Bacteria
I. Origins
A. _______________years ago
B. FIRST LIFE FORMS were _______________
How do we know this?
II. Classification Criteria
A. Shapes /____________
B. Composition of __________________
C. ___________________________
D. ______________Sequences
III. Archaebacteria
A. ______________/ __________Life Forms
B. __________/ ______________environments
C. Three kinds of extremophiles
1. ________________– basic environments (pH ~9-14)
2. ________________–_________, make methane (CH4 )
3. __________________– hot, acidic (pH______)
eg. Near undersea _______ __________
IV. Eubacteria (eu- =_______)
A. __________________
B. Harmful – _____________________
eg. Causes of pneumonia, ______________, anthrax,
______________(due to _______on teeth)
C. _____________________
1. ________ and _______ production
eg.
2. ___________ decomposition
3. _______________treatment
4. ___________ fixation in the _____________
5. ______________ eg._________, _______________
6. ___________________________
eg. Drugs, _____________,vaccines, _______________
7. _________________– using microbes to repair damaged ecosystems
eg. ___________clean up bacteria
8. Human recreation
eg. artificial snow-making
A. Bacterial Structure
A. Structures common to most bacteria
(prokaryotes)
a. _____________f(x) = protect, prevent __________of cell
b. ____________of cell wall used to _____________bacteria
2. Plasma / ___________________
1
a. f(x)=____________, protect, be
__________________________
3. Cytoplasm
a. f(x) = contains ________________
4. Genetic Material
a. DNA (______________ ____________ chromosome.)
b. Plasmid
 Circular chromosome that can
__________separately from the main
chromosome
 Can be used as a ____________________
in ____________ engineering
 Can pass _______ for
__________________________________
______________________
4. Ribosomes
a. f(x) = __________ synthesis
B. Optional Bacterial Structures
1. ________________________
a. Flagella
i. f(x) = _______________
ii. one, two, three, or many
b. _________ (fimbriae) short, fine
i. f(x) =
 ______________ to host
 ______________________
2._____________ (slime layer)
1. ___________ coating
2. Exterior to ____________
3. F(x)s
a. __________________
b. Increase _________________of bacteria
c. Protect bacteria from ________________(WBCs/
phagocytes
VI. Shapes
A. Typical
Shape
singular
plural
B. Atypical
1. _______________________
 Variable in ______ & _______
 Eg. Stella (stars)
 Eg. Arcula (cubes)
2. Mycoplasmas
2
 Lack _______ cell walls
 Can __________________
VII. _________________ / Arrangements (Used for naming)
b. _________ - 2
c. ____________ - 4
d. ______________ - cluster / clump
e. ___________ - chain
VIII. Gram staining
A. Developed in _________ by Hans Christian Gram
B._____________________ Stain
- indicates differences
in_____________________ structure and composition
C. Basis of bacterial ______________________
1. __________________= more likely to
cause ______________________
bc protein coat protects from ______
2. Determines which ____________ will be _________________
C. Process of Gramstaining
1. Crystal Violet –primary stain
 Colors cytoplasm PURPLE - all cell types
2. Iodine as a Mordant
 Binds dye to cell, resists decolorization
 Combines with crystal violet to form insoluble complex
inside the cell
3. Alcohol (or acetone & alcohol)
 Decolorizing agent
 Gram positive retains PURPLE
 Gram negative purple is removed
(cell is now colorless)
4. Safranin (red) as counterstain
 Gram negative now stains the cell red/pink
 Gram positive stains purple
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