MUSIC APPRECIATION
TERMS FIVE
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY – 1900 - 1945
Two World Wars
Extraordinarily accelerated developments in technology and science
SHOCK as a goal
Increased emphasis on pluralism and diversity; contradiction
Wide variety of sources led to wider range of music
Little sense of realism in art
A time of revolt in Music
CHARACTERISTICS OF TWENTIETH CENTURY MUSIC
TONE COLOR
More important than ever before
Uncommon playing techniques
Glissando
Noisemakers
HARMONY
Consonance and Dissonance
Emancipation of Dissonance
New Chord structures
Polychord
Fourth chord
Tone cluster
ALTERNATIVES TO THE TRADITIONAL TONAL SYSTEM
Polytonality
Bitonality
Atonality
RHYTHM
Rapidly changing meters
Irregular rhythm against pervasive meter
Polyrhythm
Ostinato
MELODY
No longer tied to traditional harmony or key centers
Wide leaps; difficult to sing
DR. LOVE
IMPRESSIONISM
Monet painting Impression: Sunrise
Originally considered formless collection of tiny patches
Impressionist painters obsessed with water
Impressionism in music stresses tone color, atmosphere, and fluidity
CLAUDE DEBUSSY
Linked Romantic Era with the 20th Century
Master at misty atmosphere; fluidity even in titles of his works
“Music can’t be in a fixed form”
Frequent use of the damper pedal on piano
Parallel chords
Pentatonic scales; Javanese music
Whole-tone scale
Prélude à l’Après-midi d’un faune
IGOR STRAVINSKY
Le Sacre du printemps
EXPRESSIONISM
Stressed intense, subjective emotion
ARNOLD SCHOENBERG
Atonality
Tone-color melody (Klangfarbenmelodie)
Sprechstimme
Twelve-tone System
Pierrot lunaire
MUSIC IN AMERICA
AMY BEACH
The Year’s At the Spring
CHARLES IVES
Putnam’s Camp, Redding, Connecticut
GEORGE GERSHWIN
Rhapsody in Blue
WILLIAM GRANT STILL
Afro-American Symphony, 3rd movement
AARON COPLAND
*Fanfare for the Common Man
ALBERTO GINASTERA
Estancia Suite, Op. 8a, Final Dance: Malambo
MUSICAL STYLES SINCE 1945
Increased use of 12-tone system
Serialism
Chance (aleatory) music
Minimalist music
Quotation music
Electronic music
JOHN CAGE
Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano: Sonata II
EDGARD VARESE
Poème électronique (Example of Electronic music)
ELLEN TAAFFE ZWILICH
Concerto Grosso 1985 (Example of Quotation music)
JOHN ADAMS
Short Ride in a Fast Machine
ERIC WHITACRE
Lux Aurumque
JAZZ
ELEMENTS OF JAZZ
Call and response
TONE COLOR
Combo of 3 to 8 players; “big band” of 10 to 15
Backbone is the rhythm section
IMPROVISATION
Theme and variations
32 bars
RHYTHM, MELODY, AND HARMONY
Syncopation and Swing
TYPES OF JAZZ
RAGTIME
SCOTT JOPLIN
Maple Leaf Rag
BLUES
BESSIE SMITH
Lost Your Head Blues
NEW ORLEANS STYLE
LOUIS ARMSTRONG AND HIS HOT FIVE
Hotter Than That
Scat singing
SWING
DUKE ELLINGTON
C-Jam Blues
BEBOP
CHARLIE “BIRD” PARKER
Koko
COOL JAZZ
DAVE BRUBECK
*Unsquare Dance
JAZZ ROCK (FUSION)
MILES DAVIS
Miles Runs the Voodoo Down
MUSICAL THEATER
CONTRAST TO OPERA
VAUDEVILLE
REVUE
LEONARD BERNSTEIN
Tonight from West Side Story
ROCK
BILL HALEY AND THE COMETS
*Rock Around the Clock
BEATLES
*I’ll Cry Instead
NONWESTERN MUSIC
LINKED WITH RELIGION, DANCE, DRAMA
CHARACTERISTICS OF NONWESTERN MUSIC
ORAL TRADITION
IMPROVISATION
VOICES
INSTRUMENTS
Chordophones
Aerophones
Membranophones
Idiophones
MELODY, TEXTURE AND RHYTHM
AFRICAN MUSIC
DANCING
LANGUAGE
POLYRHYTHM
YODELING
Ompeh
INDIAN MUSIC
SPIRITUAL
ORAL TRADITION
IMPROVISATION AFTER STUDY
VOICE
DRONE INSTRUMENT
RAGA
TALA
SITAR
RAVI SHANKAR
Maru-Bihag