RECAPPING THE FINAL ASSIGNMENT:
REQUIRED:
• At least two passages from two different early texts that True Confession:
elucidate the idea under discussion.
This research project
• Dramatic Passages from Twelfth Night and/or Romeo anddevelops
Juliet
from a question
that elucidate those passages.
that hasn’t (yet?) borne
• A relevant image or a piece of theatrical evidence (from
fruit:a why does Shakespeare
prompt book, a designer’s renderings, a production program,
never use the Latinate term
etc.), preferably drawn from the collection or EEBO.
FRATERNITY in his
• An essay that offers an account of the meaningfulness of your
works? Is there a lost
evidence.
difference between
• A journal of your work.
BROTHERHOOD [6x, +
BONUS:
538x for BROTHER, +
th
• Make use ofEllen
the resources
that have8been
specially identified
MacKayJuly
, 2014Twelfth
Night
2
21xfor
BRETHREN]
and
you, or that are Featured at the Folger.
FRATERNITY that we fail
• Address other works in Shakespeare’s corpus.
to catch?
• Gather data, chart it.
• Track scholarly / reception history.
• Discuss Shakespeare on Film, or Shakespeare on the Web.
Fraternization in
Twelfth Night
THINKING FRATERNALLY ABOUT TWELFTH
NIGHT
Rank Opportunism:
The exhibit on Heraldry in the
1. FRATERNAL
ABSENCE:
Night’s two principal
Great
Hall offersTwelfth
a useful
characters
shareinthe
circumstance
of being suddenly
register
which
to think about
brotherless.
this subjectmade
of fraternity.
I will
2. FRATERNITY:
Twelfthinformation
Night is a play in which
draw freely from
characters group gathered
themselves
or commingle along shared
there.
interests, regardless of social difference.
3. FRATERNIZATION: Twelfth Night features characters
who are dispatched into enemy territory, and whose
loyalties are perhaps impinged.
2
I. CONSANGUINOUS BROTHERHOOD
3
DUCHESS of
GLOUCESTER:
Finds brotherhood in thee no sharper spur?
Hath love in thy old blood no living fire?
Edward’s seven sons, whereof thyself art one,
Were as seven vials of his sacred blood,
Or seven fair branches springing from one root.
Some of those seven are dried by nature’s course,
Some of those branches by the Destinies cut.
But Thomas, my dear lord, my life, my Gloucester,
One vial full of Edward’s sacred blood,
One flourishing branch of his most royal root,
Is cracked, and all the precious liquor spilt,
Is hacked down, and his summer leaves all faded,
By envy’s hand and murder’s bloody ax.
Ah, Gaunt, his blood was thine! That bed, that
womb,
That metal, that self mold that fashioned thee
Made him a man; and though thou livest and
breathest,
Yet art thou slain in him. (RICHARD II, 1.2.9-26)
I. CONSANGUINOUS BROTHERHOOD
4
Brotherhood as a
Function of Pedigree.
Here the family tree
originates in a literal
representative of a shared
ancestor. Poorly
reproduced from
“Heraldry, Shakespeare,
and Family History” in the
Great Hall.
I. CONSANGUINOUS BROTHERHOOD
5
Huth Psalter, 1280. The Tree of
Jesse, Historiated Initial for
Psalm 1. British Library.
Improvisation with
genealogical patterns begins
early: “The tree of Christ's
ancestors arises from the
sleeping Jesse's body, but
instead of selected ancestors or
scenes of the life of Christ it
bears scenes of David--as king,
composer, warrior
(accompanied by jousting
knights)--topped with vignettes
of the Virgin and Child and
Christ enthroned in heaven.” -from the British Library
website.
I. CONSANGUINOUS BROTHERHOOD
6
The (lost) Brother as a Depletion or
Attenuation of the Self:
VIOLA:
And what should I do in Illyria?
My brother he is in Elysium. (2.1.4-5)
ORSINO
But died thy sister of her love, my boy?
