...-
-v
:.: ~
.... ~."--~"
~:..
• L'
,:'_10-
1"' - ..
,~.dvise:r
,
('
,
1
., ~
•
APP:'\:':TIX
l':atTat1'!e sertence2
De~cri;~irrs
r: i:3 J r::S;l~;
ce~te~cel
"
("'-
')
C;
.
?9
'"
•
.:"
•
~~erl ~(~r- '.;,:? :~:
•
•
,....,
'
~
..
")
"':":
'"
~
The 01<i Har. and the Sea:
A Genera t1.ve-Transformational
Analysi.s of Hem'lngway's Descriptive Syntax
Introduction
Th,:: pl)rrOSe of this gerJerative-transforrnationa1 a1'1a1;,/2i8 1
of
Erne~;t
Ecr:tingway' s
desc~ipti ve
syntax in The Old Man arc:_ the
Sea 2 is to eompare and contrr'.l.st the descriptive t8chniq'.:ec of
the tl!.I'f.:S' lia "': 2, c sen te!1CP types-- i • e ., n3!'ra t.l ve, '::: e s cript ~ ':8,
cTerb cL':':;'"'ity, adjective dens1ty, anI adverb denslty.
w)rd in this case because I beltpve
tl~t
I h,:,,··,?
in The Old Man and the
Narra tier:
A
.:,aml)lil'F;
l~.J. :;(1 <)r'"'
f)O narra ti ve sentences reveals tha t
tv,e rollc~~~i::,: v181"'1·: 2;~ triG ba,sls of :n~r e:eJle:"1J.·~
n.~1a ly 8 is 1
D. 'rerel"'lCe I angerl~:1 r>e!'~ t
'rl-,~
~ ".re.
'T'ra n"'f" ~ Y'm"" t- ~ 01'1'"'" A"'-' ~~."' .... )..,
...1 ..... r .-"V1
.. _-.....
t,'J trie .3tr~lcttJr"c fif Arnerlcar: En~lish, Tr·ansa tJaT! tic Serle -; l.rl
Llnguisti cs, ').1.. .:3arr.ue Iii. .Levin :,:et; Y:JI'k:
Hc'l t, n i:neha 1::'1: ar:d
Winston, Inc., 19(9).
11
'J.S2J
t 1. 'Te- trEtnS f OrT(~;:l t i (::-:,3. 1
co . . . . ,0." .-, f' ~yn.:,..,..,c....
t:'tX ••
The
...
ut.:'
J-.,~·'.-:...!l
',J'.
1...1
C> " . " , .,J ...... J..&.v..kCA.t~·~l.-
J..,' .... ,
'·.,.j..Lll~v ....
· ... .i.O"..L
t;'t.·-<..'~'ctl."ll
2Ernest He:'JliI13",ray, The Old Hay: ;:;nd the Sea (:'~eN' Yor1:::, J.957).
All the later 1uo~ations are from this text.
I
-
19 are c.Jrrlpound-conp] ey-- 1. • e., they are ':?OT'1bi.ra ti O~ S 0 r 2
leapt 1 sentence.
tences contain
sentence.
of the narra ti ve compound-comp1ex::('rJ-
TTJ\T0
onl~J
2 primary sent'· -es and generate only"
In the ninth of the 3C random nl'lrra ti ve sentences
(N-9), for example
t
the second nou!'} phrase (NP2) of the ve:'b
phrase (~lP) of S1 r;;enera tes an ad verbla:1
("before") clause:
"He had pushed his straTN ha t hard down on his head before
he hooked the fish and it was cuttir:g hls forehead"
50).3
(p.
In N-2R, the HP of the lIP of 32 generates an adverbial apposit1 ve,
Four of the narra tive cornpoun·j-comp1ex sen tences
CCL-
In N-7,
tain 2 pri:nary senter.ces and g<::nerate 2 sentences,
the Np of the VP of S2 generates an adverbial app.)sitive; ?,.no
jecti ,,;!e:
his win g s mot 1 0 n 1 e f' S "
S~
t::.
(
p , 37),
In
tIT -
R,
the NF
0
f
the 'iTP
genera tes a GompoulJd sentence; and ea ch of the 2
of the
,~ompcund
In
f
sente~~i:::es
ser' ter::ce 1'unct 1. 0118 a s a d iree t obj ect of
VP of S2'
('>
'<'1',8
N-J4, the NP of the
generates an adjecti'ral relati. 1 ,e {"that") clause; al':.() the :-P
of the VP of 3 2
ger~erates
an adverb:i.al :i.nfit!3tive.
the NP cf the 7P of 82 :;;;enRra tes an ad'!erblal
In
N-?5.
(""'1111 Ie") clause;
and the rTP of the VP of thf; adYerbial c]ause ger,erates a clause
3For a complete 11st of the raniom samplings ~lsed in this
analysis, see the appendix,
1.. bich
f'J.Dctions as the direct object of the V of the
the adverbial c.lause.
sentences cOF,"'::ains ::
tences.
~~-20,
Tn
("when") clause:
2 ad j e c t i
'leO
Cna of the
P'c,~,:;.ary
nar:~'ati'Te
of
\~
c;Jmpcund-complex
sentences and gener;cites J
~er:-
the NP
a~d
the NP of th2 ad7erbial clause
gener~tes
~
c,oE1plex sen t.ences conte In ? pri mary sentences and genera G'; h
sente!1Ce;s.
