Summarizing and Citations Part I: Directions: Summarize the article, below, in the shaded area. Prehistoric man ate flatbread 30,000 years ago: study October 19, 2010 Starch grains found on grinding stones suggest that prehistoric man may have consumed a type of bread at least 30,000 years ago in Europe, US researchers said. The study, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggested that processing starch grains, possibly grinding them into flour, was a widespread practice across Europe, contrary to popular belief that the Paleolithic man was primarily a meat eater. Grains recovered from grindstones and pestle grinders at three sites in Italy, Russia and the Czech Republic appeared to come mostly from starchy cattails and ferns, which researchers said would provide a significant source of carbohydrates and energy. "The wide size range and the different morphologies of the starch grains recovered (at two of the sites) suggest that they were used for grinding more than one plant species and possibly for other purposes," they added. In order to be properly digested and realize its full nutrient value, the flour would have to be cooked after undergoing multi-step processing, including root peeling, drying and grinding into a flour likely usable for making flatbread or cakes. For their study, researchers analyzed traces of wear and residue on grindstones and other tools by microscope, and conducted experimental reconstruction of how the tools functioned. Italy's Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria funded the project, which also received support from the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana. (c) 2010 AFP Source: "Prehistoric Man Ate Flatbread 30,000 Years Ago: Study." myfoxdc. Fox Television Stations, 19 October 2010. Web. 20 Oct 2010. Part II Directions: Using the Works Cited provided, write correct in-text citations in MLA format in the shaded box. Direct quotes, summaries and paraphrases are noted in brackets [ ]. MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example: Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263). Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information: Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., 1967. Print. For Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation. Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3). Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3). These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry in the Works Cited: Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966. Print. When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (e.g. articles) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire websites) and provide a page number. We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has “more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . . ” (“Impact of Global Warming” 6). http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/7 47/2/ Enlightenment thinking had an important influence on the writers of The Declaration of Rights, but so, too, did the English traditions of legal and constitutional guarantees, which includes the promise of individual liberty. Englishman John Locke had been impacted by events of his nation during the 17th century, particularly the Glorious Revolution, and later thinkers, such as Voltaire, held up the British system as the example to be followed despite misunderstanding some aspects of it. A comparison between the English Bill of Rights of 1689 and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen is warranted. The English Bill of Rights confirms the illegal practices of King James II: it was “intended to remedy specific grievances of the English and provide for the future of the monarchy, not to theorize about the nature of humankind.” [Quote from Wilcox] Conversely, The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen is a summary of Enlightenment ideals and declares men have “natural, unalienable and sacred rights” which cannot be legally separated using “social distinctions”; human rights, it specifies, are liberty (i.e. the right to do whatever doesn’t harm others), property, security, and resistance to oppression for all citizens because they are citizens. It insists these rights can only be limited by laws applicable to citizens who created the laws via their representatives and, therefore, the general will of the people, ideas generated from Rousseau. Finally, The Declaration of Rights says all citizens, in their social equality, may pursue their chosen vocation based not on class but ability, the Enlightenment doctrine of individualism. In other words, it was a political philosophy. [summarized from Wilcox] An important aspect of The Declaration of Rights is that these Enlightenment ideals were specified in a legal document. Imbued as it is with Enlightenment thought, Rousseau’s influence is apparent. Article 3 states, “The Principle of all Sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body not individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.” [direct quote from The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen] Rousseau makes the point in The Social Contract that “[e]ach of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and, in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.” [Rousseau, The Social Contract] Rights are neither Godgiven nor do they come with birth: we have them because the rest of society agrees we have them. In a carefully constructed balancing act, Rousseau attempts to maximize individual liberty while maintaining order, obedience, and societal accord. [paraphrased from Hooker] Works Cited “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.” Constitution Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Sept 2008. <http://www.constitution.org/fr/fr_drm.htm>. Hooker, Richard. “Jean-Jacques Rousseau.” The European Enlightenment. University of Washington, 6 June 1999. Web, 16 Sept 2008. <http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/ROUSSEAU.HTM> Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. “The Social Contract.” Liberty Library of Constitutional Classics. N.o., n.d. Web. 16 Sept 2008. <http://www.constitution.ord/jjr/socon_01.htm#006>. Wilcox, William B. and Walter L. Arnstein. A History of England Vol. III : The Age of Aristocracy 1688 to 1830. Lexington: D.C. Heath Canada, Limited, 1983. 