VIOLA
I am all the daughters of my father’s house,
And all the brothers, too—and yet I know not. (2.4.131-3)
I. CONSANGUINOUS BROTHERHOOD
7
VALENTINE:
So please my lord, I might not be admitted,
But from her handmaid do return this answer:
The element itself, till seven years’ heat,
Shall not behold her face at ample view,
But like a cloistress she will veilèd walk,
And water once a day her chamber round
With eye-offending brine—all this to season
A brother’s dead love, which she would keep fresh
And lasting in her sad remembrance. (1.1.26-34)
SIR TOBY:
What a plague means my niece to take the death
of her brother thus? I am sure care’s an enemy to
life. (1.3.1-3)
I. CONSANGUINOUS FRATERNITY
8
Yet this loss of brothers vivifies other forms of
brotherhood, or leads to new modes of fraternizing:
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR ATTACHMENT
WITHOUT SHARED PARENTAGE
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR
ATTACHMENT WITHOUT SHARED
PARENTAGE
9
For example:
• The surprisingly quick and deep bond between Antonio and Sebastian:
ANTONIO
If you will not murder me for my
love, let me be your servant. (2.1.34-5)
• The surprisingly quick and deep bond between Orsino and Cesario:
VALENTINE
If the Duke continue these favors towards
you, Cesario, you are like to be much advanced. He
hath known you but three days, and already you
are no stranger. (1.4.1-4)
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR
ATTACHMENT WITHOUT SHARED
PARENTAGE
10
We can link these affiliations, borne [arguably] of affliction and
compassion, to Shakespeare’s famous expression of
“horizontal comeradeship” in Henry V:
KING HENRY
This is Benedict Anderson’s phrase from
Imagined Communities, 1983, revised in
We would not die in that man’s
company
1991,
the standard scholarly text with
That fears his fellowship to die with
us.to begin a discussion of
which
This day is called the feast of Crispian.
nationhood or nationalism.
He that outlives this day and comes safe home
Will stand o’ tiptoe when this day is named
And rouse him at the name of Crispian.
He that shall see this day, and live old age,
Will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbors
And say “Tomorrow is Saint Crispian.”
Then will he strip his sleeve and show his scars.
Continued…
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR
ATTACHMENT WITHOUT SHARED
PARENTAGE
11
Old men forget; yet all shall be forgot,
But he’ll remember with advantages
What feats he did that day. Then shall our names,
Familiar in his mouth as household words,
Harry the King, Bedford and Exeter,
Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester,
Be in their flowing cups freshly remembered.
This story shall the good man teach his son,
And Crispin Crispian shall ne’er go by,
From this day to the ending of the world,
But we in it shall be rememberèd—
We few, we happy few, we band of brothers;
For he today that sheds his blood with me
Shall be my brother; be he ne’er so vile,
This day shall gentle his condition;
And gentlemen in England now abed
Shall think themselves accursed they were not here,
And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks
That fought with us upon Saint Crispin’s day.
(HENRY V, 4.3.41-69)
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR
ATTACHMENT WITHOUT SHARED
PARENTAGE
12
In light of this very famous speech, Brotherhood shifts its
definition to mean a quasi-republican value that Shakespeare is
particularly good at eliciting.
But it can also be true that honor trumps blood in the imagining of brotherhood:
SEBASTIAN:
sorry,this
madam,
hurt your kinsman,
(though it’s worthI am
noting
spiritI have
of brotherhood
irrespective of
But,ishad
it been the sometimes
brother of my
blood,
parentage
nevertheless
fratricidal)
I must have done no less with wit and safety. (5.1.219-21)
CAESAR
But yet let me lament
With tears as sovereign as the blood of hearts
That thou my brother, my competitor
In top of all design, my mate in empire,
Friend and companion in the front of war,
The arm of mine own body, and the heart
Where mine his thoughts did kindle—that our stars
Unreconciliable should divide
Our equalness to this.
(ANTONY & CLEOPATRA, 5.1.49-56)
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR
ATTACHMENT WITHOUT SHARED
PARENTAGE
13
J. B. Lecerf, artist, “Morality
Inculcated by Example: From
Instruction a Nation’s
Greatness is Born: Liberty,
Equality, Fraternity” 1901.
