Total 750

Following are projects for transformer stations and lines:

(1) 20 new transformer stations of 500, 2020 and 132 KVolt with a total capacity of 3,825 Mega Volt

Ampere.

(2) 38 new transformer stations of 66 and 33 KVolt with a total capacity of 2,425 Mega Volt Ampere.

(3) Power lines of:

•

500, 220 and 132 KVolt at a total length of 3.192km.

•

66 and 33 KVolt at a total length of 979km.

Studies are currently underway to investigate the potential of unconventional and renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind and the biomass.

9.7 Transportation, Communication and Storage


(1) Improve the effectiveness of transportation axis in the Valley with utmost preservation of agricultural lands through the following means:

•

Minimizing intersections between roads and between roads and railroads in as far as feasible.

•

Improve the effectiveness of Cairo – Aswan railroad, once doubled, by improving communications and signals and increasing the speed limit.

•

Improve the effectiveness of the Nile navigational channel by dredging, construction of Nile ports and cruise ship ports together with maintenance and repair facilities for cruise ships.

(2) Creation of a new corridor parallel to the Valley in the form of a new western desert road to absorb expected growth in traffic volumes and to encourage urban development, with linkages to the Valley.

(3) Creation and improvement of perpendicular axis to the Valley as a means of population redistribution:

•

Safaga – Qena – El Wadi El Gedid as the prime corridor

•

Bernis – Aswan – West Coast of Lake Nasser – Abu Simbel – Shark Al Owinat

(4) Emphasis on Qena area as the intersection point between the Valley and the new prime corridor.

149



9.7.2 Planned Projects, 2017

(1) Construction of new roads at a total length of 2,945km , most important of which is the extension of

Cairo – Assiyut west desert road to Aswan.

(2) Maintenance and rehabilitation of 2,760km of existing roads.

(3) Cancellation of 30 intersections between roads and between roads and railroads.

(4) Construction and maintenance of 1,200km of internal roads in governorates.

(5) Completion of three bridges across the Nile : Assiyut, Luxor and Aswan.

(6) Construction of four new bridges across the Nile at Quos, Guerga, Tama and Kom Ombo .

(7) Construction and improvement of about 90 passenger station in the governorates.

(8) Completion of doubling the railroad to Aswan.

(9) Re-routing of the railroad in Luxor City.

(10) Upgrading of Safaga and Bernis ports and small fishing ports.

(11) Construction and improvement of five cruise ship ports on the Nile.

(12) Upgrading and development of international airports in Hurghada, Luxor, Aswan and El Wadi El

Gedid, and construction and improvement of domestic airports in Assiyut, Farafra, Al Dakhla, Al

Owinat, Abu Simbel and Shala teen.

(13) Upgrading of telephone switch boards in cities and villages, and microwave lines.

(14) Construction and upgrading of post offices, radio and TV broadcasting stations and meteorological stations .

(15) Construction of a grain cell in Qena with a capacity of 100,000 tons.

9.8 Industry and Mining


Statistics of late 1993 indicate that total number of employees in industry and mining in governorates of the South of Egypt reached some 82,000, representing about 1.6% of the region’s total population. This percentage rises to 2% in Qena and Aswan and declines to only 0.8% in El Wadi El Gedid whereas the national average is 3.9% (7%, 7.4% and 8.3% in Cairo, Alexandria and Damietta, respectively).

It is, therefore, clear that governorates of the South of Egypt require substantial support to increase their share of industrial and mining activities, especially with their wealth of resources.


(1) Increase growth rates , in general, in the South of Egypt and create more job opportunities.

(2) Effective use of available resources in each governorate.

(3) Improve the economic structure in favor of industry and mining and broaden the private sector participation in the development of this sector.

(4) Minimize out-migration trends from these governorates and, moreover, to transform them into attracting centers.

(5) Raising the technology level and, accompanying that, education, training and scientific research standards.


Projects Based on Agriculture Resources:

(1) Expansion in sugar industry through expansion in cultivating and processing of sugar beads in addition to rehabilitation and renewal of existing factories.

(2) Establishment of paper mills and factories based on sugar-cane fibers (creating some 3,000 jobs).

(3) Better utilization of palm trees resources especially in El Wadi El Gedid.

