Biology Notes
Biology: Dr. Hensley/ Mrs. Ingram
Date: 10/2015
Topic: Macromolecules
Why Carbon?????
 Atomic # = 6 thus, Protons = 6 Electrons = 6
 Mass # = 12
Protons + Neutrons = 12 Mass# - #Protons = #Neutrons=6
Carbon needs 4
electrons to be full
4 BONDS!!!
Reasons: 1.
Covalent bonding = Strength
2. Variety of Bonds: Single, double, or triple bonds
can form with carbon




4 Single Bonds
2 Double Bonds
1 Double and 2 Single
1 Triple and 1 Single
3. Huge Molecules
MACROMOLECULES!!!
Making a Polymer out of lots of Monomers: Dehydration synthesis
To bond the monomers together the reaction removes H2O
Breaking down of Polymer into its Monomers: Hydrolysis
Needs H2O to put back into the reaction to break apart the
CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides = One Sugar
The ending “OSE” stands for sugar
o Glucose
C6H12O6
o Galactose C6H12O6
o Fructose C6H12O6 (Fruit Sugar)
Disaccharides = Two Sugars
o Sucrose C12H22O11 (Table Sugar) = Glucose + Glucose
o Lactose (Milk Sugar) = Glucose + Galactose
Polysaccharides = Many Sugars
o Starch
o Cellulose (Plants for structure)
o Chitin (Animals)
LIPIDS = FATS
o Glycerol
o Saturated Fats = Full of Hydrogen Bonds , Have long straight fatty
acid chains that can stick closely together to form a solid at room
temperature: Butter, Lard, Margarine
Glycerol
Fatty
Acid
Side
Chains
o Unsaturated Fats = Not full of Hydrogen Bonds, Have bent fatty
acid chains that do not stick closely together and are liquid at room
temperature: Veg. Oils
PROTEINS
Everything in your
body depends on
Proteins!!!!
AMINO
GROUP
ACID
GROUP
“R” Group
Determines the kind
of Amino Acid
20 Different
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids





C, H, O, N, P
Nucleotides are the monomer of Nucleic Acids
Sugar + Nitrogen Base + Phosphate Group
DNA, RNA, ATP
Structure looks like this: