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Ku Klux Klan rally outside of Lincoln, Nebraska, July 16, 1923, by L. W. Cook.
Source - Art Kuhr Collection.
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1935 lynching of Rubin Stacy in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Click here for movie
Click here
for the
YouTube video
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Rodney King 1991 Los Angelos
Found on the Internet, June 2008
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I can get you their e-mail address
complete with application form to
join up if you want.
Based in
the U.S.A,
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Civil Rights: rights that a nation's inhabitants enjoy by law. In the
United States civil rights are usually thought of in terms of the
specific rights guaranteed in the Constitution: freedom of
religion, of speech, and of the press, and the rights to due
process of law and to equal protection under the law
Human Rights: certain universal rights many argue should be
enjoyed by all people because they are justified by a moral
standard that stands above the laws of any individual nation
Human Rights (page 215 Student Workbook)
When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every
village and every hamlet, from every state and every city,
we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's
children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles,
Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and
sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last!
free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!”
Martin Luther King's I Have A Dream Speech
1950’s America…the good old days!
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But if you were black you couldn’t go to school here until 1957
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Central High, Little Rock Arkansas
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A bus station in Durham, North Carolina, in May 1940.
The Civil Rights Movement in the United States Page 215
Segregation (specifically in southern U.S.) meant…
1. Jim Crow (1876 - 1965) ‘separate but equal’ laws
restricted black to separate facilities
(buses, restaurants, park benches, schools)
2. Poll tax and literacy tests disenfranchised blacks
3. KKK terrorized blacks
4. Blacks lived in ghettos
5. Law enforcement favoured whites
Even in the North Blacks lower socio-economic status
1, Factors which started the civil rights movement…
A. 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education***
-Supreme Court Rules to desegregate schools
-i.e. segregated schools unconstitutional, eventually
all areas e.g. buses to be desegregated
B. John F. Kennedy (President 1961 - 1963)
‘For in the final analysis, our most basic common link,
is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breathe
the same air, we all cherish our children's
futures, and we are all mortal.’
-John F. Kennedy, Speech at The American University,
Washington, D.C., June 10, 1963
1962 Civil Rights Bill - "giving all Americans the
right to be served in facilities which are open to the
public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and
similar establishments," as well as "greater protection for
the right to vote."
C. The counterculture (an example of a mass movement)
-The Hippies became the largest countercultural group in the United
States, fighting for racial equality, women's rights, sexual liberation
(including gay rights), relaxation of prohibitions against recreational
drugs, and an end to the Vietnam War.
Woodstock, 1969
1970
D. Martin Luther King Jr.
1955 Rosa Parks (& the Montgomery, Alabama Bus Boycott)
Rosa Parks Was Arrested for Civil Disobedience
December 1, 1955 (Click here for more info.)
E. Professional sport personalities…
Cassius Clay change his
name to Mohammed Ali on
1964.Why? Which group
did he join?
Jackie Robinson - 1947
Ali changed his name after joining the Nation of Islam in 1964,
subsequently converted to Sunni Islam in 1975 and then
Sufism.
Click here for more pics
"No intelligent black man or black woman in his or her right
black mind wants white boys and white girls coming to their
homes to marry their black sons and daughters.”
1966 "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong ... They never
called me nigger."
Head and shoulders above: Cassius Clay
received the light-heavyweight gold medal at
the 1960 Rome Olympics.
"I am the greatest": Clay cannot be contained as he
wins the world heavyweight championship from
Sonny Liston in 1964
2. Improvements
1954 U.S. Supreme Court declares segregation unconstitutional
Remember Brown vs. Board of Education
1957 Eisenhower sends troops to Central High in Little Rock to
uphold integration
Remember the Little Rock Nine? No? Let me show you…
Elizabeth Eckford, one of the Little Rock Nine, walking to school
September 23 - Little Rock police officers and over 1,000 integration protestors
surround the school in anticipation of the black students’ attempt to enter the
school. The police escort the students into the high school’s side door
unnoticed. Outside, the mob learns of the students’ entrance and becomes
angry and aggressive. They begin to challenge the police officers. Fearful the
crowd will get out of control, the school administration moves the black
students out a side door before noon.
September 24 - U.S. Congressman Brooks Hays and Little Rock Mayor
Woodrow Mann ask the federal government for help via a telegram to
President Dwight Eisenhower. President Eisenhower displaces between 1,100
and 1,200 federal troops of the 101st Airborne Division and places 10,000
National Guardsmen on duty.
September 25 – The Little Rock Nine, under protection from federal troops,
enter Central High School through the front entrance. Aggressive white mobs
verbally chastise the students and physically harm black reporters in the crowd
covering the affair. The event is seen around the world.
’A nation that continues year after year to spend more
money on military defense than on programs of social
uplift is approaching spiritual death.’