150



(4) Crop drying factories , especially for onion in Assiyut, Sohag and Qena through small units near farms.

(5) An integrated complex for food oils, hydrated fats and fodder from sunflower seeds (investment cost

LE 2 billion).

(6) Factories for cotton fabrics, garments and textiles in cotton-producing governorates.

(7) Fish processing and packaging and fodder factories especially in Lake Nasser area, and fishing boats and gear manufacturing.

(8) Other food processing factories : dairies, juices, jam in addition to traditional and non-traditional fodder.

(9) Wood and leather products .

(10) Packaging material .

Projects Based on Mineral Resources:

(1) Completion of Abu Tartour Phosphate complex .

(2) Production of bi-ammonium phosphate near Safaga port, with a capacity of 250,000 tons per year and a cost of LE 516 million

(3) Application of the Chinese experience studies in Qena – establishment of small cement factories, each with one production line, or two at most, with a capacity of 44,000 tons annually to fulfill the needs of remote areas.

(4) Introduction of the “small mine” concept .

(5) Building material industries .

(6) Industries that are based on deposited material .

(7) Electricity insulator industries

In addition to projects that will be established in the designated 11 “Industrial Zone” projects throughout the South of Egypt.

9.9 Petroleum and Natural Gas

9.9.1. Major Issues

The major issue in this sector is the lack of infrastructure in most areas of current agreements and those under negotiations as they are remote, uninhabited areas and, consequently, the substantial expenditures required for provision of infrastructure.


(1) Production of petroleum and natural gas at rates suitable for both local and export demands without over-use of reservoirs to maintain national reserves.

(2) Setting up and implementation of a clear policy for distribution of petroleum products without bottlenecks.


In the Field of Petroleum Agreements:

(1) Negotiate and sign more agreements with international companies and the Egyptian private sector to work at new areas at the borders of these governorates.

In the Field of Exploration:

151



(1) Concentrated efforts and work , especially in areas of current agreements and those under negotiations.

In the Field of Refineries and Processing:

Continue work on rehabilitation, upgrading and expansion of the Assiyut refinery .

In the Field of Distribution and Transport:

(1) Installation of pipelines to cover the rest, or most, of the region’s governorates for various uses

(domestic and industrial) and, construction of more car services stations and propane-gas filling and distribution centers; in addition to infrastructure projects that go with these projects.

(2) Studies have also proven the importance of installing a 24 inch pipeline , connected to the national network near El Saff, heading south to Aswan with a total length of about 860km and a capacity of

240q.ft./day in an estimated investment cost of LE 825 million. This project will serve existing and future industrial units along the route in addition to development efforts in Upper Egypt.

(3) Installation of a diesel pipeline from Assiyut to Aswan to serve new industrial zones and power plants, in addition to a propane-gas line in Upper Egypt to serve residential settlements.

9.10 Commercial and Banking Services

9.10.1 Planned Commercial Services, 2017

(1) Adding about 620 wholesale establishments , creating some 2,480 jobs at an investment cost of nearly

LE 62 million.

(2) Adding about 38,220 retail outlets , creating some 51,162 jobs at a cost of nearly LE 764 million.

9.10.2 Banking Facilities

Major Issues

(1) Low density of banking facilities in the region’s governorates.

(2) Concentration of banking units in the four State-owned banks.

(3) Low rate of effectiveness in banking units.

(4) Low saving capacity (average saving/individual is nearly 0.2 of the national average).

(5) Low role of banking units in credit.

Planned Projects, 2017

(1) Adding about 116 banking units , with 7,630 jobs at an estimated investment cost of LE 174 million.

9.10.3 Employment and Population

(1) The total number of job opportunities projected for the South of Egypt to the year 2017 is estimated at

2.8 million jobs , about 68% of which in agriculture, industry and tourism.

(2) The corresponding population to these jobs is estimated at 6,3 million , which mean an increase in the region’s population from 9.9 million in 1994 to about 16.4 million in 2017.