In N-2, the
~JP
of the VP of' 31 ger:.era tes a re2::,-
generates a predicate
adje~ti',"e;
tlve cla'usesenerates
8.
the KP of the predicate
relati'Te("~'lhich")
c1ause itJhlch
tions as a predicate ncun; and tte NP of the VP of 32
wi thout a fish the boy' s pprents had told htm
of vnlucky, and the boy had gone at the:'Lr
the VF of the "than" clause generates
and the
~\,p
IlYl
th8:~
Grde~"':3
:f'Ul1C~ene~~:EE
tl"18
'Ln
L:~j~.:::-
ol~
'(ian
a:n0~hcT
adverbial (":tf") clause;
of the VP of the "if" clause generates ay: jnfin:-
tive clau::;e '1-I11ich functions as the direct object of the
the ifF cf the tlif" claUSe.
V:'~
In K-13, the NP of S1 generat:.,:,s ?
"IF of
S~,
:(,.
generates 2
infini~ives
~hi:h
the V of the VP of S?,a~~es
functicn as direct
~b~ects
of
InK - ? 1. , the i·;P cf the 1.IP c,f
clause; the NP of the \'1' of
t;}~
"until" elause generates;::: adverbial ("untilll) 01au38s;
ar~(].
the
an adverbial
~;F
~"llntil")
of the VP of the third lIuntll" clause g;eneratE's a r:'edi-
cate adjecti7e.
One of the narra"'ive c;ompound-c0!'J"]plex seY:!;":'era tes
tencE's c'::,ntains 2 primary sentences andt0 sentences.
In =:-3,
the F? c,<' SJ
0ener:t tes a,n infini t~ ve clause wlr'ich replaces the
sl1rface :31Jbject "j4:,.; the !'.iP of the VP of the infinitive c:!.ause
generates a clause vJhich functions as the direct object of the
V of the VP of the infir;it:i.ve clau.se: the NP of the VP of 82
Fsenerates an adverhial infinit1ve cJause; the NP Cif the 'IT
,:)f the 8dverbial infini t:i. 're clause ,'!.enera te~; an infj
clause vJhlch
fl1!Jct~.ons
r'~pLJ.
direct object iY'finitive clause generates an
clau~e:
come in each da;y
I'Jj
ti VC'
as the i:i.rect object of tr.e 'if of the \'1'
of the ac1'.rerblaJ irfini ti ve clause; and
tive (tltilat")
nOt
of the 7P of the
adje'~ti'Ta:;'
rC'~a-
"It made the boy sad to 8e,:; the old man
th his sl.;-iff enpty and he always liJent
to help him carry e 1 ther the cei led lines or tr.e
!~a ff
~
own
and r,ar-
poon and the sail that Nas furled around the mast '" (p. 9).
Two of the narra ti <,'8 compound-complex sentences contain J
primary senter:ces and generate 2 sentences.
In r;.-15, the
preposi tlonal phrase (PP) of the 'IP of S1 gellerates a clause
which functjons as the object of the preposition of the PP;
and the PP of tr,e VP of
("that") clause.
SJ~enerates
8.IJ
In IIT_lr, the PP of the
generate.':: a participial clause
~<Thich
adjecttyal relative
l'~p
of the 'lP of S2
functions as the object
0::' the preposltion of the PP; and
the }\!P of the V1' of SJ
generates a predicate ad,jective.
One of the narrative com-
pound-complex sentences contains J primary sey:.teYlces and
8.
tes 3 s:=(}tences.
NP
One
t j va 1 pa rticip18 1
complex
,~entences
1 sentence.
c~net'-
c~f
the narra t i ve corr:pcund-
contalns 1:.. primary
28r.tenceE~.
and genera tcs
In N-27, the NP of the IJP of Sl g-enerates a clause
which functions as the direct object of the V of the VP
o~
Sl'
One contains 4- primary sentences and Generates 2 sentence;",.
In N-18, the NP of the \1P of S1 generates an adverbial (",+'en")
clause: and the NP of the '\/"1' of S L:....... g-enera tes a predica te
a.~1.'iec....
-J
One cor:tains 4 primary sentences and generates 6
tive.
tences.
In
I\~-lO,
se:~-
the TlTp of the V1' of Sl generates a predi-
cate adjective; the
I·~P
of SJ generates an adjectival apposi-
te ~3 a preditive: the NP of the VP of the appositive ITenera
,.J
cate adjective; the
p~p
of the predicate adjective clause gener-
a tes an adverbie.l infi!':1 ti ye clause; the lITP of the VP of S-:;J
genera tes an ad verbia 1 compara ti ve (lias") clau:38; and the
~~p
of the VP of the "as" clause also genera tes an adverbial c')mparatlve (lias") clause:
on his knees and,
b~ing
"He vTas thirsty too and he got dO't'in
careful not to jerk
Or'
the 1 ine, >:-c;ved
as far j.n to the bO'tv as he cculd get and reached tl':e
tIe
~vi
th O!le hand" (p. 50).
Finally, 1 conta iYl~:;
tences and genera tes J senter:r:es.
~'ia ter
bot-
5 primarc' 32n-
In ~1-26, the lrp of tY}e ~IP
of SJ !?;enera tes an adverbial campara ti ve ("as") clause; the NP of
the VP of the "as" clause also generates an adverbial comparative (lias") clause: and PPl of the 'IP of S4 generates an
6
adjecti\ral relative ("that") clause:
"The old man dropped the
line and put hts foot on :i. t and lifted the harpoon as
hig~;
as
he could and drove it down with all his strength, and more
strer,gth he had just summoned, i::to the fish':; side
JUS7,
behind the great chest fin ths.t rose high in the air to th-s
a I t-it-"Ud e
J
0
f
t:}'
. ,_.e
..,
'
e-'-"
ma,'1
S . ,t.;neuV
(
p. 1'"''"')
,-i.J,.
