Biologist ___________________________ FINAL REVIEW GUIDE 2014
Your final will be on June _____ at _______________ in room ____________.
Key Ideas to study
Step 1 - Highlight ALL concepts that you need extra help with.
Step 2 - MAKE FLASHCARDS for all concepts that you highlight.
MIDTERM (Chapter 1,2,3,4, and 7)
Theory vs. Hypothesis -
Mitosis vs. meiosis
Gene linkage/gene map
Covalent/Ionic Bond
pH
Acid (> H+) /Base (> OH-)
Carbon’s bonding ability
Proteins/Lipids/Carbohydrates/Nucleic
Acids
Cell Theory
Homeostasis
ATP
Autotrophs/Heterotrophs
Photosynthesis and cell respiration equation
CHAPTER 10 CELL CYCLE
Surface area : Volume
Problems with cell growth
Cell division
G1, S and G2 Interphase
Chromosome parts
CHAPTER 12 DNA
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-
-
-
-
-
-
Griffith’s experiment
Avery’s experiment
Bacteriophage
DNA
Nucleotide
Base pairing/Chargaff’s Rules
Franklin
Watson and Crick
DNA replication
DNA polymerase
DNA location in prok/eukaryotes
CHAPTER 13 RNA
RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
DNA vs. RNA
Transcription
Translation
Codon/Anticodon
Codon table
Stages of mitosis
Cytokinesis (animals vs. plants)
Cancer
Differentiation
CHAPTER 11 GENETICS
Alleles
Gamete
Gregor Mendel
Homozygous (Pure)
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-
-
Promoter
Dogma – DNA  RNA
Genetic code read 3 letters
CHAPTER 16& 17-2 EVOLUTION
Charles Darwin
Galapagos Islands
 Protein
Heterozygous (Hybrid)
Punnett Squares
Probability
Principle of independent assortment
Principle of segregation
Phenotype
Genotype
Codominance
Incomplete dominance
Genes and environment phenotype influence
Diploid/Haploid
Crossing over
Meiosis
Hutton and Lyell
Lamarck’s hypothesis
Malthus’s theory
Artificial selection
Natural selection
Struggle for existence
Variation and Adaptation
Survival of the fittest
Biogeography
Homologous/Analogous structures
Vestigial structures
Molecular evidence
Grant’s hypothesis
Genetic Drift

Disruptive, Stabilizing, and Directional
Selection
Hardy-Weinberg Conditions for Genetic
Equilibrium

STEP 3 - REVIEW
1.
What is a scientific theory?
2.
What is an acid? Number on pH scale?
3.
Why is carbon special?
4.
What is the function of a protein?
5.
What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
How is energy released from ATP?
Who was Gregor Mendel?
What is a genotype? Phenotype? Examples?
What is the equation for cell respiration?
What happens to the surface area and volume as a cell increases in size?
What is cell division?
Describe Interphase? What happens in G1, S, and G2?
Draw a chromosome and label sister chromatids and the centromere.
What are the phases of mitosis in order?
What happens in each phase or mitosis?
16.
How does cell division in a plant cell differ from an animal cell?

17.
What regulates the cell cycle in a eukaryotic cell?
18.
What is differentiation?
19.
20.
21.
22.
Why are stem cells important?
What is complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and co dominance?
What are dominant and recessive alleles?
What is the principle of independent assortment?
23.
Traits are influenced by genes and the ______________________.
24.
The end result of meiosis is:
25.
26.
When does crossing over occur?
What are linked genes?
27.
Describe Griffiths conclusion.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Describe Avery’s conclusion.
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
What is the base pairing rule?
What does DNA polymerase do?
How is RNA different than DNA?

33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
What are the three types of RNA and what do they do?
What is transcription?
What is translation?
What did Darwin discover?
How did Hutton and Lyell help Darwin’s discoveries?
What did Lamarck suggest?
What is fitness?
What is the theory of natural selection?
41.
Describe at least four pieces of evidence for Natural Selection (homologous, analogous, vestigial structures; DNA; Fossil Record; Grants Hypothesis, etc.)
42.
Describe Genetic Drift (Founder effect, bottle neck effect).