152



Table 81: Projected Job Opportunities

Agriculture

Industry, Mining,

Petroleum

Tourism

Sub-total

Social & Public

Facilities

Other Facilities

Total

Assiyut

27

254

3

284

34

104

422

Sohag

Table 82: Analytic Indicators

Total new jobs

Estimated unemployment

Net new jobs

Corresponding population

Current population (1994)

Natural increase

In migrants

Total Population, 2017

21

2242

3

266

36.4

103

405.4

Qena

48

321

9.2

378.2

55

128

561.2

Luxor

3

21

6.1

30.1

11

16

Aswan

180

240

39.8

459.8

29.6

187

2,822

227

2,595

6,264

9,980

13,246

2,998

16,244

Red

Sea

17.3

7.8

27.1

30.9

2.4

6.1

3.0

0.6

4.8

100

3

66

30.6

99.6

29.6

79

El

Wadi

El

Gedid

140

56

208.3

404.3

35.4

52

Total

422

1,200

300

1,922

231

669

57.1 676.4 208.2 491.7 2,822

Table 83: Investments of the National Project

Sector

Tourism

Agriculture

Industry and Petroleum

Urban Development & Housing

Electricity and Energy

Transportation & Communications

Potable Water and Sewerage

Commercial and Banking

Social

Total

Investment Cost

LE Billion

52.9

23.9

82.7

94.2

7.3

18.5

9.0

1.9

14.5

304.9

%

153



Annex 10: Profile of Egypt

Egypt’s economic fortunes have fluctuated sharply during the past two decades, but its economic future now holds real promise. A decade of rapid growth ended in 1986 when a decline in oil prices caused a regional economic slowdown. Egypt’s retreat at this time to inward-looking policies, combined with heavy borrowing, resulted in severe macroeconomic imbalances. Between 1986 and 1992, per capita income grew by only 10 percent.

The macroeconomic stabilization efforts that Egypt undertook in the early 1990s have been a success, and longer-term structural reforms are underway. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth accelerated from 1.9 to 5 percent from 1991–92 to 1995–96. GDP per capita has risen to $1,040, categorizing Egypt as a middle -income country. During the same period, inflation fell from 21.1 percent to 7.2 percent. The fiscal balance, foreign reserves, and external debt have also improved. With these positive trends now well established, Egypt appears to be on the brink of a significant period of growth.

10.1 Challenges to the Economy

Unemployment looms as a crucial challenge. Solving the employment problem through growth is critical not only for the economy, but also for social stability. Current estimates pla ce unemployment at between

9 to 13 percent, and the labor force is growing at around 3 percent annually.

10.2 Egypt’s Growth Strategy

Egypt is progressing with privatization, with reducing tariff and other trade barriers, and with streamlining legal aspects of investment and commercial activities. It is promoting the Egyptian stock market, creating a more equitable and transparent tax system, and structuring a financial system that is more responsive to medium- and long-term credit needs. All of these actions will facilitate the transition to a market economy and reduce policy impediments to economic development.

Egypt is moving to improve its domestic savings rate in several ways, the most important being privatization. Above all, the expected gains in savings will come from improved productivity and efficiency. Other reforms to increase savings include establishing a more efficient pension system, and further developing capital markets.

The government has begun to identify major areas of legislative reform; eliminate obsolete laws; and deal with commercial law, investment, leasing, acquisition of property by foreigners, and tax petitions.

The upcoming free trade agreements that Egypt is negotiating with the European Union (EU) and, more recently, the United States, will bring about major opportunities. With these agreements, Egypt will gain access to the world’s two largest markets and investors will view Egypt as a manufacturing base for exports to these markets. The agreements will also accelerate the improvement of trade and investment procedures in line with best international practices.

Egypt already offers major advantages to investors. With a population of 60 million and a per capita income of more than $1,000, Egypt represents a large market in its own right. It also has very good relations with other countries in the Middle East and North Africa, thus offering advantages in exporting to the region. And the wage rate of the Egyptian labor force of about $3 per day is highly competitive for capable, productive workers.