Thirty-one
~onjunc-
tions connect the primary sentences; 28 are "and's," and 3
are "so that's."
A1to'Sether, ]2 of the 19 narrat:ve compour.d-cou"plex r:En-
tences
mary
contal~
2 primary sentences, J contain 3
pr'~ary
S0~-
sentenc,~s.
of' 10 J sentences.
f:, () 'e, 1
Four of the random sampl ing cf 3C narra t11Je
but each generates ;'-): t: least 1 sentence.
SGl r/~"
Three of the
4
",<:,
na~-
Tn K_l~,
ates 6
~e~tences.
III
N-17,
>o>y;
-:;;oJ ... 1
the YP
0-:: the
'JP o~ the "before" clause generates a
pred l:::~' te
adgectl\re: the PP of t.he XP of the 'IP of the "as" clause gener-
ates 2 adjectiv:3.l relative ("that") clauses; and the NF of' the
thought!) clause:
a great
isla~d
1',Just before 1 t
was dark, as the;)' passe;-j
of Sargasso weed that heaved and swung in tte
1 ight sea a s though the ocean were making lOITe
under a yellow blanket, his sn;all Ijne
phin" (PP.
79- RO).
~'Jas
;oTi
th
S
o:ne thing
taken ':,y a dQl-
Altogether, the 4 complex sentences cor-
ta in 4 primary sen rer;ces and 9 genera ted sentences t ma1<inC a
total of IJ sentences.
Four c.·f the r8ndom sar1pling of narratiYe seLtences are
compound··-l • e ., they are combina t10n3 of 2 or more pri.mary
sentences joined by conjunc+;jQns. but none of these
genera tes any sentences.
sente~ces
Three of the 4 narra t1 ve ccmpou-::.:':
sentences (N- 5, 1>:-11, and ~!-24·) contain 2 primary sentences.
The other (N-22) ccntains 3 p~imary sentences.
The 4 compouY!.d
sentences contain a total of 9 primary sentences.
Fi're cnn-
june tion S CO!1nect the pr1.mary sentences ; alI are "and' s. "
Three of the randem sampling of narrative sentences (i:'-l,
:t-t-12, J.=lnd N-2 J) are slmple--l. e ., each con ta i ns only 1 primary sentence and generates no sentF!!1ces.
All 30 narrati.ve seDtences contain a total of 66 primary sentences and 62 generated sentences, or 128 sentences
altogether.
Twent;y-fi ve of the
tion as adjectives,
o~
generated sentences func-
which R are predicate adjectives.
p.
places the surface subject: "i L"
TYle 12R prtmary and generated sentences
ositiona~ phrases.
contaj n95 prep-
Five Df the 85 generate sentences. 4
T~'.ro
gene" 1. te a clause wh1.ch is the ob ject of the prep':>s i tion.
Two
ger:erate a relative: ("that") clause which l'TJodiftes the cbj<:"ct
of the preposlt'ton.
One generates 2 relative ( fl t':lat") clm}ses
which modify the object oP the preposition.
Seven preposl-
tio!1al phrases genFrate another prepOSitional phrase whi.c'- modifies the object of the generating prepOSitional
p'~·lrase.
S:'x-
teen of the 85 preposltional phrases function as adl2ctt,'C'C'".
The other 69 funct1.on as adverbs.
fy verbs~ 2 modify adjectives, ~nd 4 modify adverbs which rrodify adverbs v.rhiGh T[l;,;dify 78rbs.
sentences contaiY1
~ore
th[:lr~
26,,3 words.
The 8hr)rt:est
St~n.-
Of' J:;he 7R9 words :n thF; JG narra t1 ve
4~
d i.sC1JSS,:-:G ':r16se
g~(}era
t:ed
~:er1tenc~es
ly.
tl-le .~nal~rsi_:·:
the compound-complex ani ~omplex sentences earlier. I think
it necessary to di~cUSE them again mere thoroughly, how67er.
when di2cussing the d8scr~Dtive properties of the prepositional prlrases.
c;
9
verbs.
There are
total word count.
197
~~e-word
adje~tLv0S,
SixtY-2ev~n,
~r
°.5%
making 25.0% of the
of the tota] word
count, are
35,
or h.h%, are possessive pronouns: and
sessjve nouns.
J,
or .4t, are pas-
There are <2 one-Hard adverbs, maklng
adjeGtives
~r
7.R%
of
runc-
adverbs.S
there ar:? 361 descri pt! ve 'Kord s
tences.
or
t
phra ses, arid gE':!'!I:::ra ted SP:'~-
Of tho:~e 761, 10h--or 29. O.%--a1'e verbs. 6
27.8%, function
BS
adject1ves.
are generated sentcnces 7 :
One hl11:dred t
Seventeen of the JOO,
r
' .• ,
_'
4 701.
•
,
F.
,
16, or 4.5%, are prepositional
phrases; and 67, or JP.6%, are: descriptive one-vro:r-d adjecQ
tives.'