Bibliothèque Nationale de
France.
14
Fraternisation
entre l'armée
et le peuple
sur les
barricades.
1848. BNF.
Note that Victor Hugo,
whose idealization of
Fraternity on the 1848
barricade in Les Misérables is
with us still, is the French
translator of Shakespeare
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR
ATTACHMENT WITHOUT SHARED
PARENTAGE
15
The Band of Brothers philosophy coheres well with an
early modern moment in which aristocratic blood is no
longer the only means to secure distinction, either for
the individual or for whole communities.
The Order of the Garter, instituted in 1348 by
Edward III, is a means the monarch can use to elevate
a citizen to the status of knight, or “gentle his
condition,” regardless of pedigree.
William Segar, Names and arms
of the Knights of the Garter
[manuscript], 1606. See
“Heraldry, Shakespeare, and
Family History” in the Great
Hall.
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR
ATTACHMENT WITHOUT SHARED
PARENTAGE
16
Initially, the vast majority of those elevated by garter are already
nobly born
M. P. d., A briefe description of the triumphant show made by the right honourable Aulgernon Percie,
Earle of Northumberland at his installation and intiation into the princely fraternitie of the garter, upon
the 13. of May, 1635. To the tune of Quell the pride, &c. London, 1635 [EEBO]
17
But the elevation of civic leaders and other working men is a feature of
the early modern period (and one of the reasons for this term)
No fishmongers in
Brooke’s peerage, please:
Brooke, Ralph, 1553-1625,
“The
crest
compiler. Coats of arms
granted
by is not fitt for so
meane
ay son. But rather
William Dethick as York
herald and
for one that pocesseth the
Garter king of arms, 1570-1595
[manuscript], compiled ca. whole
1595- worlde”
ca. 1600.
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR
ATTACHMENT WITHOUT SHARED
PARENTAGE
18
Shakespeare’s arms also came under attack by Brooke, who felt the family too
humble to deserve the distinction.
Ben Jonson, ever the curmudgeon, mocks Shakespeare’s social aspirations by
giving a character in his play Everyman Out of His Humor (1599) the motto “not
without mustard,” an absurd rendering of the one granted to Shakespeare’s father
with his coat of arms, Non Sans Droit, or “not without right.”
A note of some coats
and crests lately come
to my hands given by
William Dethick
when he was York... ,
ca. 1600. Again,
see “Heraldry,
Shakespeare, and
Family History” in
the Great Hall.
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR
ATTACHMENT WITHOUT SHARED
PARENTAGE
19
A further expression of Brotherhood untethered to blood claims
occurs with the rise to economic and social prominence of guilds and
their affiliated trades.
Benjamin Wright’s The armes of all the cheife corporatons [sic] of England wt.
the companees of London described by letters for ther seuerall collores is a rich
demonstration of the migration of aristocratic heraldry into the
sphere of working men. 2 sheets, London 1596.
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR
ATTACHMENT WITHOUT SHARED
PARENTAGE
20
Thomas
Middleton, script
of the Mayoral
pageant for
Middleton is a
Edward
contemporary and
Barkham,
collaborator of
Shakespeare’s. He is member of the
thought to have writtenFraternity of
about half of Timon of Drapers, 1621.
Athens. Middleton’s City [EEBO]
Comedies feature high
placed tradesmen like
Goldsmiths marrying
their daughters to the
aristocracy.
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR
ATTACHMENT WITHOUT SHARED
PARENTAGE
21
John Webster, Monuments of honor Deriued
from remarkable antiquity, and celebrated in the
honorable city of London, at the sole munificent
charge and expences of the right worthy and
Johnfraternity,
Webster (1580-1634)
is another contemporary dramatist to
worshipfull
of the eminent
Shakespespeare.
mostmost
famous play, The Duchess of Malfi, is
Merchant-Taylors.