211. Print. Part III Directions: Using the information provided, create a correct Works Cited page including each of the following entries. Sample works cited page Works Cited "Children And TV Violence." American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Web. 07 Nov. 2010. <http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/children_and_tv_violence >. --List your citations in alphabetical order and not numbered --Indent the second line of each citation Magazine Article Author(s) name as listed in title (last, first) Title of article Title of Publication Date Published Page Numbers Medium (e.g. Print) Stephen Fried The Birth of a Modern Marvel Parade Magazine October 17, 2010 4-6 print In Print The magazine is very similar to the newspaper. Cite the author of the article, the name of the article, name of the magazine, the date published, and the pages referred to. Format: Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical Day Month Year: pages. Medium of publication. Example: Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-71. Print. Book Author(s) name as listed in title (last, first) Michael Hiltzik Title of Work Colossus: Hoover Dam and the Making of the American Century Edition of book 1st Publishing City New York Publishing Company Free Press Year published 2010 Page number (s) 217-250 Medium (print, eBook) print In Print The basic information of a book includes author(s), the title of the book, and the publication information. Format: Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication. Example: Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin, 1987. Print. Web Document Author(s) name as listed in title (last, first) Anonymous Title of web page (name of the specific web page or document) Dog on a Catwalk Title of web site (name of the entire web site) Reclamation Lower Colorado Region Date published or last revised (dd mmm yyyy) 9/10/2004 Publishing organization (name of publishing organization or owner of the site) U.S. Department of the Interior Date retrieved October 16, 2010 Medium (e.g. web) web URL (used only when the reader probably can’t locate the source without it. Include http://) http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/articles/dog.html Format: To cite a general website: Name of website. Editor(s) of website. Date of electronic publication. Associated institution. Date of access <URL>. To cite a specific article from a website: Author(s) of internet article. "Name of internet article." Name of website. Editor(s) of website. Date of electronic publication. Associated institution. Date of access <URL>. Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations. Because Web addresses are not static (i.e., they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (e.g., on multiple databases), MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines. For instructors or editors who still wish to require the use of URLs, MLA suggests that the URL appear in angle brackets after the date of access. Break URLs only after slashes. Aristotle. Poetics. Trans. S. H. Butcher. The Internet Classics Archive. Web Atomic and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 13 Sept. 2007. Web. 4 Nov. 2008. ‹http://classics.mit.edu/›. Citing an Entire Web Site It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated, and information available on one date may no longer be available later. Be sure to include the complete address for the site. Remember to use n.p. if no publisher name is available and n.d. if no publishing date is given. Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available). Medium of publication. Date of access. The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008. Web. 23 Apr. 2008. Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003. Web. 10 May 2006. A page on a web site For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites. Remember to use n.p. if no publisher name is available and n.d. if no publishing date is given. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com. eHow, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2009. An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph) Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, the medium of publication, and the date of access. Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo National del Prado. Web. 22 May 2006. Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive. Web. 22 May 2006. --If the work is cited on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, the medium of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author. brandychloe. "Great Horned Owl Family." Photograph. Webshots. American Greetings, 22 May 2006. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. Podcast Author, Compiler, Director, Editor, Narrator, Performer, or Translator Dennis Lambert Title of Podcast Episode Hoover Dam’s Bridging America Publisher or Sponsor of Podcast KJZZ 91.5 FM Date published 10/15/2010 Medium (e.g. web) web Date retrieved October 16, 2010 URL http://kjzz.org/news/arizona/archives/201010/ME_HooverDamDedication Example Allington, Adam. "Invasive Reeds Help Treat Wastewater." The Environment Report. 20 Nov. 2006. Great Lakes Radio Consortium. 27 Nov. 2006 <http://www.glrc.org/mp3/2006/11/20/allington_112006.mp3 >. Parts of citation Name of author, host or producer. "Title of podcast." Title of program. Release date. Name of organization that sponsors the website. Date of access <Podcast URL>. Work from a Subscription Service (accessed through a library; work from a database) Author(s) name if available David Wagman Title of Article Dam, It’s Big Title of Publication Power Engineering Volume & Issue number(s) Volume 112 Issue 8 Year Published 2008 Page Number(s) 6-6 (1 page) Medium of publication consulted (e.g. web, CD, Database) web Date retrieved October 16, 2010 Title of Database Academic Search Premier URL http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=17&sid=66857d26-9f17-49a9-a3a2e783c5c8d847%40sessionmgr12&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph& AN=33832778 Format: Author. "Name of Article." Name of Original Publication Date Published: page number. Name of the Database. Name of the service. Name of the Library or Library System, Location. Date Accessed <URL>. Example: Ruparelia, Vishal. "Going to Medical School." Business Week 5 Mar. 2003: 21-34. Proquest. Northwestern University Library, Evanston, IL. 10 May 2005 <http://www.northwestern.edu>.