The a:J'Terbs and f1.Jnctional adverbs numbe:::- 157,
mo..~~tng
43.2.% of the 361 dE:scripti,re wordS, phrases, and generated
senten~e~:.
rJ:"'Tent.y-tl-'JO, or 6. o,Slt, of the adverbs and functional
5The other i<J8rds are arriOng the classes of largely nc{.d escri.r:ti ~le Kords--YlOllnS, pronouns, preposi t.ions, and eOr!junctio]1E'.
vO:Lce
6 I i. Ylc lude on1y the acttve voice and passiiTe"verbs becat;,se
they describe action; I ]) not lnclude "to be" or "t.o ha'Je"
verbs be"3.l,se they merely declare a state of belng or a state of
possessicn •
...,
(Ti.110lude t:le predieate adjectives amon8: t.he d.escri}:;~iiJe
one-word aCjE,ctives be,~aUf:c tlwy 8ctl~a1Jy are, for tl:0 most pa:;~tt
ne s nri fit 4. '\TC~; c,ne - ""v'J 0 I'''':] ad ~ t? C t j '\' e s •
!?T.1- ,.1"
l'''''c''l'''P.
a.,..t~,~lec;;
'_~.".J
...'n~"-l..1....{~;."-,
~ J, ~· ...
-;~.
possessive prono~ns, possess've
nCt;nS, yf' (lpY'~:Jn.stra tl'\re prono1..nr: because they merely spec1fy
1"-.) _.
11
ra ther t;,ay; de scrlb'? •
-..L
L
,
I0
adverbs are ger:erated. sentences.
Of these 22, 18--or 5.0:t--
modify uerbs, l--or .?%--~odifies an adjective, and J--or
.8;1--mcolfY adverbfi.
Sixty-nine, or. 19.0%, of the 157 ars
Sixty-three, or 17.5%, of thE pre}:'::-
preposttlonal phrases.
sitional phrases modify verbs; 2, or
and h, 0:::- 1.0;76, modify adverbs.
a:::-e one-vrord ad verbs.
"
modI" fy ''''d J·eo-l-1"
~-I">~.
-
c;9(
.::A.
_' f'- , .
e
-/ ~ ... ~~, ,
V
Sixty-bm of the 157, or
Of the ~?
53--cr l4.7(--mo~ify
verbs, 6--or }.7%--modlfy actual or functional adjectives,
and
actl181 or fUnctionaJ adverbs.
Four of
the 157, or 1. 0,9b, f'.re ad 1ferbia 1. noun phrases-- such as
first week" in N-2--which
~odify
tI
the
verbs.
Of '~hc 157 ae tual and functional ad'verbs, lY3--or J~. ?'j{.
of the ;/)1 d escrtpti ~:e Hords, phra 8GS, and genera ted sentenceS--?Tl0dif;'1 'Verbs; PR.5.% of the 157 actual and functicE9.~.
of the 157, or
adverbs modify verbs.
'T::dify adjectives;
the
2.4t
of the
5.1% of the 157 modify adjectiv·es.
157, or 2.6% of the
J~J, modify adverbs;
T8;1::f
~.4% of the
mad. i fy ad ,re Tbs •
D8E"e~~jptj'\.'e
i1hich dF',scribe
words, phras88, and t-:enerated sentencE's
:3.ct~.on--i.e.,
verhs and adverbs w'hich modif:,'
verbs--co1"1pr:1.se
67.2%
~Jords,
and generated sentencf38.
rl;r:1~es,
of tre total number of descriptive
Description
J\Tarration, by definiti::m, centers around action.
tells
:.;[3
It
what happens and, to a greater or lesser extent.
11
an au.thc:r such as Hem:i.rJgway, an a')t(:cr renov:neG
action-filled
book~"
sl;;rpr~tslng
it is net:
for ht s
to find thst the
m9.jori ty of the narra ti YJe sentences are very complex and -':r:3t
the ma jO:c'i ty of d escripti ve wcrds, pnra ses. arid genera ted
sentences describe action.
Since descriptive sentences focus
on persons and objeots, h0wever,
se~tences
tive
,t
is difficult to ant1ct-
written by any author
~il1
ei~h~r
In the third
d8scrinttve sentenoe2
(D~-J),
the PP of
t~e
ex sentences
adj8etive prepositional phrase.
of
S1
In DE-16,
€;enera tes a pred ~l cs te ad j-=-c t i
'.'8 :
l":-f
0~
be
~ur~tlo~
the ;0 random
.~
NF:f
~ontain
2
prim&~y
the NP of the 71'
and the NP of
.J..
of S2 generates a rreclicate adjective.
tive
compoun~-comp]ex
~enten~es
Two of the descrip-
contain 2
prl~ary
sentences
12
a nd generate 3 sen tenc:':::; •
Ifl
....,
the VP of .::. ,.l..
:JE-15.
generates a predJ.cate o..djectl':.re: the NP of the predieate
ad jecti 7e c:lause g'3nera tes an adverbial camparati ve (" than" )
clause: and the NP of the v'P of the "than" clause genera ter:
an implied predicate aJjective--l.e., a predicate
which is implied
h~'
exist in the actua'
"tmter" (P. 99).
the "than" clause but
serltence~
whi~~h
adject17~
doe2 not
"I t we s higher thar;. a big f"::ythe
In DE-27, t.he NP of the VP of 3 1 generat<::2
a predicate adjectSve: the NP of the predicate adjective
c~ause
genera te~i an ad T!ertia 1 CO:D.I->8.:ra t i ve ("as") clause; a'1d the ;'P
of the VP of the
adjective.
"8S"
clause generates an implied predica·':-.:
One of the compound-complex sentences contains 2
primary sentences Cl.nd genera. tes 1+ sentences.
