3.1 – Population
Dynamics
IB Topics 3.1.1-3.1.4
Current Human Population
 There
are about 7
billion people
living on Earth
 For about 200,000
years, there were
between 1-15
million people on
Earth
Milestones
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Billion: 1804
Billion: 1927
Billion: 1960
Billion: 1974
Billion: 1987
Billion: 1999
Billion: 2012
Demographics
 If
you reduce the worlds population to a
village of 100 people…
http://www.toby-ng.com/graphic-design/theworld-of-100/
Predicted Growth
 Some
predict
a stabilization
of human
population,
while others
predict a
continued
increase
 Global
Population
Forecast
Calculating Rates
 Crude
(CBR)

Birth Rate
The number of live
births per 1000
people
 Equation:
Calculating Rates

Crude Death Rate
(CDR)

The number of
deaths per 1000
people

Equation:

Natural Increase
Rate (NIR)

CBR-CDR
Calculating Rates
 Fertility

The average
number of births
per women of
child-bearing age
 Equation:
Calculating Rates
 Doubling

Time
The amount of
time it takes for a
population to
double
 Equation:
Population Pyramids
Population Pyramids
Population Pyramids
Population Pyramids
Demographic Transition Model
3.2 – Resources
– Natural
Capital
IB Topics 3.2.1-3.2.7
Natural Capital
 Natural
resources/natur
al assets
 Can become
natural income
 Goods or
services
Resources



Non-renewable
 Cannot be
replenished at the
same rate they are
used
Renewable
 Living resources that
can be replenished
at the rate they are
used via human
processes
Replenishable
 Non-living resources
that can be
replenished via
natural processes
Nature of a Resource
 The
value of a
resource
changes with
human
technology/cult
ure
Sustainability
 Using
resources at a
rate that allows
natural
regeneration
 Living within the
means of nature
 Development that
meets the needs of
the present without
compromising the
ability of future
generations to meet
their own needs
Sustainable development
 Development
that
meets the needs of
the present without
compromising the
ability of future
generations to
meet their own
needs.
 Ex: fishing, hunting,
energy
3.3 – Energy
Sources
IB Topics 3.3.1-3.3.3
Making Energy
 Electricity
is
delivered to homes
and businesses via
alternating current
(AC)
 AC power is
generated when
electromagnets
are spun using a
turbine
Energy Sources Worldwide
 85%
of the
worlds energy
comes from
fossil fuels.
Energy Production in Wisconsin
Pollution from Energy in
Wisconsin
Renewable Energy in
Wisconsin
Energy Production Examples:
 WI:



Pleasant Prairie Coal Plant 1190 MW
Oak Creek Coal Plant 1135 MW
Point Beach Nuclear Plant 1033 MW
 Other





Examples:
Three Gorges Dam 22,500 MW
Hoover Dam 2080 MW
Nellis Solar Power Plant 14MW (70,000 panels)
Big Wind Turbine 1.6 MW
Typical Geothermal Plant 40 MW
Energy Source
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear
Wind
Hydro
Solar
Geothermal
Biofuels
Description
Pros
Cons
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear Power
Wind Power
Hydropower
Solar Power
Geothermal Power
Biofuels
Oil Palms
Future Solutions
 Hydrogen
 Nuclear
 Carbon
Fusion
Sequestration
3.4 – Soil
Systems
IB Topics 3.4.1 – 3.4.5
Soil
 Soil
is eroded
rock, nutrients,
decaying
organic matter,
and water
Soil Formation

Soil is produced by:
 Weathering of rock
 Deposition of
sediments by
erosion
 Decomposition of
organic matter in
dead organisms
Soil Horizons
 Soils
generally have distinct
horizons:
 A horizon
 Humus (decaying organic
matter with mineral
particles)
 E horizon
 Not always present, pale
layer where minerals have
been leached
 B horizon
 Organic matter and mineral
deposits
 C horizon
 Weathered rock/bedrock
Soil Texture
 Soil
type depends on the particle size
 Sand = Biggest
 Silt = Medium
 Clay = Smallest
Soil Texture
Soil Types
Potential
to hold
organic
matter
Sandy Soil
Clay Soil
Loam Soil
Drainage
Water
holding
capacity
Air
Spaces
Plants
and
animals
Primary
Productivity
Soil Types
Potential
to hold
organic
matter
Drainage
Water
holding
capacity
Air
Spaces
Plants
and
animals
Primary
Productivity
Sandy Soil Low
Very
Good
Low
Large
Few
Low
Clay Soil
Low
Poor
Very High
Small
Few
Very Low
Loam Soil
Medium
Good
Medium
Medium Many
High
Nutrients

Macronutrients
 Nitrogen (needed
for chlorophyll)
 Phosphorous
(needed for
photosynthesis)
 Potassium (needed
for fruiting and
growth)
 Calcium
 Magnesium
 Sulfur
Nutrients
 Micronutrients
 Boron
 Copper
 Chloride
 Iron
 Manganese
 Zinc
Nitrogen cycle
 Atmospheric
Nitrogen has to be ‘fixed’ (usually by
bacteria) for plants to use it.
Soil Degradation
 Water erosion
 Wind erosion
 Acidification
 Groundwater use
 Pollution
 Desertification
 Climate change
 Overgrazing
 Deforestation
 Roads
Soil Degradation
Soil Degradation
Soil Conservation
 Mechanical/physi
cal barriers
 Organic farming
 Afforestation
 Contour plowing
 Terracing
 Crop rotation
 Soil conditioners