The Law of Effect - People Server at UNCW

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Basic Principles
of Operant Conditioning
Chapter 6
1
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Two Types of Behavior
• Classical Conditioning
Respondents – reflexive, elicited behavior
CS controls behavior
• Operant Conditioning
Operants – voluntary, emitted behavior
outcomes control behavior
Type of learning in which the future probability
of a behavior is affected by its consequences
2
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)
The Law of Effect
• of several responses
made to the same
situation
– those which are
accompanied or closely
followed by
satisfaction ….will be
more likely to reoccur
– those accompanied or
closely followed by
discomfort will be less
likely to occur
3
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Thorndike
The Law of Effect
4
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
The Law of Effect
• Satisfying- animal does not avoid
• Discomfort – animal commonly avoids or
abandons
• “satisfying state” - positive reinforcer
5
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
But????????
• What is satisfying ????????
– List of Environmental Events That Can Serve
As Reinforcers
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food
Sex
Drugs
Warmth
Money
Shock
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Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
But????????
• What is annoying ????????
– List of Environmental Events Which May Be
Avoided
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food
Sex
Drugs
Warmth
Money
Shock
7
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• American psychologist B.
F.Skinner became famous for
his pioneering research on
learning and behavior. During
his60-year career, Skinner
discovered important principles
of operant conditioning, a type
of learning that involves
reinforcement and punishment.
A strict behaviorist, Skinner
believed that operant
conditioning could explain even
the most complex of human
behaviors.
8
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Operant Conditioning
• Type of learning in which the future
probability of a behavior is affected by its
consequences
9
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Operant Behavior
• A class of emitted responses that result in
certain consequences, in turn, affect the
future probability or strength of those
responses.
• “class of responses” all of the responses in
that are capable of producing the
consequence.
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Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Operant Consequences
• Reinforcers: events that follows behavior
and increases the future probability of that
behavior
• Punishers: events that follow behavior and
decrease the future probability of behavior.
• Behaviors are reinforced or punished not
organisms.
11
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Operant Antecedents
• Discriminative stimuli: environmental
stimuli in the presence of which responses
are reinforced and in the absence of which
they are not reinforced.
• Signal that indicates that a response will be
reinforced.
12
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Contingencies of Reinforcement
• Operant behavior is define by a 3 term
contingency
• Events that set occasion for behavior
• The operant class
• Consequences that fellow the behavior
13
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Classes of Reinforcing and
Punishing Stimuli
Present
Positive
Increase
Reinforcer
Positive
Reinforcer
Decrease
Punisher
Positive
Punisher
Remove
Negative
Negative
Reinforcer
Negative
Punisher
14
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Basic Contingencies
•
•
•
•
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
15
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Immediate versus Delayed
Reinforcement
• The more immediate the reinforcer the
stronger the effect on behavior.
• The more delayed the reinforcer the less
valuable the reinforcer.
16
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
• Primary reinforcer – environmental event innately
reinforcing.
• Secondary reinforcer (conditioned reinforcer) –
event acquires reinforcing effects because it has
been associated with a reinforcer.
• Generalized secondary reinforcers –
environmental events associated with several
reinforcers.
17
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Reinforcement
• Intrinsic reinforcement is reinforcement
provided by the mere act of performing the
behavior.
• Extrinsic reinforcement is reinforcement
provided by some consequence that is
external to the behavior.
• Learned helplessness versus learned
industriousness
18
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Reinforcement
• What if extrinsic reinforcers are provided
for behaviors that are intrinsically
reinforcing?
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Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Shaping – Successive
Approximations
• Variability is a good thing
• As behavior continues to be reinforced
variability tends to decrease.
• Conditioned reinforcers are good
20
Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Shaping the lever press response
(responses are shaped not rats)
• Extinguish any UR to the chambers
• Pair sound of pellet dispenser with pellet
delivery
• Reinforce successive approximations of
desired response.
• Watch what the rat does
• Too little time response not strengthened
• Too much time variability decreases
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Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
Shaping Behavior in the Classroom
• Don’t try it
• I have read this
chapter
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Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.
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