NP of the VF of' 3 1 generates an
adje~ti va 1
Tn DE-?l, t.he
partlclpial
~~:t,-;se;
the }IP of tLe VP of the particjpial clause genera teG an ad,:rerhial lnfini tive clause; the NP of the
the NP of thp 'fP of
.:;enerates
~>
.q
"lTp
of th,':! infini t1.v·:=
rJredicate adjeetive.
One
sentence contains :2 prt'i'.ary sent811CeS and generates 8 sent-::nces.
In DE-19, the
the NF
"J~
~JP
of the
tre 'IP of 32
81ause; t:le N? of tr.e
~!'P
cf Sl generates a predicate
':;:e~lerates
"8.8"
ad~C':;-
an 8jverbial comp:3.rati.7e
clause ;:.:enerates t',vo a-·rert·ial
para ti ve ("as") clause:-:-; and tl,e
\\~p
("8.S"~
COYfl-
of the lIP of both these
and the
rls~'s
Ino~ed
eyp
as detached as the mirrors in a
pertscope or as a saint in a precession"
sentenc':; can t~ ins
:3 p:::-1Y'lary
(PP. 106-107).
sentences and
c;':;r:~era teE'
Cne
::3 :3en"l:t=;l1Ces.
predlcHte adJec-
In DE-J3,
the
-, f'
C,
FP of t:'l<2
pred'3.ca~~e
comparJ3 tl 'IS
adjec:tjve ,:;la 11SE' generates
FP of the
(H.3,S"\
'11}'
8.:1
U~
' ..1:
adverblo.2
of the "as"
cf
c~f
S~
f::r~:r:era- ~--:e s
2
pr~d.l
ea. J: e 8cl je c t i "!e s:
-'
! .......
;. l.; •
,::;,f
'-
f..
,.
•
•
O~e
sentence contaJns
the "rp of S1 generates an adjectival appositive; the
,!,.:-:-,...-:::::-.
-,' .
:~
'1~\
rTF
~
14·
toe and the creases dld
i"-'-
8 pre3tcste oJJectiv8;
Altogether, q of
~he
1]
~esnrlpttvp
com~c~nd-ccmp18x
'] Se!ltences,
The 1]
tences, malting a
the object. of
~_~rand
se~tencO~,
the:efore,
t.Dt-a] ';:If 75 serlter;.ces.
prepcsi~~on:
&rd the FF
T!1
I)E- 2,
~f
the
the
.
1 :::'
Irl DE-lI,
the relativA 82.a1)::e
DE-2C,
~C'nerates
o. predicat.e
the ]\:P of the '::rp ?;enerates
;,'p of the predJ cate ad ject1ve
relativE" clause; 1:11e
~!P
8
ClalJ2e
ad~ecti.ve.
Tn
preclcate adjective: rho:
generat:es an advert,jal
sf the !'elati.,.r e cla')se ,senerates
8.
clause \l7hich replaces th8 surface 2ubject "it" e,f the relEtive
a
part11~ipial
el8.113e
1'7hlch fUnctions
8,,;
thp c,bject
G~
the
rrepositir):1:
'T.l:ro cornplex rentenC8'3
Tn DE-2;, tbe I':p
o~
GerH':"~
the 'IP ,!enerD.t:es ''1r' ac1vt:?::'-
te
It
functions as
riOK aC" 11e
t~e
object
s-warr, faE:t:,
clause; the
'0~F
~~
th?
rrepcsl~lon:
just under the surfac.e
1/1'j
wa~'
bu:i.l+:
th hit:: r.igh
of troe ilP of tr:e particlpia"!. clause
the KP (if tIle erp of the r81a tt ve clau se
adject~~~8;
"He
genera~2s
gener'a te::; J pred.i C~.~:.E
and thp RF of the predieqte adjectives clauEe
] sente'-,c"?:::"TETS
'.:~~2
7
se~ltences.
Jrl
DE-17, the NP of the TTp
of
t~.e
pre"! j ea te
claU2e;
predic0~e
!'ldject'
clause;
tive:
~.~e
';1.r1jecti're: t,1;e FF of the t\P of the 'f'irst predicp"".?
r.Janse
the r'n:'
r';f
r~ener9.tes
t1~e
an adjecti'1;.ral re19tive ("that")
\TP ::,·f i:he relative
Clal)Se
generutes"
ces altolSether.
functio~ 8S
Flf~y-threo
nf the 81
genp!~ted
sentefi~PE
adjectives.
sentences functjor &2
adv~rbs.
nouns.
9~1
1 replaces the surface
s~Lject
"it,"
the preposition.
fie2
~he
cbject of thA
rrepos5t~on.
preposit;l:mal phrases fLncti:-:,Yi 92
function as adverbs.
Seventeen of the 19 redify 7erhs, 1
fies an adjective, and J
verb.
9s ee
footnote 4.
ad~eetives.
~odifies
an adverb
w~ich
~odiriep
~~d~~
18
58.: VTarils
There are
ir:: the -~andom sampli r.g
(_.r~~
In,.
de"'ln-,'\
--;..~
tive sentenr':es.
Fifteen serterces oontain fewer than IG.5 words.
tences
~antaln
t3:i n8 Lj, ~10rd s •
more than
T~e
19.5 words.
lon~es~
sentence ccnt~in2 3~ words.
or ]2.?~ ~f the trtal ~nrd ccunt--are verbs.
There are 2('5
ene-word n~jec~ive8~ Mqking
35.1% of the total
Nerd count.