DirectedHis
in their
hailed
by confirmation
fellow poetsof astheir
a masterpiece
of the period. That’s a
affectionate loue,
at the
right
playIohn
about
woman
rankof who marries her steward in secret.
worthy brother
Gorea in
the highofoffice
doouer
nothis
goroyoll
well.[sic]
Webster was the son of a Merchant
His MaiestiesThings
liuetenant
Taylor,inand
was sent to
the guild school, demonstrating one
chamber. Expressing
a magnificent
tryumph,
of benefit
accrued
to members of the guilds or
all the pageants,type
chariots
of glory,that
temples
of
corporations.
honor, besides a specious and goodly sea tryumph,
as well particularly to the honor of the city, as
generally to the glory of this our kingdome.
Invented and written by Iohn Webster MerchantTaylor. 1624. [EEBO]
II. BROTHERLINESS, OR
ATTACHMENT WITHOUT SHARED
PARENTAGE
22
III. FRATERNITY AS THE AFFILIATION OF
JUGGLERS, PRANKSTERS, AND (LOVEABLE)
ROGUES
Alpha Delta Phi The Fraternity house
and some of its
members at Amherst,
ca. 1879. College
residence of Henry
Clay Folger.
III. FRATERNITY AS THE
AFFILIATION OF JUGGLERS,
PRANKSTERS, AND ROGUES
23
The terms brotherhood and fraternity are also often used
to describe an affiliation across individuals that grows
out of a shared “practice,” in the sense that Margaret
Maurer described yesterday.
The work of
a fraternity
OLIVIA: This practice hath most shrewdly passed upon thee.
(5.1.374) The Work of a Fraternity
III. FRATERNITY AS THE
AFFILIATION OF JUGGLERS,
PRANKSTERS, AND ROGUES
24
Practicing Fraternity:
Sir Toby, Aguecheek
and Fabian do not
hold their peace.
MALVOLIO:
My masters, are you mad? Or what are you?
Have you no wit, manners, nor honesty but to
gabble like tinkers at this time of night? Do you
make an ale-house of my lady’s house, that you
squeak out your coziers’ catches without any
mitigation or remorse of voice? (2.3.87-92)
25
William Heath, Twelfth
Night Act 2 Scene 3,
early to mid 19th
century.
A Health to All Vintners, Beer Brewers, and Ale-Tonners, London, 1642
A satirical tract printed on one sheet.
26
Thomas Dekker (1572-1632) is a
Thomas Dekker, O per se O. Or A new cryer of
contemporary to Shakespeare and a
Lanthorne and candle-light Being an addition, or
fellow dramatist. He was
lengthening, of the Bell-mans second nightcommissioned to write the Royal Entry
walke. In which, are discouered those villanies,
of James I (with Ben Jonson, a bitter
which the bell-man (because hee went i'th darke)
rival), but he also wrote a lot of
could not see: now laid open to the world.
satirical pamphlets and studies of the
Together with the shooting through the arme,
London demimonde that you might
vsed by counterfeit souldiers: the making of the
find engrossing. To get a richer sense
great soare, (commonly called the great cleyme:)
of the authors of works you find in
the mad-mens markes: their phrase of begging:
EEBO or Hamnet, consult the DNB
the articles and oathes giuen to the
or Dictionary of National
fraternitie of roagues, vagabonds, and sturdy
Biography—a Hamnet e-resource.
beggers at their meetings. And last of all, a
Note that the new canting-song. London, 1612.
Gul’s Hornebooke (1609)
includes a
satire of
fashionable
27
theatregoers
FRATERNAL ROGUERY (THAT GOES TOO
FAR) IN TWELFTH NIGHT:
SIR TOBY
Does not our lives consist of the four
elements?
ANDREW
Faith, so they say, but I think it rather
consists of eating and drinking.
