3.1 – Population
Dynamics
IB Topics 3.1.1-3.1.4
Current Human Population
There
are about 7
billion people
living on Earth
For about 200,000
years, there were
between 1-15
million people on
Earth
Milestones
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Billion: 1804
Billion: 1927
Billion: 1960
Billion: 1974
Billion: 1987
Billion: 1999
Billion: 2012
Demographics
If
you reduce the worlds population to a
village of 100 people…
http://www.toby-ng.com/graphic-design/theworld-of-100/
Predicted Growth
Some
predict
a stabilization
of human
population,
while others
predict a
continued
increase
Global
Population
Forecast
Calculating Rates
Crude
(CBR)
Birth Rate
The number of live
births per 1000
people
Equation:
Calculating Rates
Crude Death Rate
(CDR)
The number of
deaths per 1000
people
Equation:
Natural Increase
Rate (NIR)
CBR-CDR
Calculating Rates
Fertility
The average
number of births
per women of
child-bearing age
Equation:
Calculating Rates
Doubling
Time
The amount of
time it takes for a
population to
double
Equation:
Population Pyramids
Population Pyramids
Population Pyramids
Population Pyramids
Demographic Transition Model
3.2 – Resources
– Natural
Capital
IB Topics 3.2.1-3.2.7
Natural Capital
Natural
resources/natur
al assets
Can become
natural income
Goods or
services
Resources
Non-renewable
Cannot be
replenished at the
same rate they are
used
Renewable
Living resources that
can be replenished
at the rate they are
used via human
processes
Replenishable
Non-living resources
that can be
replenished via
natural processes
Nature of a Resource
The
value of a
resource
changes with
human
technology/cult
ure
Sustainability
Using
resources at a
rate that allows
natural
regeneration
Living within the
means of nature
Development that
meets the needs of
the present without
compromising the
ability of future
generations to meet
their own needs
Sustainable development
Development
that
meets the needs of
the present without
compromising the
ability of future
generations to
meet their own
needs.
Ex: fishing, hunting,
energy
3.3 – Energy
Sources
IB Topics 3.3.1-3.3.3
Making Energy
Electricity
is
delivered to homes
and businesses via
alternating current
(AC)
AC power is
generated when
electromagnets
are spun using a
turbine
Energy Sources Worldwide
85%
of the
worlds energy
comes from
fossil fuels.
Energy Production in Wisconsin
Pollution from Energy in
Wisconsin
Renewable Energy in
Wisconsin
Energy Production Examples:
WI:
Pleasant Prairie Coal Plant 1190 MW
Oak Creek Coal Plant 1135 MW
Point Beach Nuclear Plant 1033 MW
Other
Examples:
Three Gorges Dam 22,500 MW
Hoover Dam 2080 MW
Nellis Solar Power Plant 14MW (70,000 panels)
Big Wind Turbine 1.6 MW
Typical Geothermal Plant 40 MW
Energy Source
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear
Wind
Hydro
Solar
Geothermal
Biofuels
Description
Pros
Cons
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear Power
Wind Power
Hydropower
Solar Power
Geothermal Power
Biofuels
Oil Palms
Future Solutions
Hydrogen
Nuclear
Carbon
Fusion
Sequestration
3.4 – Soil
Systems
IB Topics 3.4.1 – 3.4.5
Soil
Soil
is eroded
rock, nutrients,
decaying
organic matter,
and water
Soil Formation
Soil is produced by:
Weathering of rock
Deposition of
sediments by
erosion
Decomposition of
organic matter in
dead organisms
Soil Horizons
Soils
generally have distinct
horizons:
A horizon
Humus (decaying organic
matter with mineral
particles)
E horizon
Not always present, pale
layer where minerals have
been leached
B horizon
Organic matter and mineral
deposits
C horizon
Weathered rock/bedrock
Soil Texture
Soil
type depends on the particle size
Sand = Biggest
Silt = Medium
Clay = Smallest
Soil Texture
Soil Types
Potential
to hold
organic
matter
Sandy Soil
Clay Soil
Loam Soil
Drainage
Water
holding
capacity
Air
Spaces
Plants
and
animals
Primary
Productivity
Soil Types
Potential
to hold
organic
matter
Drainage
Water
holding
capacity
Air
Spaces
Plants
and
animals
Primary
Productivity
Sandy Soil Low
Very
Good
Low
Large
Few
Low
Clay Soil
Low
Poor
Very High
Small
Few
Very Low
Loam Soil
Medium
Good
Medium
Medium Many
High
Nutrients
Macronutrients
Nitrogen (needed
for chlorophyll)
Phosphorous
(needed for
photosynthesis)
Potassium (needed
for fruiting and
growth)
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfur
Nutrients
Micronutrients
Boron
Copper
Chloride
Iron
Manganese
Zinc
Nitrogen cycle
Atmospheric
Nitrogen has to be ‘fixed’ (usually by
bacteria) for plants to use it.
Soil Degradation
Water erosion
Wind erosion
Acidification
Groundwater use
Pollution
Desertification
Climate change
Overgrazing
Deforestation
Roads
Soil Degradation
Soil Degradation
Soil Conservation
Mechanical/physi
cal barriers
Organic farming
Afforestation
Contour plowing
Terracing
Crop rotation
Soil conditioners
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