Martin Luther King, Jr., Where Do We Go
from Here: Chaos or Community?, 1967.
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Click here for ‘Knock at Midnight’ video
Click here for ‘I Have a Dream’ video.
I’d show them, but they’re on YouTube.
Martin Luther King Jr.
1955 Rosa Parks and the Montgomery, Alabamal bus boycott
1963 Led civil rights protest march on Washington.
-’I Have a Dream’ or ’Let Freedom Ring’ speech
1967 Nobel Peace Prize
1968 Assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee
All his work was non-violent resistance. E.g. sit-ins, boycotts
King made a request that at his funeral no mention of his
awards and honors be made, but that it be said that he tried
to "feed the hungry", "clothe the naked", "be right on the
[Vietnam] war question", and "love and serve humanity"
John F. Kennedy
Remember the Civil Rights Bill of 1962?
Who introduced it? When did he die? Confused?
Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
1964 Civil Rights Act (immediate impact: it increased
integration and amount of black voters)
1965 Voting Rights Act eliminates Literacy Test
What affect did the Viet Nam war have on the ‘Great
Society’?
‘Burn Baby Burn’ Black Power
-Race Riots, Malcom X (assassinated 1965), Black Panthers
For more images click here
Why ‘x’?
Remember:
King and X very different means.
X did not found Black Panthers.
1964
Do you know the difference between civil and
human rights?
On December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of
the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity
and rights. They are endowed with reason and
conscience and should act towards one another in a
spirit of brotherhood.
‘It is difficult to imagine today just what a fundamental shift
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights represented when
it was adopted sixty years ago. In a post-war world scarred
by the Holocaust, divided by colonialism and wracked by
inequality, a charter setting out the first global and solemn
commitment to the inherent dignity and equality of all human
beings, regardless of colour, creed or origin, was a bold and
daring undertaking.’
-High Commissioner for Human Rights
Louise Arbour
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1948 apartheid enshrined
in law in South Africa.
But let’s back up a little…
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But this is 1978! I thought we were backing up a little!
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South Africa
-colonized by the English and Dutch in the seventeenth century.
-English dominated the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or
Afrikaners).
-resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange
Free State and Transvaal.
-discovery of diamonds c. 1900 resulted in an English invasion
which sparked the Boer War.
-Following independence from England, uneasy power-sharing
between the two groups until 1940's
-Afrikaner National Party gain a strong majority, party invents
apartheid to cement control over the economic and social
system.
-Initially apartheid to maintain white domination while extending
racial separation. Starting in the 60's, plan of ``Grand Apartheid''
executed emphasizing territorial separation and police
repression.
1950 Population Registration Act requires all South Africans be
racially classified into one of three categories: white, black
(African), or colored (of mixed decent). (coloured category
includes major subgroups of Indians and Asians.)
1951 Bantu Authorities Act establishes African reserves or
``homelands.''
-All political rights, including voting, held by an African restricted
to designated homeland.
-An African now citizen of the homeland, losing their citizenship
(read political power).
-South African Parliament retains complete hegemony over
homelands.
-1976 to 1981, four homelands created, denationalizing nine
million South Africans.
-Africans living in homelands need passports to enter South
Africa: aliens in their own country.
Africans are participating in their history too…
1911 Pixley ka Isaka Seme calls on Africans to forget past
differences and unite in one national organization. "We are one
people. these divisions, these jealousies, are the cause of all
our woes today.”
January 8th 1912, chiefs, representatives of people's and church
organizations, and other prominent individuals form the African
National Congress. ANC’s declared aim to bring all (South)
Africans together to defend their rights and freedoms.
1940’s Renewed calls for African Nationalism (Nelson Mandela)
1950’s Defiance Campaign (Against Pass Laws)
1960’s Rising militantism/violence
1960 South African police open fire on crowd of 5000 - 7000
offering themselves for arrest for not carrying passbook. 69
killed, 180 injured - most shot in the back.
Sharpeville Massacre
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Massacre a key catalyst in shift from passive to armed resistance.
June 16 is Youth Day in South Africa
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12 year old Hector Pieterson
June 16 1976 Soweto Uprising
-Students protest against being taught in Afrikaans
-estimated deaths 200 - 600, casualties 1000+
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Nelson Mandela
1918 Born
1943 Joins ANC
1960 ANC Banned
Q. Because of?
1964 Convicted of
Sabotoge and
Treason
1990 Released
1990 F. W deKlerk
Lifts ban on ANC
1991 Leader of ANC
1993 deKlerk and
Mandela win Nobel
Peace Prize
ANC wins 242 of
400 seats
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‘We must use time wisely
and forever realize that the
time is always ripe to do
right.’
International Pressure against Apartheid
Keywords:
Sanctions,
Boycotts,
Sports