43.
Describe Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive Selection.

Midterm Review
STEP 4 - QUIZ YOURSELF
3.
When during the cell cycle are chromosomes
1.
How do scientific theories compare to visible? hypothesis? a.
Theories are the same as hypotheses b.
Theories unify a broad range of observations and hypotheses
2.
Covalent bonds are formed when
4.
a.
Only during interphase b.
Only during cell division
During which part of the cell cycle is a cell’s
DNA replicated?
3.
a.
b.
a.
b.
Electrons are transferred
Electrons are shared
A substance with a pH of 8 is called
An acid
A base c.
Neutral
4.
Solutions with more OH- than H+ ions are a.
Bases b.
Acids c.
Neutral
5.
Why is carbon so special compared with other elements? a.
Carbon can bond to one another and a.
G1 b.
S
5.
Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence? a.
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, b.
telophase
Interphase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase
6.
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell? a.
b.
Anaphase
Metaphase
6.
7.
What is an abiotic factor?
8.
9.
Plants gather the sun’s energy with light
10.
b.
What is one function of a protein? a.
Control the rate of reactions b.
Store and transmit genetic a.
Something non living b.
Energy is released form ATP when a.
form a lot of different structures
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons and can form quadruple bonds information
Something living
A phosphate group is added b.
A phosphate group is removed absorbing molecules called a.
Thylakoids b.
Pigments
What is the equation for cell respiration? a.
Oxygen + glucose  Carbon Dioxide +
Water + Energy b.
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy 
Oxygen + Glucose
Cell Division
1.
As a cell becomes larger, its a.
Volume increases faster than its surface area b.
Surface area increases faster than its volume
2.
The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called a.
Mitosis b.
Meiosis
7.
In eukaryotic cells, the timing of the cell cycle is regulated by a.
Centrioles b.
Cyclins
8.
One difference between cell division of a plant and animal cell is that plant cells have a.
Cell plates b.
Cleavage furrows
9.
Why are stem cells important? a.
They have specialized DNA b.
They have the potential to develop into other cells
10.
What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis? a.
They help separate the chromosomes b.
They help to break down the nuclear membrane
Genetics
1.
Each gamete has how many alleles for one gene?
2.
3.
a.
One b.
Two
If a pea plant has a recessive allele for green peas, it will produce a.
Green peas if it also has a dominant b.
What is an example of a hybrid genotype? a.
b.
allele for yellow peas
Green peas if it doesn’t also have a dominant allele for yellow peas
PP
Pp

4.
A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant
(Tt). Which of the following would be the outcome? a.
The offspring can be tall or short b.
The offspring will be of medium height
5.
A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability that the offspring will be tall is a.
25% b.
50%
6.
What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing each others inheritance? a.
Principle of dominance b.
Principle of independent assortment
7.
Roan cattle show codominance for the color of their hair. There are alleles for red hair and white hair. What would you expect a heterozygous roan bull to look like if the trait showed incomplete dominance instead? a.
It would be spotted. b.
It would be pink.
8.
The artic fox is blue=gray in the summer and white in the winter. What most likely influenced this change? a.
Genes and the environment b.
The environment alone
9.
If an organisms diploid number is 12, its
Meiosis haploid number is a.
12 b.
8
1.
Gametes are produced by the process of a.
Mitosis b.
Meiosis
2.
Chromosomes from tetrads during a.
Prophase I of meiosis b.
Metaphase I of meiosis
3.
What is formed at the end of meiosis? a.
4 genetically different haploid cells b.
4 genetically identical diploid cells
4.
Linked genes a.
Are never separated b.
Are on the same chromosomes
5.
The farther apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the a.
Less likely they are to be inherited together. b.
More likely they are to be inherited together.
6.
Which of the following assort independently? a.
Chromosomes b.
Linked genes
DNA
1.
Griffith called the process he observed transformation because a.
The harmful bacteria had been transformed b.
The harmless bacteria had been transformed
2.
What did Avery conclude caused transformation? a.
DNA b.
Protein
3.
What is inside a bacteriophage? a.
Protein b.
Nucleic acid
4.
In which cells is the accurate transmission of information most important? a.
Sex cells b.
Nerve cells
5.
Which of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA? a.
Adenine, phosphate group, thymine b.
Deoxyribose, phosphate group, polymerase c.
Deoxyribose, phosphate group, cytosine
6.
Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of a.
Adenine is equal to Guanine b.
Adenine is equal to Thymine c.
Adenine is equal to cytosine
7.
Which scientists made x-ray diffraction photos of DNA? a.
Franklin b.
Chargaff
8.
What is the chronological order of important discoveries in the structure of DNA? a.
Franklin  Chargaff  Watson and
Crick b.
Franklin  Watson and Crick 
Chargaff
9.
Watson and Crick discovered the two strands of DNA run in a.
The same direction b.
Opposite directions
10.
During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases GGATTCGA produces a strand with bases a.
CCUAAGCU b.
CCTAAGCT
11.
Which enzyme adds complementary base pairs to DNA as replication occurs? a.
DNA polymerase b.
Nucleosomes
12.
In eukaryotes, DNA is located in

