 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ebU
Xpc4aoM&feature=youtu.be
 2014 homecoming video
10/14 ATB
 Why can / does carbon form so many different
compounds (hint: it has 4 valence e-)
 Today:
 Go over the test
 Quick pre-quiz (not graded)
 Start chapter on carbon compounds
 Scale of the Universe
 http://scaleofuniverse.com/
10/15 ATB
 What is an ion?
 Today:
 Quick pre-quiz (not graded)
 Start new chapter on carbon compounds
 Quarterly Final – coming soon. (after the
test on this chapter)
1. What is a monomer?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Small part of a larger molecule
A large molecule
Something that makes up a lipid
It is the same as a polymer
2. What is a
carbohydrate?
A. Molecule used for long term energy
storage
B. A polymer made up of sugars
C. A molecule used to build muscles
D. A molecule that forms our DNA
3. We could expect an
organic compound to always
have…
A.
B.
C.
D.
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Oxygen
Carbon
4. Lipids are…
A. A macromolecule used for energy
storage
B. Used for short term energy
C. Used for structure in organisms
D. Found in proteins
5. Proteins…
A.
B.
C.
D.
Important for energy use
Make up many enzymes and tissues
are the same things as lipids
Are used first for energy
6. What is a nucleic acid
used for?
A. As an energy source
B. To store information (DNA)
C. To store long term energy source (DNA)
D. To build muscle (RNA)
Section 2.3
Carbon Compounds!
Chapter 2
Organic Compounds
 Review –
 What element is in most
organic compounds?
 CARBON
 How many valence electrons does carbon
have?
 Four
 What type of bonds can carbon form?
 Single, double or
triple bonds
Organic Compounds
 Organic Compounds =
 carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds and
may include other elements
 Important elements are (other than carbon)
 Hydrogen
 Nitrogen
 Oxygen
 Sulfur
 Phosphorus
 Hydrocarbons =
 Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen
 The simplest hydrocarbon is methane or CH4
 Hydrocarbons can be a gas, liquid or solid
Hydrocarbon
10/20 No ATB
 ½ day
 Use the carbon model kits to understand
bonding.
Building Carbon Compounds
 Groups - who you are sitting next to
 Separate the different parts of the kit into piles
 Using a periodic table figure out the color of the
four different atoms (Use the # of valence
electrons)




Carbon = ?
Hydrogen = ?
Oxygen = ?
Nitrogen =?
 What are the tubes representing?
Building Carbon Compounds
 Build the following molecules
 Methane, CH4
 Ethane, C2H6
 Propane, C3H8
 Acetylene C2H2
 Butane, C4H10
 Ethene, C2H4
 Propene, C3H6
 Benzne, C6H6
Building Organic Molecules
 Ethyl Alcohol (rubbing alcohol) (CH3)2CHOH
 Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2
 Ethanol C2H5OH
Building Monomers
 Monomers are the small part of larger molecules
 Carbohydrate monomer = Glucose (C6H12O 6)
 Protein = amino acids
 Alanine (CH3CH(NH2)COOH)
 Nucleic Acid = nucleotide
Glucose
Building a disaccharide
Macromolecules
 Monomers =
 Simple molecule (“one part”)
 Smaller units that form larger molecule
 (monomers attach to other monomers to form
polymers)
 Polymers =
 long chains of repeated monomers (“many parts”)
 Draw:
 Biological Macromolecules =
 large-size molecules made by living things
 Three types of polymers are essential to life:
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids (are not polymers, but are also essential)
Review
 What does “Mono” mean?
 one
 What does “Poly” mean?
 many
 What does “mer” mean?
 parts
The 4 Macromolecules
we’ll discuss…




Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrate –
 Polymer that is used as the main sources of energy in living
things. Carbohydrates are also used for structural purposes in
some organisms.
 Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
 What foods are carbohydrates?