Descrictlve adjectives nunber 104, or 17. 8 1, of the t~tal
1, or .~1
IS
a dEmonstrativ~ pronoun.
er 2.6~ o~ t~e total wnrd no~~t, mod1fy verbs;
~odify
or
~dject~ve~;
1 1
adve-rb.::: ,,' ,
ten:;.es.
1"1
JS ee
footnote
fOt)tnot,e
5.
,,-
.-
"
.
•
I,CIf
f/) J
",,(,,-,,;
f"v 'a"'i-')~t'
·~~~:!~I. L! .J
' ... f~
_:::
.......
1"'-'
10
- /
1=',l',,",:'r,!1-:
'. :::; _",",
,~,,{',
~.,r.',''''''...~p
. __t"np
,,_____
,. . .}."
lot
.':l. .!._;",
(')'1"
~-'-
tL-·",
J[1'_
-I-~,tal
~~
-.l..,
'TO...,.
,:;c~,,,
'_':.
sener~ted sentencpslJ; 39, or 15.4%, are preposittoral ph~~ses;
n~
__
0.(~.
~hC
A",f
~hD
to~aJ
_
'. i -_
•
L·__
,t
77 modify verbs.
of
77 modSfy
3~jecti7es.
cf the
77, or
~1'i,2
~,
('
..
,~,
crI
the
1
sentencES
"'"'.'
s~oken
are shcrter, less
cD~p~ex,
and
~e8s
1es~r~r-
t
T
1, ~_, ;~."''''
-U
,P, l
. :.'--;
",
-'
-r'~
.
(T)T-7),
TT'T">
Vr ..
Cr
tenc:es.
T
,
'C~
'
T~
L
T
TTTI
.,' J
:
8.:n:l
., -. ,t: \
"
sentence.
DI-P,
-,.-,
D -: - 1. .5, D! - :- q ,
TYT
!
/.L -
0~
..J,
DI-25, DT-29. and DT-30,
the
of
the
J.f
ely;.J
,~
f'
",.'i.
1-- ~
J...
o'-'Jec
'_'
ates a
~redicate
~djective.
Finsl],y, ] complex sentence
c: lEl'.ISe
the 1,(
pound.
~T-l~
con~ajn~
?
rri~ary
sentences which are connected
.
(D1-2, D1-), DT-4, DT-5,
DI-~,
DT_I], D1-14, DT-~O, DT-21,
get!1er.
as
.~
:he
T'
scm fence
c'
L. ,_
'.
• ': ","'I
~-"'
1
1
5:%,
or
",
... , :::t F:
.~_
,
,- -,",
o
"-
J
:-"
'-
, __
.'
L ,...':)
.,
-t-
I.
.,
..
.. .,
.,
..<
,.
.., t')
_
'~_J
~.'"
,
~
.-
v.
' . _1
~-:-, ~
thp. hO,
,..,.
",-,.'.
::ltld
n:od i f;/
ter~ee.7..
+~"f..
. . .;;•. , :,.;.
.. oJ 1_ ......
__
,OJ.-"!
~c~c, t-i
~
"1
.L.
lr . -:1
f/2S •.: 0
l'
~unctton
2S
One
adjectlges.
2,
02;
ti'le
,.,
5, or
1.... -'
z:::
3.nd
:;
/'-!
=J
"~,;(j
,
. ,
, , 1
0''''
~-'
.~
,
!
J... ,
J.ncl 1,
J'
1 {'See fcotr:ote
6.
'7
f
•
or
1. . . . .lL d
'.'
..
~_:3
t
"', _ ,
/
,_f.'
•
'_'
3, or
...,~
•..,.:..
9.Yl
Of the ?3
ac~ual
an~
f~,J n (l.
t i. ana J
·:-,f the ?;l,
lJ.O%
Q,q ,
,
of
,
".-.'- -;-- ...
.........: ~
-',
.
"1 .,
nt-v,p-.-"t
_
l ' : .'>,...,..!_
III
grouPl
j'
)1
o
.,
~
'-
'?
_'
........-rf
•
(
I
,! J:-'"
,. .
rJf
'~i
; L, ,.."
"
GCnslst
•
-
_
'---
'-
.
Of the
;:-' et1 t2 :-.. '.- : e s ,
~
:
., _
(
,
--,0.."'
...
,
0·,,:,f
'-to
c·
. -.
,
C
.,." 4
o(1f
I , '."
......
. --:" Y>:-
,.
') ")
0
~d
.~!.. ?
c-.
,'.
~
"
"
()
G.re
.,.,.,:';;.,. ... ,..-, ,....
'~-~_l··~t
p
-'-
-- '--
"("0
(-1.
c tl)81
.
")~
A 1'2
-::-
_ 1
~-
.
')0
-
/
APPEI:'DIX
'j"";
~T
?
,'-"
.
"Sqt after ftT'-t:y" d8.. ~?,~
l jEt cl ::, () 1 (1 !j 1 :':: t.: i-lcl t ~ ~'~l'~
ftS(l tJl,e bf):Y's I)E.tl erlt:8
s r: 01.: de f i ri t t e 1, ~y sl!1d
j'rc:rst f()r Yr: cf' t::llur:ty,
~'::~!-lC'-Llt
f'
t}f: ~
~-
()
J<l.