SIR TOBY
Thou ’rt a scholar. Let us therefore eat and
drink. Marian, I say, a stoup of wine! (2.3.9-14)
MARIA:
III. FRATERNITY AS THE
AFFILIATION OF JUGGLERS,
PRANKSTERS, AND ROGUES
Observe him, for the love of mockery, for I
know this letter will make a contemplative idiot of
him. Close, in the name of jesting! [They hide] Lie
thou there, for here comes the trout that must be
caught with tickling. (2.5.17)
28
FRATERNAL ROGUERY THAT NEARLY GOES
TOO FAR IN HENRY IV PART 1
HAL:
Sirrah, I am sworn brother
to a leash of drawers, and can call them all by their
Christian names, as Tom, Dick, and Francis. They
take it already upon their salvation that though I be
but Prince of Wales, yet I am the king of courtesy,
and tell me flatly I am no proud jack, like Falstaff,
but a Corinthian, a lad of mettle, a good boy—by
the Lord, so they call me—and when I am king of
England, I shall command all the good lads in
Eastcheap. (HENRY IV PART 1, 2.4.6-15)
FALSTAFF:
Well, thou wilt be horribly chid tomorrow
when thou comest to thy father. If thou love me,
practice an answer. (HENRY IV PART 1, 2.4.384-
6)
III. FRATERNITY AS THE
AFFILIATION OF JUGGLERS,
PRANKSTERS, AND ROGUES
29
FRATERNAL ROGUERY THATAGOES
MUCH
sutler is the
TOO FAR IN HENRYfellow
V who
follows an army
and provisions
the soldiers
PISTOL: A noble shalt thou have, and present pay;
And liquor likewise will I give to thee,
And friendship shall combine, and brotherhood:
I'll live by Nym, and Nym shall live by me;
Is not this just? for I shall sutler be
Nym is executed
Unto the camp, and profits will accrue.
with Bardolph for
Give me thy hand. (2.1.105-110)
looting.
BOY:
Nym and Bardolph are sworn brothers in filching (3.2.46)
30
IV. FRATERNITY AS CHRISTIAN SIBLINGHOOD
Anonymous, A pious
and seasonable
persvvasive to the sonnes
of Zion soveraignely
usefull for composing
their unbrotherly
devisions. 1647.
EEBO
IV. CHRISTIAN BROTHERHOOD
31
One of the zealous brethren [anonymous]
A sermon preached the last fast day in LeadenHall Street, in the house of one Padmore, a
cheesmonger, by one of the zealous brethren, being
a shoomaker, to the fraternity and holy sisters
assembled together in a chamber. London, 1643
EEBO.
This illustration is from a
satirical report of a sermon
preached by a dissenting sect
called the Adamites. Their
name arose from the fact that
they did not acknowledge the
fall and thus refused the
doctrine of Original Sin.
They were notorious for
‘going naked as a sign’ of
their innocence.
32
Puritan uses of “brother” and “sister”
are often put to satirical use in drama
and popular print.
MARIA Marry, sir, sometimes he is a kind of puritan.
(2.3.139)
MALVOLIO
She sends him on purpose
that I may appear stubborn to him, for she
CharlesmeBuchel,
incites
to thatH.
in Beerbohm
the letter: “Cast thy humble
Tree as Malvolio,
late opposite
19th or early
slough,”
says she. “Be
with a kinsman,
20th c.
surly
with servants” (3.4.72-6)
IV. FRATERNITY AS CHRISTIAN
SIBLINGHOOD
33
Accessible through
Hamnet’s
e-resources!
An easily navigable
Purecraft:.
O great
Brother Busy! your help here to
site with
edifie
andof
raise
us up in a scruple; my
images
early
Daughter
is visited with a natural
modernWin-the-fight
attire.
Disease of Women; call'd, A long-ing to eat Pig.
(Ben Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, 1614, (1.4.4751)
IV. FRATERNITY AS CHRISTIAN
SIBLINGHOOD
34
From Wenceslas Hollar’s A Pack of
Knaves, in the Wenceslas Hollar
Digital Collection (University of
Toronto).
BY WAY OF CONCLUSION:
How Does this Fadge?
Forasmuch as it is the duty of every Christian society to help
and relive every willing and labouring brother in the
Commonwealth, and specially such as are incorporated,
grafted, and knit together in brotherly society, remembering
the scripture written he which doth not provide for family
and household is worse than an infidel…
“Ordinance for Nourishing and Relieving the Poor Members
of the Merchant Taylors Company”, 3rd December, 1571.