154



Table 84: Profile of Egypt

POVERTY and SOCIAL

Egypt M. East and

North Africa

Lower-Middle

1997

Population, mid-year (millions)

GNP per capita (Atlas method, US$)

GNP (Atlas method, US$ billions)

Average annual growth,

1991-97

Population (%)

Labor force (%)

60.3

1,180

71.2

2.0

2.8

283

2,060

583

2.3

3.2

Most recent estimate

(latest year available, 1991-97)

Urban population (% of tota l population)

Life expectancy at birth (years)

Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)

Child malnutrition (% of children under 5)

Access to safe water (% of population)

Illiteracy (% of population age 15+)

Gross primary enrollment (% of school-age population)

100

KEY ECONOMIC RATIOS and LONG-TERM TRENDS

Environment

Forests

Deforestation

0 thousands of sq. km

0.0 % change (1990-1995)

97

Water use

CO2 emissions

Energy use per capita

Electricity use per capita

Labor force : total: by occupation: agriculture services, including government

Industry

Unemployment rate:

45

66

51

9

64

49

17.4 million (1996 est.)

40%,

38%,

22% (1990 est.)

9.4% (1997 est.)

57

67

48

..

71

39

94.5 % of total resources

1.7 metric tons per capita

638 kg of oil equivalent per capita

924 kWh per capita

Income

2,285

1,230

2,818

1.2

1.3

42

69

36

..

84

19

111

155



Budget :

Revenues:

Expenditures:

Including capital expenditures of $4 billion

(FY96/97 est.)

Industries:

$19.2 billion

$19.8 billion,

Industrial production growth rate:

Electricity—capacity:

Electricity—production:

Electricity—consumption per capita: 778 kWh

(1995)

Agriculture—products:

textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement, and metals

.5% (1996 est.)

13.04 million kW (1995)

48.5 billion kWh (1995)

cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats; annual fish catch about 140,000 metric tons

Exports :

Total value:

Commodities:

Partners:

Imports :

Total value:

Commodities:

Partners:

Debt—external:

Economic aid:

Recipient:

Currency:

Exchange rates:

Fiscal year:

$5.1 billion (f.o.b., FY96/97 est.) crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals

EU, US, Japan

$15.5 billion (c.i.f., FY96/97 est.)

machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer goods, capital goods

US, EU, Japan

$30.5 billion (1996/97 est.)

ODA, $1.713 billion (1993)

1 Egyptian pound (£E) = 100 piasters

Egyptian pounds (£E) per US$1—3.4

1 July—30 June

156



GDP (US$ billions)

Gross domestic investment/GDP

Exports of goods and services/GDP

Gross domestic savings/GDP

Gross national savings/GDP

Current account balance/GDP

Interest payments/GDP

Total debt/GDP

Total debt service/exports

Present value of debt/GDP

Present value of debt/exports

(average annual growth)

GDP

GNP per capita

Exports of goods and services

STRUCTURE of the ECONOMY

(% of GDP)

Agriculture

Industry

Manufacturing

Services

Private consumption

General government consumption

Imports of goods and services

Average annual growth

Agriculture

Industry

Manufacturing

Services

Private consumption

General government consumption

Gross domestic investment


Gross national product

PRICES and GOVERNMENT FINANCE

Domestic prices

(% change)

Consumer prices

Implicit GDP deflator

Government finance

1976

13.4

28.4

22.3

16.7

..

-10.2

0.5

47.6

6.4

..

..

1976-86 1987-97

7.1 4.0

3.7

2.7

2.3

5.9

1976

28.3

26.2

16.1

45.5

58.5

24.8

34.0

1976-86

3.0

8.4

..

9.7

6.2

5.0

6.9

3.2

6.4

1976

..

12.5

1986

35.9

23.7

15.7

13.8

..

-9.4

2.4

84.8

8.4

..

..

1996

5.0

3.6

1.6

1986

20.8

26.8

13.3

52.4

69.6

16.5

25.6

1987-97

2.8

4.5

4.9

3.8

4.7

0.5

-0.4

2.4

4.4

1986

..

12.8

1996

67.6

16.6

20.2

10.8

15.8

1.6

1.5

46.3

11.5

30.9

105.0

1996

3.1

4.9

6.9

5.6

3.6

2.4

9.7

1.6

5.5

1997

17.7

31.8

25.2

50.5

76.8

10.2

24.9

1997

75.5

17.7

20.2

13.0

18.8

0.6

1.0

39.7

8.9

..

..