a.
The cytoplasm b.
The nucleus
RNA
1.
How many types of RNA are there? a.
1 b.
2 c.
3
2.
Unlike DNA, RNA contains a.
Deoxyribose b.
Uracil c.
Thymine
3.
T or F - RNA is usually double stranded
4.
T or F – tRNA brings the information in the genetic code from the nucleus to other parts of the cell.
5.
From which molecules are mRNA molecules transcribed? a.
Proteins b.
DNA c.
tRNA
6.
What is produced during transcription? a.
RNA b.
Protein
7.
What is produced in translation? a.
RNA b.
Protein
8.
During eukaryotic transcription, an RNA molecules is formed that is a.
Complementary to one strand of DNA b.
Complementary to both strands of
DNA
9.
A promoter is a a.
Binding site for DNA polymerase b.
Binding site for RNA polymerase
10.
During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide strand depends on the a.
Codon of mRNA and anticodon of rRNA b.
Codon of mRNA and the anticodon of tRNA
11.
Genes contain instructions for assembling a.
Nucleosomes b.
Proteins
12.
The correct sequence of the transfer of information in most organisms is a.
RNA – DNA – Proteins b.
DNA – RNA – Proteins
13.
Your genetic code is always read ___ letter at at time. a.
1 b.
2 c.
3
Evolution
1.
Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to a.
Be preserved as fossils b.
Survive in the environments in which they lived
2.
Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the
Galapagos he wondered a.
If species living on different islands had once been members of the same species b.
If finches and tortoises had originated form the same ancestral species.
3.
Darwin’s observation that finches of different species on the Galapogos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches a.
Acquired traits through use and disuse b.
Descended from a common ancestor
4.
Hutton and Lyell’s work was important to
Darwin because these scientists a.
Explained volcanoes and earthquakes b.
Suggested that earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred.
5.
Which is a major concept included in
Lamarck’s evolutionary hypothesis? a.
Change is the result of survival of the fittest b.
Body structures can change according to the actions of the organism
6.
According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted to their environment. Their survival is due to the a.
Possession of adaptations developed through use b.
Possession of inherited adaptions that maximize fitness.
7.
Each of the following is a condition necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPT a.
More offspring are born than can survive b.
Population size is very large c.
Fitness varies among individuals d.
There is heritable variation among members of the population
8.
Which statement is part of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection? a.
More offspring are produced than can possibly survive. b.
The organisms that are the fittest are always largest and strongest. c.
The number of offspring is not related to fitness

d.
Acquired characteristics that are inherited are the cause of evolution
9.
Biogeography is the study of a.
Where species and their ancestors live b.
How extinct species can be related to living species c.
How animals that live in the same areas are closely related
10.
Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates a.
Share a common ancestor with sea stars b.
Evolved from sea stars
11.
Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes a.
The presence of vestigial structures b.
The nearly universal genetic code