Transition to Professional
Nursing
 III. 3. Explain
the etiology, physiological
changes, diagnosis, collaborative
treatment and nursing care of clients with
noncomplex disorders
 Etiology
=
• unknown, may be triggered by aging, genetic
changes obesity, smoking, and/or trauma
 Pathophysiology
=
• progressive deterioration and loss of cartilage in
one or more joints
 Diagnosis
• x-rays
=
 Collaborative Treatment
• Activity/exercise
• Adequate nutrition
• surgery
=
 Nursing
Care
• Chronic pain management
• Complimentary therapies
• Pre and post op care
 Embolism, infection, bleeding, pain, neurovascular
compromise
• Patient teaching
 Etiology
• Invasion and inadequacy of immune system to
overcome
 Bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, fungi, rickettsiae,
protozoa, helminths
• Inhaled Non-infectious sources
 Toxic gases, chemicals, smoke
• Aspiration sources
 Water. Food. Fluid. Vapor
 Pathophysiology
• Invader triggers inflammation in the interstitial
spaces, alveoli and often bronchioles;
penetrating the mucosa and multiplying; WBC’s
migrate to the area and cause local capillary
leak, edema and exudate; fluid collects around
alveoli and the walls thicken reducing gas
exchange leading to hypoxemia; capillary leak
spreads the infection to other areas of the lung;
RBC’s and fibrin stiffen the lung reducing
compliance
 Diagnosis
=
• Chest X-ray
• Sputum
• CBC
 Collaborative
Treatment =
• Maintain oxygenation
• Maintain Clear airway
• Prevent sepsis
• Manage pain
 Nursing
Care
• Patient teaching
• Provide resources
• IS, oxygen therapy
• prevention
 Etiology
• 75% caused by systemic hypertension
• Second most = Structural heart changes
• Other causes
 CAD
 Cardiomyopathy
 Substance abuse
 Cardiac infections
 Dysrhythmias
 Diabetes Mellitus
 Smoking
 Family Hx
 Hyperkinetic conditions (e. g. Hyperthyroidism)
 Pathophysiology
• Most common Lt-sided HF (CHF)
• Hypertension, CAD and valvular disorders cause
poor cardiac output and pulmonary congestion
from increased pressure in the pulmonary
vessels
 Diagnosis
• Microalbuminuria, BNP, Chest X-rays,
Radionuclide studies, ECG,
 Collaborative Treatment
• Maintain oxygenation
• improve cardiac output – drugs
• Nutrition therapy
 Nursing Care
• Manage fluid volume
• Patient teaching
• Manage activity and rest balance
• Monitor for complications
 Etiology
• Unknown cause
• Metabolic risk factors
 Hypercalcemia
 Hyperoxaluria
 Hyperuricemia
 Struvite
 cystinuria
 Pathophysiology
• Slow urine flow causes crystallization or element
which forms stone
• Damage to the lining of the urinary tract from
crystals
• Decreased inhibitor substances that would
prevent crystal formation
 Diagnosis
• X-rays, ultrasound, IV urography
• UA
• Renal colic
 Collaborative Treatment
• Surgical treatment
• Pain management
• Complementary therapies
• Lithotripsy
• Control infections
• Nutrition therapy
 Nursing Care
• Patient teaching
• Strain urine