Communication
 Transmission
of thoughts, feelings, facts, and
other information
 Includes verbal and nonverbal behavior
 Sender
 Message
 Channel
 Receiver
 Feedback
 Perception
 Cultural
context
 Space and distance
 Time
 Intrapersonal

Messages one sends to oneself
 Interpersonal

Messages between two people
 Group

Messages among three or more people
 Verbal


messages
Spoken
Written
 Nonverbal





messages
Facial expression
Posture
Gestures
Touch
Physical appearance and artifacts
(continued)
 Relationship
aspect of communication
 Refers to all factors that influence how
message received
 Focuses on communication process

Rather than just content
 Interdisciplinary
 Therapeutic
 Necessary
to discuss assessment,
intervention outcomes, and client status
 Breakdown of communication can interfere
with client’s treatment
 Purpose:

Create beneficial outcome for client
 Plan
at appropriate time
 Ensure privacy
 Establish guidelines
 Provide for comfort
 Accept client
 Encourage spontaneity
 Focus on client
 Encourage expression of feelings
 Be aware of own feelings
 Offering
self
 Opening broadly
 Being silent
 Making openended comments
 Reflecting
 Restating
 Exploring
 Recognizing
(continued)
 Focusing
 Making
 Directing
 Verbalizing
implied
the
observations
 Clarifying
 Confronting
 Limiting setting
 Language
differences
 Cultural differences
 Gender
 Health status
 Developmental level
 Knowledge differences
 Emotional distance
 Emotions
 Daydreaming
 Use of health care jargon
 Reassuring
 Changing
 Agreeing
 Judging
 Approving
 Blaming
 Defending
 Belittling
 Using
 Advising
closed
questions
 Using stereotyped
comments
focus
 Rejecting
 Disapproving
 Probing
 Nurses
carefully formulate questions and
propose answers through critical thinking
 Nursing process based on competencies of
interpersonal skills and critical thinking
 Assessment



Asking questions
Observing nonverbal behavior
Reading medical records
 Diagnosis


Posing questions during analysis and clustering of
data
Talking to determine perception of needs and
problems
(continued)
 Planning



and outcome identification
Talking to determine areas of concern and
formulate goals and objectives
Having meetings with co-workers to develop
plans of care
Writing and reading care plans
(continued)
 Implementation

Gathering input to determine most appropriate
intervention or method of responding
 Evaluation

Directing communication to critique client’s
response to interventions