1.2 Matter and Its
Properties
Terms
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Matter- anything that has mass and volume
Atom- smallest unit of an element that
keeps the properties of element
Element- pure substance made of only one
type of atom
Compound- substance made of 2 or more
types of atoms that are chemically bonded
Molecule- type of compound in which bonds
are covalent bonds
Properties of Matter
 chemists
use characteristic properties
to tell substances apart and to
separate them
 some properties define a group of
substances
Types of Properties
 Extensive-
depend on the amount of
matter
 Ex: volume, mass, amount of energy
 Intensive-
do not depend on the
amount
 Ex: density, boiling point, ability to
conduct
Types of Properties
 Physical-
characteristics that can be
observed or measured without
changing the identity of a substance
 Ex. melting point, boiling pt
 Chemical- relates to a substances
ability to undergo changes that
transform it into a different substance
 Easiest to see when a chemical is
reacting
Physical Changes in Matter
 change
in a substance that doesn’t
change the identity of the substance
 Ex. grinding, cutting, melting, boiling
 Includes all changes of state (physical
changes of a substance from one state
to another)
Solid
•definite volume
•definite shape
•atoms are packed
together in fixed
positions
•strong attractive
forces between atoms
•only vibrate in place
Liquid
• definite volume
• indefinite
shape
• atoms are close
together
• atoms can
overcome
attractive
forces to flow
Gases
•indefinite volume
•indefinite shape
•atoms move very
quickly
•atoms are far
apart
•pretty weak
attractive forces
Changes of State
Plasma
 high
temperature state in which atoms
lose their electrons
 Ex. the sun
Chemical Changes in Matter
a
change in which a substance is
converted into a different substance
 same as chemical reaction
 doesn’t change the amount of matter
present
 reactants- substances that react
 products- substances that form
Energy Changes in Matter
 when
any change occurs, energy is
always involved
 energy can be in different forms
(light, heat, etc.)
 energy is never destroyed or
created (law of conservation of
energy)
Energy Changes in Matter
 Exothermic
Reaction- reaction that
gives off energy (feels warm on
outside)
 Endothermic
Reaction- reaction that
uses up energy (feels cold on outside)
Separation Techniques
Filtration- solid part is
trapped by filter paper
and the liquid part
runs through the
paper
 Vaporization- where
the liquid portion is
evaporated off to
leave solid

Separation Techniques
Decanting- when
liquid is poured off
after solid has settled
to bottom
 Centrifuge- machine
that spins a sample
very quickly so that
components with
different densities
will separate

Separation Techniques
 Paper
Chromatographyused to separate
mixtures because
different parts
move quicker on
paper than other
1.3 Elements
Elements
 elements
are pure substances
 organized by properties on periodic
table
 each square shows the name and
letter symbol for each element
 usually the symbols relate to the
English names but some come from
older names (usually Latin)
 Ex: gold’s symbol is Au from aurum
 Ex: iron’s symbol is Fe from ferrum
Periodic Table
Groups
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also called families
vertical columns
numbered 118
have similar chemical properties
Periods
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horizontal rows
properties changes consistently across a
period
Periodic Table
Periodic Table
 two
rows below the periodic table are
the lanthanide and actinide series
 these rows fit after #57 and #89
 they are only at the bottom to keep
the width of the chart smaller
Types of Elements
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Metals
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an element that is a good
conductor of electricity
at room temperature, most are
solids
malleable- can be rolled or
hammered into sheets
ductile- can be made into wire
high tensile strength- can resist
breakage when pulled
most have silvery or grayish
white luster
Types of Elements
 Nonmetals
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an element that is a poor conductor of
heat and electricity
many are gases at room temperature
some are solids: usually brittle, not
malleable
Types of Elements
 Metalloids
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an element that has some characteristics
of metals and nonmetals
appear along staricase line
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
all are solids at room temperature
less malleable that metals but less brittle
than nonmetals
are semiconductors
Types of Elements
 Noble
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Gases
generally unreactive gases
in far right column of periodic table