Ecology Review Living things do not live in vacuums, their daily lives are based on _______________ with both living and nonliving things. What is an ecosystem? Groups of organisms and their ____________ ________________________ What is the Biosphere? All _____________________are connected in a biosphere 34-1 Ecology Terms Organism living thing Population groups of ____________ Communitygroup of _____________ Ecosystemgroup of _____________ Biome Group of ________________ Biosphere Group of _____________ 34-2 There are two main components of an ecosystem: ________ (living)& ________(nonliving) Populations of organisms. Inorganic nutrients, physical features, water, temperature, and wind. 34-3 Biotic Components: A Closer Look ______________ are producers that produce food for themselves and for consumers. How do autotrophs make food? _____________ and chemosynthesis ____________ are consumers that take in premade food. 34-4 Biotic components 34-5 Consumers Vocabulary: Herbivores – animals that eat __________ Carnivores – animals that eat ___________ Omnivores – animals that eat ________ and ______________ Decomposers - bacteria and fungi, that ________________dead organic waste. Detritus - partially ______________organic matter in the soil and water; beetles, earthworms, and termites are detritus _____________. 34-6 Consumers 34-7 Consumer Levels Primary consumer – an organism that gets its energy from ______ (producers) Secondary consumer – an organism that gets its energy from ________________ Tertiary consumer – carnivores that eat other carnivores; a _________consumer, usually the top predator in the food chain 34-8 Biotic Interactions Organisms occupy a specific role, or ________, in an environment •Competition fig_____________________or species for food/habitat/mate •Predation action where a hunter _________________ •Symbiosis situation where 2 organisms interact with each other and ________________from this interaction 34-9 Energy Flow What is energy flow? • The _________________through the organisms in an ecosystem What direction does energy flow through an ecosystem? • Sun Producers Various levels of __________________ 34-10 • As energy flows from autotrophs (producers) to heterotrophs (consumers) much of the energy is lost before the consumer can use it. • In what forms is energy lost? ___________________ • Initial energy from an ecosystem comes from a consistent supply of solar energy **Remember energy in an ecosystem may be transferred or converted but will not be __________________________** 34-11 Energy balances 34-12 Nature of an ecosystem 34-13 Food chains vs. food webs What is a food chain? A diagram that links organisms together by who eats whom • Starts with ________________________________. • Most food chains have no more than ____________ • Arrows show the direction energy is flowing • EXAMPLE: tree giraffe lion 34-14 Food chain 34-15 Most consumers feed on and are eaten by more than one other consumer What is a food web? • A combination of several food chains showing all of the ____________________________ •What is a trophic level? All of the organisms that feed at a _______________________of the food chain/web 34-16 Grazing food web – The upper portion of a food web based on a ______________________________ Detrital food web – The lower portion of a food web based on __________________ 34-17 Forest food webs 34-18 Ecological Pyramids Why are food chains so short? Only about __________of energy is useable from one trophic level to the next • The number organisms drastically decreases as you go up in level of a food chain What is an ecological pyramid? A series of _________ representing the biomass of particular organisms on a particular trophic level What is biomass? The amount of ___________________in the population of an organism 34-19 Ecological pyramid 34-20 Biochemical cycles What are biochemical cycles? • The path by which important nutrients/molecules travel through an ecosystem. 3 Important Cycles: • Water Cycle • Carbon Cycle • Nitrogen Cycle 34-21 The Water Cycle Water movement: Land Atmosphere: • _________________ • _________________from rivers, lakes and oceans • ______________________ from plants Atmosphere Land • _____________________ • ________________ over land and bodies of water • Runoff forms bodies of water (lakes, rivers, oceans) • Ground water seepage into aquifers 34-22 The water cycle 34-23 The Carbon Cycle Carbon Movement: Land/Water Atmosphere • _________________ • _________________ Atmosphere Land/Water • ___________________ • ________________ ** Carbon is stored as _fossil fuels__ from decaying organisms.** 34-24 The carbon cycle 34-25 The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Movement: •Nitrogen Fixation ___________ found in legume roots converts ______________________ • Decomposers break down waste and organic remains into __________________ •Nitrification bacteria convert ____________into Nitrite (NO2) and Nitrate (NO3) to be used by plants •Denitrification Bacteria converts ammonia back into _________________________ 34-26 The nitrogen cycle 34-27 The Phosphorus Cycle The phosphorus cycle is a sedimentary cycle. Only __________________are made available to plants by the weathering of sedimentary rocks; phosphorus is a limiting inorganic nutrient. The biotic community recycles phosphorus back to the ______________, temporarily incorporating it into ATP, nucleotides, teeth, bone and shells, and then returning it to the ecosystem via __________________. 34-28 The phosphorus cycle 34-29 Changes to Ecosystems Air Pollution Burning of _________releases CO2, SO2, and NO2,NO3 into atmosphere. Results in climate change, acid rain, damage to ozone layer 34-30 Habitat Destruction • Over past 50 years, __________of tropical forests have been cleared for timber or farmland (deforestation) • Loss of habitat often means ___________for organisms within that habitat 34-31 Invasive Species Introduction of species to new habitats, usually by humans 34-32