V. Fraternity vs. Marital Domesticity
35
THE END OF TOBY’S FRATERNITY
OLIVIA
Will it be ever thus? Ungracious wretch,
Fit for the mountains and the barbarous caves,
Where manners ne’er were preached! Out of my
sight!—Be not offended, dear Cesario.—
Rudesby, begone! [Toby, Andrew, and Fabian exit.]
I prithee, gentle friend,
Let thy fair wisdom, not thy passion, sway
In this uncivil and unjust extent
Against thy peace. Go with me to my house,
And hear thou there how many fruitless pranks
This ruffian hath botched up, that thou thereby
Mayst smile at this. (4.2.48-60)
SIR TOBY
I would we were well rid
of this knavery. If he may be conveniently delivered,
I would he were, for I am now so far in
offense with my niece that I cannot pursue with
any safety this36sport the upshot. (4.2.70-4)
Retrospectively, we can see the courtship and marital
mutuality of the play’s discourteous couple.
FABIAN:
Maria writ
The letter at Sir Toby’s great importance,
In recompense whereof he hath married her. (5.1.385-7)
TOBY
ANDREW
TOBY
I could marry this wench for this device.
So could I too.
And ask no other dowry with her but such
another jest. (2.5.186-9)
V. Fraternity vs. Domesticity
37
Other abrupt ends, beyond the decamped comic couple
(to be discussed at some length this week):
THE END OF FRATERNAL AMITY:
• Antonio, mute and divided from his rescued friend.
• Orsino, deprived of the intimacy with Cesario, betrayed by Cesario’s
seeming fraternization with Olivia.
THE END OF RIOTOUS FRATERNITY:
• Andrew, head bloodied, out of ducats, with no dowry to replenish his
expenses.
• The jest at Malvolio’s expense is no longer funny.
THE END OF CHRISTIAN SIBLINGHOOD AND ITS PARODY:
• “I’ll be revenged on the whole pack of you” (5.1.401)
V. Fraternity vs. Domesticity
38
THE SHIFT TO SORORITY
ORSINO
O, she that hath a heart of that fine frame
To pay this debt of love but to a brother,
How will she love when the rich golden shaft
Hath killed the flock of all affections else
That live in her; when liver, brain, and heart,
These sovereign thrones, are all supplied, and filled
Her sweet perfections with one self king! (1.1.35-41)
OLIVIA
My lord, so please you, these things
further thought on,
To think me as well a sister as a wife,
One day shall crown th’ alliance on ’t, so please
you,
Here at my house, and at my proper cost. (5.1.330-35)
V. Fraternity vs. Domesticity
39
Uses of Brother and Sister in Twelfth Night
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Sister
Brother
Act 1
Act 2
Act 3
Act 4
40
Act 5
Perhaps the play’s several abandoned modes of
fraternity/fraternization make possible its
resolution, with sisters who make their own
matches, and thereby form households made of
smaller, more reciprocal affective economies.
Perhaps that’s why the play makes heavier use of the
term “recompense” than any other of Shakespeare’s
works (5 instances)
V. Fraternity vs. Domesticity
41
All's Well
A&C
As You Like It
C of E
Coriolanus
Cymbeline
Hamlet
H4 Part 1
H4 Part 2
H5
H6 Part 1
H6 Part 2
H6 Part 3
H8
Julius Caesar
King John
King Lear
LLL
Macbeth
M for M
Merchant of V
MWW
Midsummer
Much Ado
Othello
Passionate Pilgrim
Pericles
Rape of Lucrece
R2
R3
R&J
Sonnets
Taming
Tempest
Timon of Athens
Titus
T&C
Twelfth N
Two Gent
Venus and Adonis
Winters Tale
Totals:
FATHER: 854 uses, most in H3 Part 3 (72)
Familial Terms across Shakespeare
MOTHER: 345 uses, most in Hamlet (36)
HUSBAND: 299 uses, most in Merry Wives (38)
WIFE: 482 uses, most in Merry Wives (38)
BROTHER: 536 uses, most in Measure for Measure (59)
180
SISTER:
180 uses, most in King Lear (33)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
42
Mother
Father
Wife
Husband
Sister
Brother