1
';S.
flns.l1y sa lac.i , ~.!l:i:::;.1; )3 the
c:tncl the b,:;y hac; gone at t:.heir orders :'ill an:":'Jther boat
T'Th~_ch cn.H7ht t11ree SJ~J' f',,,1--, the' firs"':: Hee}:" (r. 9).
t-:}'e boy
"Tt'T18.de
~'ri
dcqr
:~l·:j
th rils
88cJ tc see th", cJ.d m:-"Xi cerr,:,: j"l 8rJ.e'n
f'f p'npty anC' he alV'Jays weYct d'~)wn to
help him carry 61ther the coiled lines or
}'18]~POQY1
arid
~Y·rlt-
the ::/;;51
th~
~aff
the:
vJa. s fl}.r·J_'?d. ,s.I"c:'C.r:d
ar~
~r~ast ..
(p.-9).
ci
1>I-6 :
l' C 11 r~ g It
~t3t~t,
C~C81"rdpc
he
stj 11 fisrJ.in£
l:a ";. -e f ~ 2 r,ed j f
(~y-
.. rr}~.F
bir\J
8:
!~. Q
!'tZ S
-::
t':riel~e
(~11rl''i~l1t
tl'1P
a l~ttJe ::c· th8.·~ 11E. ~.,':rs,.s
t}"iC 1.lSh ~::lE-ter ~,:}·.k;t:(l. l-H~ ?}C;I:1:-I
(~C~ t t :".y i ~~!.£~ t.":j ''-t ~,~, ~ t~le ~) 1. 1'1(} '~
nA
11:8, ~
,; •
~~:er":
j, :) r
r~li.~·~her
J t; s s
c~t()\,7"e
It
(
p
rt
In t~~jf:3 ?) "
s·)(2derll:y'-
8~:n:-1
sp':rt u;.t:;f the T·;F:.t.e:::~-J:-eface" (p, ;'7)
elf"']
ttT!'":e!! }-!f'
tC:~tJ;;l~d
c~/rrectl~:
'< '7 \
-' .,""'" _.'
:,.] i
~,~ -
,<!:
\ 1-'}-'·
8te~~J~_1!.Jf"
slc:t'Tlv and
( p. J{').-
8,tl"'
and circl 2d a.S::=tit!,
l
trle cIa
,_,:~
ft::lsail despeY9t;:>ly erc:!' J.:he
ITiar-l
S~:;~1i-J
1~]yi:2.tj
\I
"~-:'"
'be f
har.. rushed h~s strF.Jl,r ha t h9.!'d down 0:': !1:.S head
11 e l'1(~c ~(E:d t.i~E' .f is 11 a !~~:l. -~< t 't~Ta s cu. t t i nE~ }l i 3 :- c·rs -
o~re
(~'.
he;d"
t:-lO :
"~1e
~Ara8
bei~g
j r~ +; (:
tfl}llr::;t~y'
t:c:":
careful net
t
:)tj:.,tJe
K-l1 :
50).
tel:::
t~C'1~I
~/rit~n
~t S
i)f::'8
i1e
s.n~1
he
,SO~
(~O~'JYl
~s j2rk Of. the
C C1J 1(1 (se t. 8. !1(5
tlfJ.C.C:."
(r'll
5~).
r,,~;
(its
1~:r~~f:'2
rr~~ed
~"(?!:'t ch~d
t }~1 F;
line,
8_Yld,
aJ fnr
~!I;L1 te r
•
N-l):
8, :'i\~.
s 1 t~ t "1 rl!::
" 1-if:'
!.
~-
:,~
h
~ ~
,!. -"
'.'!:
f:e:
f
~~-~-,
n~!'t\r:t ,~,,:p3
'3
...
.'. ......,
.,...,.
I'!
T~,-~:S-t'-
t:~~~ '!TC~
III ..
~~
::''o~Ct.~~:,;s
so,JO'l
':"'-
<-
~~-lP
-
r.
II,
~
•
1:- -.>.,~. ~lttY"k'. BE- 7he;sr p8.ssei
·.·.·,:,·,;":1 t:,:.:,:~ heaved
::..:?; ~ '"
',i s
b=a~ke~,
~ ?_0
r') •
:
~~o" • • ~
.1.-1-
1"
I Lv......
I,.'
f-.
'~1::e
wel~'3
i. ~,
:.&.:::t.
o;rea t i s1
J igh t
'1.
t,·:1
a yelJow
'.
J
though
AS
~nder
found a. vvay 0-'"
~~:'";?. '~. ~t lrno s t
~'1 C
so
_"" ,1._
oomfortable" (pp.
1\'"
.," ",l
"..J':':'\ .•
:-;o1-.rn ever his ba.Gl~ aE(~ '.. c. .~ ~;- r,. -t' ":. ,:", ~) s '1::/ ~\~ .~
r~"
~_1 :':.;::
~~_.J" l,~ ~.y':i:~ 3.cross his ShOl;.ld. ers
"~1)n::::
"1.'::J!'~!!:: ~l
1
h:,Ken the sa ck ths. t.
I. L',\"l :" ~ .:-:r~
t-:'i.
~~1 ~
'"':~\
i •
t ~ 'tl'lirlk
t!~i
the Stln artd
(if
:-.
1It
-"'"
~~
~:~, !.~ f·
&~,
e._ ~~"~
r-)c.~~<~ ~ ~:G
;:. ,
f~~~t
I l'
\
-r'
,"}11t1ped ciJ'.:').
:~:~~
);,~.
:~.L
~::.!,'
~'f<')~~~' c'~~
~
err'. ,
~:::~c,"!'
t 1""1 e ?.:,~~ i !'l f,: r~1
~~-?l
:
11'-;-
-'~
--c' .-<l r:1e
:5'~.,·:~r~~,
!~::.'?