1997 1998-02

5.5

3.1

2.4

1996

17.3

31.6

24.3

51.1

78.8

10.4

26.0

1996

8.3

9.0

5.2

4.0

10.4

1997

4.6

6.2

1997

3.4

4.6

8.3

6.4

3.9

4.8

10.4

1.9

6.1

157

(% of GDP, includes current grants)

Current revenue

Current budget balance

Overall surplus/deficit

TRADE

(US$ millions)

Total exports (fob)

Cotton

Other Agriculture

Manufactures

Total imports (cif)

Food

Fuel and energy

Capital goods

Export price index (1995=100)

Import price index (1995=100)

Terms of trade (1995=100)

Trade and finance trade as share of PPP GDP trade growth less GDP growth high-technology exports net barter terms of trade present value of debt total debt service short term debt aid per capita

BALANCE of PAYMENTS

(US$ millions)

Exports of goods and services


Resource balance

Net income

Net current transfers

Current account balance

Financing items (net)

Changes in net reserves

Memo:

Reserves including gold (US$ millions)

Conversion rate (DEC, local/US$)



..

..

..

21.3

-14.2

-23.1

25.1

2.5

-1.3

23.7

2.9

-0.9

1976

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

1986

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

18.5 %

-0.6 average % (1987-1997)

7 % of manufactured exports

103 (1995=100)

21,265 $ millions

1,928 $ millions

2,991 $ millions

32 $

1996

4,608

110

230

1997

4,930

107

164

1,314 1,304

14,107 14,718

2,955

..

3,193

..

4,100

127

145

87

4,029

128

145

89

1976

3,319

1986

6,494

5,182 11,825

-1,863

-342

-5,331

-1,021

842

-1,363

1,049

314

2,995

-3,357

3,533

-176

1996 1997

15,245 15,644

17,541 20,342

-2,296

539

-4,698

253

2,842

1,085

-515

-570

4,146

-299

2,211

-1,912

..

0.5

1,780

1.1

17,867 19,657

3.4 3.4

158



EXTERNAL DEBT and RESOURCE FLOWS

(US$ millions)

Total debt outstanding and disbursed

IBRD

IDA

Total debt service

IBRD

IDA

Composition of net resource flows

Official grants

Official creditors

Private creditors

Foreign direct investment

Portfolio equity

World Bank program

Commitments

Disbursements

Principal repayments

Net flows

Interest payments

Net transfers

Note: 1997 data are preliminary estimates.

Geography

Area: Total

Land

Water

Land boundaries

Total border countries

Maritime claims contiguous zone continental shelf exclusive economic zone territorial sea

Climate

Terrain

Elevation extremes lowest point highest point

1,001,450 sq. km

995,450 sq. km

6,000 sq. km

1976 1986

6,357 30,415

50 1,228

126

267

3

1

910

841

122

61

0

197

78

0

78

4

74

827

837

243

12

0

1,712

534

0

0

617

369

114

256

141

115

1996 1997

31,299 29,979

1,075 869

1,090

2,283

272

23

1,324

-17 19

-376

636

0

172

108

192

-84

102

-186

1,206

1,871

297

24

..

-157

..

..

75

260

241

19

80

-61

2,689 km

Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km

24 NM

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

200 NM

12 NM desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta

Qattara Depression -133 m

Mount Catherine 2,629 m

159

Natural resources

Land use arable land permanent crops permanent pastures forests and woodland

Other

Irrigated land

Environment— current issues

Environment— party to

Geography—note

Government type

National capital

Administrative divisions

Independence

National holiday

Constitution


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

2%

0%

0%

0%

98% (1993 est.)

32,460 sq. km (1993 est.) agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salinization below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining natural resources

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber

94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified.

Controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics

Republic

Cairo

26 governorates (muhafazat, singular—muhafazah); Ad

Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al

Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al

Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al

Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf,

Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina', Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina,

Shamal Sina', Suhaj

28 February 1922 (from UK)

Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952)

11 September 1971

160

Legal system

Suffrage

Executive branch

Chief of state

Head of government

Cabinet

Elections

Election results

Legislative branch



Based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State

(oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory

ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14 October 1981)

Prime Minister Kamal Ahmed El-GANZOURI (since 4 January

1996)

Cabinet appointed by the president

President nominated by the People's Assembly for a six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by a national, popular referendum; national referendum last held 4 October 1993 (next to be held NA October 1999); prime minister appointed by the president

National referendum validated President Mubarak's nomination by the People's Assembly to a third term

Bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis al-

Sha'b (454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory

Council or Majlis al-Shura—which functions only in a consultative role (264 seats; 176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the president; members serve NA-year terms)

161



Elections

Election results

People's Assembly—last held 29 November 1995 (next to be held

NA 2000); Advisory Council—last held 7 June 1995 (next to be held NA)

People's Assembly—percent of vote by party—NDP 72%, independents 25%, opposition 3%; seats by party—NDP 317, independents 114, NWP 6, NPUG 5, Nasserist Arab Democratic

Party 1, Liberals 1; Advisory Council—percent of vote by party—

NDP 99%, independents 1%; seats by party—NA

Judicial branch Supreme Constitutional Court

Political parties and leaders National Democratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni

MUBARAK, leader, is the dominant party;

Legal opposition parties

Khalid MUHI AL-DIN; Socialist Liberal Party, Mustafa Kamal

MURAD; Democratic Unionist Party, Mohammed 'Abd-al-

Mun'im TURK; Umma Party, Ahmad al-SABAHI; Misr al-Fatah

Party (Young Egypt Party), le ader NA; Nasserist Arab Democratic

Party, Dia' al-din DAWUD; Democratic Peoples' Party, Anwar

AFIFI; The Greens Party, Kamal KIRAH; Social Justice Party,

Muhammad 'ABDAL-'AL

International organizations ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AG (observer),

AL, AMF, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CCC, EBRD, ECA,

ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,

Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO,

MONUA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE

(partner), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR,

UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNOMIL, UNPREDEP,

UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WtrO

Communications

Telephones

Telephone system

Domestic

2.2 million (1993)

Large system by Third World standards but inadequate for present requirements and undergoing extensive upgrading

Principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia,

Suez, are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay

162

International

Radio broadcast stations

Radios

Television broadcast stations

Televisions

Transportation

Railways

Total

Standard gauge

Highways

Total

Paved

Unpaved

Waterways

Pipelines

Ports and harbors

Merchant marine

Total

Ships by type

Airports

Airports— with paved runways

Total

Over 3,047 m

2,438 to 3,047 m

1,524 to 2,437 m

914 to 1,523 m

Under 914 m

Airports—with unpaved runways

Total


Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents satellite earth stations—2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian

Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat; 5 coaxial submarine cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; participant in Medarabtel

AM 39, FM 6, short-wave 0

NA

41

5 million (1993 est.)

4,751 km

4,751 km 1,435-m gauge (42 km electrified; 951 km double track)

64,000 km

49,984 km

14,016 km (1996 est.)

3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria -Cairo

Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal,

193.5 km long (including approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 m of water

Crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km

Alexandria, Al Ghardaqah, Aswan, Asyut, Bur Safajah, Damietta,

Marsa Matruh, Port Said, and Suez

161 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,225,989 GRT/1,899,818

DWT

Bulk 24, cargo 60, liquefied gas tanker 1, oil tanker 15, passenger

42, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 15, short-sea passenger 3 (1997 Est.)

89 (1997 est.)

70

11

39

15

2

3 (1997 est.)

19

163



2,438 to 3,047 m

1,524 to 2,437 m

914 to 1,523 m

Under 914 m

Heliports

Military

Military branches

Military age

Military manpower— availability

Males age 15-49

Military manpower—fit for military service

Males

Military manpower— reaching military age annually

Males

Military expenditures— percent of GDP

2

2

6

9 (1997 est.)

2 (1997 est.)

Army, Navy, Air Force, and Air Defense Command

20 years of age

17,350,925 (1998 est.)

11,247,896 (1998 est.)

683,868 (1998 est.)