 Breads, pasta, potatoes, sugar, etc
 Monomer of carbohydrates =
 Monosaccharides (means “one sugar”)
 Sugars =
 simple carbohydrates
 Glucose =
 simple sugar that provides chemical energy
for cells
 Formula = C6H12O6
Carbohydrate Function
 Animals:
 First energy source
 Glycogen – how carbs are stored longer term
 (Stored in liver / muscles ready for use)
 Plants:
 Energy source
 Starch – how plants store carbs(ex: potatoes)
 Cellulose – straight chains of glucose used for
structure
 Complex carbohydrates build structures
and store energy
Cellulose – plant structure
Carbohydrates
 What are the Monosaccharide's?:
 “One” “sugar”
 (Monomer of a carbohydrate)
 Examples:
 Glucose
 Fructose (from fruits)
 Galactose (in milk)
Carbohydrates
 What are disaccharides?
 Means “Two” “Sugars”
 Two monosaccharide's join to form a
disaccharide
 Example: Glucose + fructose = sucrose
Carbohydrates
 What are polysaccharides?
 Means “many” “sugars”
 Carbs. Made with more than three sugars
Carbohydrates - Glycogen
10/17 ATB
 What are the three monosaccharide's?
 Today:
 Review monosaccharide's
 Discuss hydrolysis / condensation reactions
 Packet, page 4
Carbohydrates
 Isomers –
 same chemical formula, different structure
 EX: - monosaccharide's
 C6H12O6
CARBOHYDRATES REVIEW:











What elements make up carbohydrates?
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
What are the three monosaccharide’s?
What does monosaccharide mean?
What is the function of cellulose?
If glucose and fructose are bonded together, what does it form?
Because it is made of two sugars, sucrose (table sugar) is a
_______.
What is the formula for the monosaccharide’s?
Because they all have the same formula, the monosaccharide’s
are considered ______________.
What foods are composed of carbohydrates?
Why do you think runners “carb up” before running a long race?
Reaction
Types:
Condensation
and Hydrolysis
Reactions
Reaction Types:
 Polymers are built up and broken down
through condensation (dehydration) and
hydrolysis reactions
How do polymers bond?
 Condensation (dehydration) reactions!!
 Condensation (dehydration) reaction  Chemical reaction that links monomers into
polymers
 Each time a monomer is added, water is
released
 Example:
 Glucose + fructose  sucrose + water
 Take a water from the reactants (dehydration)
 When building polymers energy is required.
Condensation Reaction
Condensation Reaction
 Condensation reaction creating a polysaccharide
(carbohydrate)
Condensation Reaction
 Forms bonds – takes energy
How do they break down?
 Hydrolysis
 Addition of water to polymers in order to break
them down into monomers
 “Hydro” = water
 “lysis” = break
 Hydrolysis reactions – Putting a water back
in to break down polymers
Hydrolysis Reaction
Example
 SucrASE is the
enzyme that breaks
down sucrose
 Terms with –ASE on
the end typically
mean it’s an enzyme
Hydrolysis Reaction
 Breaks bonds – releases energy
Carbs – Condensation vs. Hydrolysis
Reaction Review






Reaction that builds up polymers?
Reaction that breaks down polymers?
What does it mean to dehydrate something?
What comes out of a dehydration reaction?
What reaction type breaks down polymers?
What does hydro mean? ___________
What does lysis mean? _______________
 Terms with –ase on the end usually mean
they are an
On a ½ sheet of paper
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What does polymer mean?
What is a monosaccharide?
How do animals use carbs?
What elements make up carbs?
What comes out of a condensation
reaction?
6. What reaction breaks down a polymer?
7. Breaking down polymers __________
energy.
10/21 ATB
 ____________ reactions break down
polymers. ____________ reactions build
them up.
 Today:
 Discuss lipids
 Quiz on this chapter this far…Thursday.
 Animation of Condensation and
Hydrolysis
 http://www.yellowtang.org/chemis
try.php
 (Under reaction types)
Review
 What type of reaction is occurring below? How
do you know?
LIPIDS
Lipids
 Lipids  Large non-polar organic molecules that do not
dissolve in water
 Primarily composed long chains of carbon (C)
and hydrogen (H).
 Examples
 fats, oils, steroids (types of hormones), wax and
pigments
Lipid Function
 Function as long term
 energy storage
 Takes up less space for
 more energy
 Higher number of C-H bonds than carbohydrates
which means they have = more energy
 Proteins / Carbs = 4 calories per gram
 Lipids = 9 calories per gram
 1 glucose = 36 ATP
1 molecule fat = 130 ATP
 Form all cell and biological membranes
 Also they, cushions organs, keep body warm
 (Hormones serve as chemical messengers)
 SO, Fats take up more space per weight…
 BUT…per weight they hold more than
double the amount of energy
 Lipids =
 a chemically diverse group of compounds
grouped together because they don’t
dissolve in water
 Function:
 For energy, cell membranes, structural support,
and steroids
Lipid Structure
 Triglyceride - How most fats exist in body and
in food
 One molecule of glycerol and three
chains of fatty acids (carbon chains)
Triglyceride Formation
 What type of reaction is shown below?
 Composed primarily
of Carbon and
Hydrogen
 (yes there is some
oxygen)
Review
 What are the two types of reactions the
either build up or break down polymers?
 Hydrolysis or Condensation
 Which type of reaction builds monomers
up into polymers?
 Condensation
PhosphoLIPIDS
 Phospholipids
 Fatty acids that compose most cell membranes
 Have a phosphate attached to glycerol
 Phosphate makes the molecule polar, which means it
has a difference of charge across it’s structure.
 Two fatty acid “tails” and a phosphate “head”
 Tail is hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic
Lipids
 So if we mixed
phospholipids with
water, how would they
arrange?
Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty
acids
 Saturated Fatty Acids  Usually SOLID at room temp
 Single bonds creates straight
chains = less room around each
acid makes them solid
 Found in: Butter, red meat
 The bad fats – you don’t really need
them (artery cloggers)
Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty
acids
 Unsaturated Fatty Acids –
 Usually LIQUID at room temp
 Double bonds creates
kinked chains = more room
to “flow” – usually liquids
 Found in plant oils (vegetable oil
etc.)
 These are the good fats –
better for your
health
Put it into words…
 Why are saturated fats usually solids at
room temperature and unsaturated fats
are usually liquids?
 (hint: think of their structure)
10/22 ATB
 Describe why saturated fats are solids and
unsaturated are liquids.
 Today:
 Nucleic acids
 Review for
quiz
 Quiz tom
 Finish chapt
Friday
 Next week…review
Lipids
Lipids
 Wax
 Waterproof
 Protective layer in
plants and animals
 Ear wax
Lipids
 Steroid
 Compose many hormones
 Made of four fused rings
 Testosterone
 Estrogen
 Cholesterol









LIPIDS REVIEW
What don’t most lipids mix well with?
What is one main function of lipids?
What elements make up lipids?
Give another function of lipids?
Why are lipids better at storing energy than
carbohydrates? Explain.
What are the lipids called that make up your cell
membrane?
Draw one and label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic
sides:
Are unsaturated fats solids or liquids are room temp?
Explain why.
Lipids
 Phospholipid molecule
 http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/st
udent/ch03/sec03/qc13/hm203_03_q13fs
.htm
 Lipid bylayer
 http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/st
udent/ch03/sec03/qc14/hm203_03_q14fs
.htm
NUCLEIC
ACIDS
Nucleic Acid
 Nucleic acid –
 FUNCTION:
 Organic molecules that transfer
/ store important cell info
 Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
 Monomer of nucleic acids = nucleotide
Nucleic Acids
 What are the two nucleic acids?
 DNA and RNA
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA
 Directs cell activities and stores info
for cell
 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
 Transfers info to direct protein
production
Nucleic Acid
 Nucleotide
 Monomer of DNA and RNA
 Made up of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base
Nucleotide
 Nucleotide
 Monomer of nucleic acids
A special process involving proteins
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) carry the hereditary
information of organisms
 Long chains of nucleotides that contain
 Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
 Information in DNA is rewritten to RNA
 RNA directs amino acid assembly into proteins
 Genes = regions of DNA that code for
proteins that perform certain functions
 Genome = an organism’s genes
 Divided into chromosomes
LAB
 Review: What color does iodine turn in
the presence of starch?
