By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:
Early 16c
T he First Spanish Conquests:
T he Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortes
Montezuma II
T he First Spanish Conquests:
T he Incas
vs.
Francisco
Pizarro
Atahualpa
Docs. 1- 4
T he “Columbian Exchange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco

Quinine

Cocoa

Pineapple

Cassava

POTATO

Peanut

TOMATO

Vanilla

MAIZE

Syphilis

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Olive

COFFEE BEAN

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

HORSE

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
DISEASES
• Old World diseases overwhelmed Natives
(Smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza…)
SYPHILIS transferred from old world to new
world
Mercantilism
The economy and trade
are essential to the health
and safety of the nation.
1.Get as much gold and silver
as you can.
2.Establish a favorable balance
of trade.
3.Get colonies.
Treasures
from the Americas!
SILVER!
• Peru and Mexico – POTOSI (Biolivia)
• Needs a large labor force for extraction
• ENCOMIENDA = native forced labor
• INCA had mit’a….Spanish had MITA
- 1/7 of adult males worked for 6 months a
year in mines, farms, textile factories
SUGAR!
• Brazil (Portuguese)
• Caribbean area
• Also needed slave labor
Father Bartolomeéde Las Casas
DEFENDER
of Native
Americans
Wrote and
spoke out
against
injustices
New Laws --> 1542
Tried to
outlaw
enslavement
and enact new
laws
T he Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Mestizos
Native Indians
Creoles
Mulattos
Black Slaves
T he Influence of the Colonial
Catholic Church
Guadalajara
Cathedral
Spanish Mission
Our Lady of
Guadalupe
European Empires in the Americas
NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES
• SOUTH – cotton, tobacco
• MIDDLE – Pennsylvania (Quakers) –
breadbasket colonies, farming
• NEW ENGLAND – early colonies,
industry, ship-building, fishing PURITANS
INDENTURED SERVANTS
• First – 80% indentured servants (unable to
pay, they would work their debt off)…
• BUT: eventually higher profits with slaves
then the short contracts with IS
New Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers
and wealth to dominate trade in
the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia  consolidated its
holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the
Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially
silver, into Europe created an
inflationary economic climate.
[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across
the continents [“Columbian
Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
5. New Patterns of World Trade
Vocabulary to Know
• Columbian
Exchange
• Bartolomé de
Las Casas
• Potosí
• Encomienda
• Hacienda
•
•
•
•
•
•
Creole
Mestizos
Mulattos
Pilgrims
Puritans
Tupac Amaru II