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– Goldfish
Shark
Bass
Tiger
Whale
Octopus
Antelope
Sheep
Housecat
Collie
Snail
Crab
Lion
Tomato
Cow
Grapevine
Python
Pond Scum/Algae
Cheetah Grizzly Bear Koala Bear
Chimpanzee Eel Armadillo
Ape
Elephant
Mosquito
Lobster
Oak Tree Elm Tree
Rhinoceros Housefly
Toad
Monkey
Pine Tree
Frog
Kangeroo
Anteater
Mushroom Rose
Condor Kiwi
Cod
Asian Beetle Pig
Centipede Badger
Tulip
Dust Mite
Dodo
Bluegrass
Bacterium
Bursaria
Butterfly
Rattlesnake
Scorpion
Buttercup
Paramecium
Roadrunner
Bloodhound
Coyote
Banana
Amoeba
Goat
Jellyfish
Giraffe
Pigeon
Pfisteria

Mountain Lion, Catamount or Puma?

• Science of Classification (nomen = name)
• Necessary because of…
– Size
– Convergence

• 330,000 different species of beetles
• British entomologist
Haldane is reported to have said that God must have "an inordinate fondness for beetles."

• Botanist obsessed with Latin
• Changes name to
Carolus Linnaeus
• First scientist to use ♂ and ♀ symbols for male and female

• Pro:
– Non-dynamic
• Con:
– Length

• 1775 Linneaus writes
Systemate Naturae
• physalis amno ramosissime ramis angulosis glabris foliis dentoserratis became
Physalis angulata

• Divides organisms into seven divisions based upon physical, chemical, behavioral and evolutionary characteristics
• For practical use, each organism is assigned two names
• BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE

• The best known animal phyla are the
Mollusca , Porifera , Cnidaria ,
Platyhelminthes , Nematoda , Annelida ,
Arthropoda , Echinodermata , and
Chordata ,
• Although there are approximately 35 phyla, these nine include the majority of the species.

GENUS

Species
• The most commonly used definition of species was first coined by Ernst Mayr .
• Species are "groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

American
Lobster
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Market
Squid
Arthropoda
Blue
Mussel
Mollusca
Malacostraca Cephalopod a
Decapoda Decapoda
Nephropidae Loliginidae
Virginia
Oyster
Mollusca
Bivalvia
Mytiloida
Mytilidae
Homarus Loligo americanus opalescens
Mytilus edulis
European
Oyster
Mollusca
Bivalvia
Pterioida
Ostreidae
Crassostrea virginica
Mollusca
Bivalvia
Pterioida
Ostreida e
Ostrea edulis

• “two choices”
• A dichotomous key must be:
– Accurate
– Precise
– Plastic (able to incorporate new species with relative accuracy)

Exodus 3:2

Lab: Creating A Dichotomous Key
For NE Illinois Foliage
• Purpose: To create an accurate, precise and plastic dichotomous key for ten (10) different species of plant from NE Illinois.
• Method: Dichotomous Key
• Your dichotomous key will be tested for accuracy, precision and plasticity (with a mystery leaf not in the original set of 10)

Simple v. Compound
COMPOUND = >1 Blade/Petiole
SIMPLE – 1 Blade/Petiole

Leaf Shape

Veination Patterns
PINNATE PALMATE

• Compound
• Whorled
• Palmate
• Lanceolate
• Denate (toothed)

• Simple
• Alternate (look at buds on twig)
• Ovate (oval shaped)
• Crenate