 Purple
Review:
 Which are solid – saturated or unsaturated?
 Explain.
QUIZ
REIVEW
Quick Refresher
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2 Function of carbs?
Monomer of carbs?
Elements that make up carbs?
2 Function of lipids?
Elements that make up lipids?
Function of nucleic acids?
Monomer of nucleic acids?
Functions of proteins?
Monomer of proteins?
Review Questions:
a. Monomer of carbohydrates? a. C6H12O6 is the formula for
a. Glucose
a. Glucose
b. Amino acid
b. Proteins
c. Nucleotide
c. Lipids
d. Protein
b. This is the reaction that is
involved in building
b. Function of carbs?
polymers (water is removed
st
a. 1 energy source
from the reaction)
b. Stored energy source
a. hydrolysis reaction
c. Store genetic info
b. protein reaction
c. Glycosynthesis
d. condensation reaction
Review Questions
a. Body’s energy storage
a.
b.
c.
d.
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
a. These form cell
membranes
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lipids
Phospholipids
Proteins
Amino acids
b. The reaction that breaks b. T/F – Fats have more
energy than carbs.
down polymers
a.
b.
c.
d.
Condensation
Hydrolysis
Protein synthesis
lipids
c. Same chemical formula, but
different structure = ?
a. Lipids
b. Carbs
c. Monosaccharides
d. Isomers
Review Cont’d
A. What does “poly” mean? C. What does
hydrophobic mean?
a. One
b. Many
c. Sugars
d. Lipids
B. What does lysis mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Build
Take
Break
leave
C.
D.
E.
F.
Fear of lipids
Love of water
Fear of proteins
Fear of water
What is occurring below?
Review Questions
a. Function of DNA?
a. Store energy
b. Store genetic info
c. Transfer genetic info
b. Which are nucleic acids?
a.
b.
c.
d.
DNA
RNA
Lipids
Both A and B
a. Which is a
monosaccharide?
a. Glucose
b. Lipids
c. Amino acids
10/23 ATB
 What does hydrolysis mean?
 Today:




Quiz (look over you materials now!)
Review nucleic acids
Start discussing proteins
Friday:
 Finish proteins
 Next week…review…and…
 Quarter Final!
11/12 1st and 9th
 11/12 ATB  What are two functions of
lipids?
 Today:
 Quiz!
 Finish the chapter!
 Test  FRIDAY.
 Study guide  FRIDAY.
11/13 1st and 9th
 11/13 ATB  What is the function of
DNA (a type of nucleic acid)?
 Today:
 Finish the chapter
 Quiz make ups.
Proteins
Proteins
 Organic compounds composed mostly
of C, H, O and N
 Monomer of protein = amino acids
 Function:
 Function as enzymes (control rates of rxns.)
 Many body tissues
 Examples:
 hair, finger nails, red blood cells, skin, muscles, etc
 Insulin (hormone that
regulates carb/fat
metabolism)
 Human growth hormone
Proteins
 What are the building blocks of proteins?
 Amino acids
 20 different naturally occurring AA’s – see them
 4 basic parts:




Functional Group – gives AA it’s properties / shape
Amino Group (-NH2)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Hydrogen (H)
Amino
group
Functional
group
Carboxyl
group
Protein Function Groups
(amino acids)
 Different amino acids
 http://www.yellowtang.org/chemistry.php
 (Under Amino acids)
 http://www.yellowtang.org/animations/ami
no_acids.swf
Proteins
 Produce tissues, provide structural
support, store and others transport energy
 Animals use proteins to generate skin, hair,
muscles, and tendons
 Some function as components of the immune
system
 They can serve as enzymes, molecules that
promote certain chemical reactions
Proteins
 What holds proteins together?