S
S'S(::::~~:
~2tt."~:S
~:·::t~
~ -.~
s
v:a~l
t~acj{
"~ ~~
I
~ L;.?
-tl-'~,.:::
;:: :."
r:.c,
~\!l. tf:!
~~.1~
.h,~:;
::~tg!1t:
l'~~'~·r·l'~i~~
~
c.,)···'
~;',38 ~:::
l'~j
~h]e;'~~
ti.lt?
='--
5
~'r'~
~3.:~(~_
1/
~~
d~3::~r)e~:::1..t1
~ ~.~t:::c::
:~:(:r;~~~.'.2:
~"~:t:)T<-
~y :'J'~!-'l~; }l~:;
~,~.j 2' 1'? ~ ~ :''( e 1,\'"' ~ !~: ~'l
"~!,
tl-:'E:
:.~.l.fJ"
tr~~rrl17:::rled
c,C)"1"~-'J121",1'~.'~J;{
~.~
8.11.(1.
t!':e
r;()~~~}(4eC:
trlp.
;:~t'r~d
haf:d.
].f.?ft ~:~:1r~J., .;tr:~~If:: ~ ,e; ·t:~J !: .~~" ~:? f t
rnL~:.rl
..
SO},j
1e9.1'18{1.
flsfi
1~~, 1_',_
ir: (11J1.cl{ bj.tes
:)f t}lf~ s:{:'~f
tl()1~:tc!n:1
~i~h its lone f]~~ ~)rly,
,-::""_~"'~~}8:J
i-r aerC;<32 ~J'1':;
t·~-22
:
J_ '] l U
-: 1; -"L ~.':8 "':."''::; :~:
::t r.:.lj
1",;8,:~
H~r'~e
~!::'l(1
(~~'1hc,\:,::c:j
8..:-:,-
,::,ld
··;1·i-?l'"'
:?2.lX'·j ~ :~(",
~ ~,~,
:~:r~d
'tr",-:;
",='j2sc:d
reL-,ait(,.j
::<',~-el~" (r,
C'~_2~~;,
~ ~
t'k;f~
.,L"'1. r.:!~
Q'");!I
{"_
'. }-
"
'~~,").
I..
\li,
::-11 <? '<~
n~'~~ ..
~~":',~l
0
i t
\;':,
.
0'"
1--:p sr,:'fte(' tr~~ ~-~cs..~:·:/ ~
~ e f ~~ Ct r"td ;','-:?. S 1~~":.~ y~ -1 S 1':~ }",
U~}'ler:
11 i
::~
:r~an
"T}je aId
dr~)r)l)~~
fr:')m 11i2 rtght. ?"18na
r'1~-t 1:.0 "l t'l :~1:~"e s ea '/J!~l i Ie
~-..~
fl-~:d
'SJri8 I1ne
put:
Yi~.5
t~
fc>ot on
11:te-J t}:e rlr~.rrV:J~)r~ ctS Yl~_(~r~! ·~-3.S ~le Z:(J~;ld Rnd d.rc"'\.-e
"\ r. d(J'~~'. ~'V5 th a~~l ~-li 2 st:rer;~;~r1, ''.In,J_ mo:r~; ::t:r~!~::;~~! l:e
had just ~u~~onee, into the ftsh's si~? jUG~ beh1li~
:3,r:d
~},:,~
gr'?at
(yf
"~c
the
fel~
f-tn t:-r"3.t
CI1FST
;~lle
8~I~itllC~{~
~k1.11·~
i~~
-It f:)'l... t~-~t~y arId
1 ::)36
c}-:e~~~"
1
}~l,c"5}-: in fJ'le
(.p. lOJ)
c= iD and he
t-~!erl
:!:,"U~:::}'-J~d
a~l
l2Sw-'2'::: rt
~1 ~_ 5'~
Pi1..:'
t1~~le
-,';)
ere it f-3.:n(: d l"·":~ "it \~
1vE~ ~_:~ ~l
t
C-l f ~61'
~
-!_
It
( [.0. ~ ': 3-1 04) •
lf~l~~~~'lJ
tJle
~j.:~:!
C8.p"le ;;.:_j.-re,
I'C"Sr: h~g~'- O{l~:, c,f
8.f:d .. ,;-jd~}~ c;~"'·;:.l ":l:,~
DE-I:
"':.1'1'2
""v':c-tt:;2:~
:'-13..~:::
l~!}.s
~~l-~:<~p~/·l~;.S
~.,._ . .-p~ £).:t:,j
11~.~"
IJ_e~3.th
[j,}l
~T::
}~ts
}'l~r:~t
E-rer~t
1);~'~-~~'-:.~7u
(I':
'I!
::Jr:::
l'_.)1:._:'l,
~':!~:"It
"The old T'{a n i'la;:-; th 1. nand gaunt i"i th deep 1tJr'mkles
~r.::; t~~-:;c~{ of ~li2 ~:~'ec;{"" (1). 9).
DE-2:
-- ft.}:.·.:.: ::1(:; 'r ~ n ~~-,.) 1 e (j. t,
i F- (: f:. ~~ () I' ) '~J n ~~ 1'- t~.
1'1 e f
~
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D
, -,- -~. "
i"vj';"'rl
u
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>- ~
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:~~,
t
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~
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s-;'~:r!. ~arlGE:l'" tl"!:=-·
+:"":,1 :,,' '[:~. c; S (~.;3, ~>! f:' 1"1 ::.:'
1
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