8.2% (FY95/96)

164



Annex 11: Documents in the Project File

1. Abt Associates Inc., 1998, Final Submittal of the Final Report on the Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project, (English and Arabic), Abt Associates Inc., Cairo, Egypt

2. Abt Associates Inc., 1997, Avenue of Sphinxes project analysis through the 3 phases, (English) , Abt

Associates Inc., Cairo, Egypt

3. Abt Associates Inc., 1997, Draft Submittal of the Final Report on the Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project, (English and Arabic), Abt Associates Inc., Cairo, Egypt

4. Abt Associates Inc., 1997, ICON Architecture Heritage Framework, (English) , ICON Architecture,

Boston Massachusetts, USA

5. Abt Associates Inc., 1996, Technical Proposal on the Comprehensive Development of the City of

Luxor Project - Submitted to the Ministry of Housin g, Utilities and Urban Communities (English) ,

Abt Associates Inc., Cairo, Egypt

6. American Research Center in Egypt, 1996, Annual Report of American Research Center, (English) ,

Cairo, Egypt

7. Bello, Carlos Dr., 1997, Review of Abt Associates Work in Luxor (English) , Cairo, Egypt

8. Cabinet Office - Government of Egypt (GOE), 1997, Egypt and the 21st century, (Arabic) , Cairo,

Egypt

9. Cairo Times, 1997, Cairo Times, Article on Luxor, (English) , Cairo, Egypt

10. Cairo University, 1996, Workshop & Symposium on Radar imaging Training, (English) , Cairo

University, Cairo, Egypt

11. Camp Dresser Mckee (CDM), 1996, Action Plan For Institutional Developing of an Autonomous

Local Water Wastewater Authority in Luxor., (English) , Camp Dresser Mckee, Cairo, Egypt

12. Camp Dresser Mckee (CDM), 1996, Draft Environmental Assessment Report of Luxor City,

(English) , Camp Dresser Mckee Cairo, Egypt

13. Camp Dresser Mckee (CDM), 1997, Final Environmental Assessment Report of Luxor City,

(English) , Camp Dresser Mckee, Cairo, Egypt

14. Camp Dresser Mckee (CDM), 1996, A Priority Action Plan for Institutional Development of

Autonomous Local Water Wastewater Authority, (English) , Camp Dresser & Mckee, Cairo, Egypt

15. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), 1997, Preliminary Results of the

1996 Population Census , (Arabic) , Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Cairo,

Egypt

16. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), 1987, Preliminary Results of the

1986 Census , (Arabic) , Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Cairo, Egypt

17. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), N/A, Population Estimates for

Qena Government 1996/1996 , (Arabic) , Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics,

Cairo, Egypt

18. Chemonics, 1996, Environmental Assessment Report for Luxor City, (English) , Chemonics, Cairo,

Egypt

19. Chemonics, 1996, Environmental Assessment, Report for Luxor City, (Arabic) , Chemonics, Cairo,

Egypt

20. Chemonics, 1996, Water & Wastewater Development Plans, (Arabic) , Chemonics, Cairo, Egypt

21. Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority , 1992, Extracts from Annual Civil Aviation Report, (Arabic) ,

Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority, Cairo, Egypt

22. Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority, 1993, Extracts from Annual Civil Aviation Report, (Arabic) ,




165







26. Egypt Hotel Association, 1997, Egyptian Hotel Guide, (English) , Cairo, Egypt

27. Egypt Official Newsletter, 1997, Extracts from Egypt Official Newsletter, (Arabic) , Egypt Official

Newsletter, Cairo, Egypt

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Prepared by:

Ministry of Housing Utilities and Urban Communities/ Research and Studies Organization

(MHUUC/RSO)

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Abt Associates Inc.

ICON Architecture

Baraka Trading and Investments

Abt Associates Inc . staff who worked on the project included:

Gabriel Abraham, Project Director

Howard Kane, Senior Associate

Alan Edmond, Senior Associate

Dr. Ashraf Bakr, Senior Urban Planner

Onsi Thomas Aghabi, Office Manager

Dina Hassanballah, Junior Researcher

ICON architecture, inc.

team who worked on the project included:

Jonathan Lane, Principal-in-Charge

Matt Carpenter, Planner/Urban Designer

Lucia Vasak, Urban Designer/Landscape Architect

Socorro Alatorre, Landscape Architect

Roxana Esparza, Landscape Architect

Brian Goldson, Architect

Andrew Kasper, Graphics support

Randall Imai, Illustrative Drawings

Baraka Trading and Investments staff who worked on the project included:

Nasser Jawhary, Baraka Trading and Investment

169