 Peptide bonds  Covalent bond linking AA (thru. condensation rxn.)
 Polypeptide  Three or more bonded
AA’s
Enzyme Review






Function?
Activation energy?
Active site?
Substrate?
Products?
Affected by?
Joining Amino Acids
 What type of bond joins amino acids?
 peptide
 What type of reaction is this?
 condensation
Amino Acids
Go back
 20 different structures
 64 possible nitrogenous base combinations
Forming Proteins




Forming Peptide Bonds
http://www.yellowtang.org/chemistry.php
(Under peptide bonding0
http://www.yellowtang.org/animations/pe
ptide_bonding.swf
10/30
 10/30 ATB  What is the function of
proteins?
 Today:
 Go over the quizzes
 Pd 6 average = 22/28 (79%)
 Pd 8 average = 21/28 (75%)
 NOT GOOD ENOUGH…STUDY
 Review for the test (Friday)
 Study Guides due Friday
Review: Nucleic Acids and Proteins
 What is the main function of nucleic acids?
 What elements compose nucleic acids?
 What are the two types of nucleic acids?
______________ and ______________
 What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
 What elements compose proteins?
 Proteins make enzymes. What is their function?
 What is another functions of proteins?
 What is the monomer of a protein?
 REVIEW: Use the pictures below to help fill in the blanks.
 Proteins also make up ______________________, which are
biological catalysts. They help speed up chemical reactions by
lowering the ______________________ energy of the reaction.
Enzymes break down or build up various substances, or
______________________ to form new products. This reaction
occurs in the _________________ site of the enzyme. However,
factors like ________________ or increasing or decreasing
________________________ may cause a change in the active site,
causing the enzyme to ___________________________________.
Diastase is an example of an enzyme that breaks down
______________________.
Proteins - Enzymes
 Proteins also make enzymes
 These are biological catalysts
 Substrate  Reactant being changed
 Active site  Place on enzyme
where reaction
occurs
Enzyme Example - Salivary
amylase
 An enzyme that catalyzes the
breakdown of starch into
sugars
 Which type of reaction is this?
 hydrolysis
 Amylase acts on starch to
produce maltose (a
disaccharide) - this is further
broken down in the small
intestine by maltase to give 2
glucose monomers
Proteins - Enzymes
 Enzyme

 A
http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/student/ch03/sec03/qc08/hm203_03_q08fs.htm
Describe:
Describe:
Macromolecule -
Proteins:
Monomer –
Nucleic Acids:
Polymer -
Biochemistry
Reaction Types:
Carbohydrates:
Condensation –
Hydroysis
Lipids:
Assignment – End of
section 2.3
 Page 49
 #1-3
Review Questions:
a. Which of the following is
NOT a monomer?
a. Glucose
b. Amino acid
c. Nucleotide
d. Protein
b. Amino acids are
monomers of
a. Nucleotides
b. Carbohydrates
c. Lipids
d. Proteins
a. Polysaccharides are what
form
a. Carbohydrates
b. Proteins
c. Lipids
d. Unsaturated fats
b. This is the reaction that is
involved in building polymers
with the removal of a water
molecule from the reactants
is called
a. hydrolysis reaction
b. protein reaction
c. Glycosynthesis
d. condensation reaction
Review Questions
a. These form cell
membranes
a. Is how plants store carbs
a. Glycogen
b. Is how animals store carbs
c. Is used for structure in
plants
d. Is a type of lipid
a. The carb used for
structure in plants is
a.
b.
c.
d.
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch
Proteins
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lipids
Phospholipids
Proteins
Amino acids
b. T/F – Fats have more
energy than carbs.
c. Same chemical formula, but
different structure = ?
a. Lipids
b. Carbs
c. Monosaccharides
d. Isomers
What is occurring below?
The
End
11/14 1st and 9th
 11/14 ATB  What is the function of an
enzyme?
 Today:
 Finish the “Proteins” crossword
 Start working on the study guide for the test
11/15 1st and 9th
 11/15 ATB  What is the function of
carbohydrates?
 Today:
 Review for test
 Test Monday
 Study guide / crossword  Due Monday
11/18 1st and 9th
 No ATB
 Take out your study guides AND crossword
puzzles
 Any questions?
 THINK through each answer (don’t rush!)
11/19 1st and 9th
 11/19 ATB  Which reaction builds up
monomers?
 Today:
 Make test corrections
 You must do this on your own, quietly!
 Goal setting for the next test.
 You reach the goal, you get extra credit
 Finish the chapter vocab list (#21- 24)
 Turn this in when completed.
Vocab list (continued)
21. Protein function –
22.Protein examples –
23.Amino acids –
24.Enzymes -
10/31
 10/31 ATB  What is the monomer of:
 Nucleic acids –
 Carbohydrates –
 Proteins –
 Today:
 Review for test
 Complete summary sheet
 Test Tomorrow!
 Study Guide = Friday
 Xword = Friday
REVIEW: write answers somewhere…
1. What is a monomer?
2. What are the three monosaccharide's examples?
3. What is a macromolecule?
4. What does “poly” mean?
5. What are the 2 main function of carbs in plants?
6. What is the function of carbs in animals?
7. What are two main functions of lipids?
8. What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
9. What does “disaccharide” mean?
10. What is the function of a condensation reaction?
11. Same chemical formula, but different structure = ?
12. What type of reaction breaks down polymers??
13. What are the elements that make up most organic
compounds?
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
What is the monomer of proteins?
What is the function of proteins?
What macromolecule composes enzymes?
What is the type of reaction is occurring below?
What is the product of the reaction?
11/1 TEST
 Turn in your study guide
 Turn in your crosswords
 Scantron – start on #101
11/4 3rd
 11/4 ATB  What is the function of a
condensation reaction?
 Today:
 Test corrections
 I’ve circled the #’s you got wrong on your test
 You may use your notes / book to put the correct
answer and improve your grade
 You must work on this by yourself, b/c it’s your
test
TEST IMAGES
We create synthetic polymers
 Plastics = synthetic (human-made) polymers
 Best known by their brand names (Nylon, Teflon,
Kevlar)
 Many are derived from petroleum hydrocarbons
 Valuable because they resist chemical breakdown
 Problematic because they cause long-lasting waste
and pollution
 Wildlife and health problems, water quality issues,
harmful to marine animals
 We must design less-polluting alternatives and
increase recycling
 Answer the following:
 1. What elements are in carbohydrates?
 2. What are the three categories of
carbohydrates?
 3. What are the simplest carbohydrates called?
 4. Identify three simple sugars.
 5. What is the CHEMICAL FORMULA for any
simple sugar?
 6. What are ALL monosaccharides to each
other, because they have the same chemical
formula?
 7. When 2 simple sugars bond together, what is the NEW
PRODUCT?
 8. When ANY 2 molecules join together, and water is lost in
the joining, what is that called?
 9. Because all monosaccharides are isomers of each
other, what MUST be true about ALL DISACCHARIDES?!
 Functional groups  Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds
properties
 Ex:
 Ethanol
 Oh hydroxyl group – makes molecule polar
(hydrophilic)
 Glucose is stored in large macromolecule called glycogen,
which is 100’s of glucose’s bonded together
 Plants store glucose as polysaccharide starch
 Also as cellulose which helps with rigidity of plants – makes up
50% of wood – hard to break down / digest
10-14 ATB
 All group members must be working.
You must learn the information and know
your role in the presentation
 By the end of the period…
 I need to have your printed NOTE OUTLINE
(with a few diagrams to help your
classmates)
 You should be done with your PowerPoint.
Lipid Structure
 Fatty acids  Make up most lipids – a variety of types
 Have different length carbon tails
 Structure:
 Carboxyl head and long carbon tail
Polar vs Nonpolar side
 Carbon chain = “TAIL” = non-polar = hydrophobic
 Carboxyl group = “HEAD” = polar = hydrophilic