Who Should Control Education:
The Common School Era
Colonial Era
Demographics
Attitude
toward children
Education (grammar schooling)
Education (college)
Drawing of Harvard College, circa 1767
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Revolutionary Era
Ideology
Faith
in reason
Natural law (deism)
Nationalism
Revolutionary Era Education
Jeffersonian
Meritocracy
Plan
ideals
for popular education-4 tiers
His legacy
Common School Era
Demographics
Ideology
One Room School House (KS)
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
One Room School House (MD)
Common School Movement
School
structure
Teaching
Overarching goals: moral training,
discipline, patriotism, mutual
understanding, formal equality, and
cultural assimilation
(development of high schools)
By
Questions for Discussion
which secondary source-Kaestle or Bowles and
Gintis-are you persuaded?
What do you think of the arguments for localism
or centralization? Where do you stand?
What do you think about the notion of the
“common school?” What would it look like?
Where do you stand: are children property of the
state or of their parents? (Kaestle 158-159)
What is the hidden curriculum and how is it
transmitted to students in today’s schools?
The Progressive Era I:
Pedagogical Progressivism
Characterization of the Era
Urbanization
Immigration
Ideology
Education
General Characterization of
Progressive Education
Built on the “new” psychology
Traditional classical curriculum
should be
replaced with a varied curriculum
Learning should be based on activities not
rote memorization
Primary aim of schooling is to help solve
society’s problems
New Educational Goals
Social
stability
Employable skills
Equal educational opportunity
Meritocracy
George Counts (1889-1974)
Influenced
by Dewey
Envisioned a ‘political’ role for
teachers
Accused of being a communist
Critical of Progressive Education
John Dewey (1859-1952)
The
‘father’ of
pedagogical
progressivism
Disagreed with Counts;
believed that schools
should produce
reformers not reform
society directly
Dewey’s ideas
Schools
kill curiosity and social
interaction
Schools should be laboratories for
democracy
Education THROUGH the vocations
not FOR the vocations
Questions for Discussion
What
do you think the role of the school
should be in society? Should they lead or
follow?
What of the role of the teacher?
What do you think of the concept of
indoctrination (a la Counts)?
Do you have a prescription for achieving
the “good” society?
The Progressive Era II:
Administrative
Progressivism/
Social Efficiency
Alfred Binet
Paper
and pencil test
Series of short tasks
according to child’s
age
Related to everyday
problems
Didn’t rely on learned
skills like math or
reading
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Binet’s cautions
Scores
are a practical device; they
do not buttress any theory of
intellect
Scale is a rough empirical guide for
identifying learning disabled kids
NOT for ranking normal children
Low scores shall not be used to mark
children as innately incapable
Enter Lewis Terman
Adopts
Binet’s test
but alters it to
sort, classify, and
test all American
school children
Intelligence
Quotient born in
1916
QuickTi me™ a nd a
TIFF (Uncompre ssed ) decomp resso r
are need ed to se e th is p icture.
Impact of the IQ
What
began as a way to identify
individual children with special needs
became a means for ordering groups
Said to test inherent/innate ability
Immigration policy took cues from
results
Progressive Education (review)
Replace
classical curriculum with a varied
curriculum based on kids’ interests
Learning should be based on activities not
rote memorization
Schools should help solve society’s
problems
Seeking social stability, employable skills,
and equal educational opportunity
Consequences for Course Taking
Subject
General Science
Physics
Algebra
General Math
Latin
US/English History
Home Economics
Industrial Arts
Physical Education
1900
--19
56.3
--50.6
38.2
-------
1949
20.8
5.4
26.8
13.1
7.8
22.8
24.2
26.6
69.4
Questions for Discussion
Should
we have a core curriculum?
What should it be?
What are the merits of a
differentiated curriculum?
How much differentiation is too
much?
Language Issues:
Does an American Have to
Speak English?
Ingles
Englisch
英語
Inglese
إنجليزي
1930s Court Cases
Salvatieera
(TX), 1930
v. Independent School District
Court
Oks separation on the basis of English
language handicaps
Alvarez
v. Lemon Grove School District
(CA), 1931
classifying Mexicans as
School board: separate
Indian
education best for
learning language and assimilation (and gender
fears)
San Diego court: school board can’t separate
ALL kids
Mendez
1940s Court Cases
v.
Westminster (CA),
1947
School
board says MA
kids happier in separate
classrooms/schools
Federal District court
disagrees (they were
separated for wrong
reasons: race)
Delgado
v. Bastrop
(TX), 1948
Parents
continued
Salvatierra fight
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
1970s Court Cases
Cisneros
1970
v. Corpus Christi District (TX),
Mexican
Americans classified as such (brown
not white)
Lau
v. Nichols, 1974
Question:
equal or equitable treatment
required by schools?
(critical mass necessary)
Made language a civil rights issue
Questions for Discussion
How
do we reconcile American-ness with
diversity? (umum and pluribus)
How do we reconcile ethnicity with
American-ness?
What do you make of the relationship
between language and citizenship?
Is it the school’s role to teach/help
maintain culture?
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTi me™ and a
TIFF ( Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see thi s pi ctur e.
Qui ckTime™ and a
TIFF (U ncompr essed) decompressor
are needed to see thi s pi cture.
Religion and Education
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompress ed) dec ompres sor
are needed to s ee this pic ture.
QuickTi me™ and a
T IFF (Uncom pressed) decom pressor
are needed to see t his pict ure.
QuickTi me™ a nd a
TIFF (Uncompre ssed ) decomp resso r
are need ed to se e th is p icture.
Colonial/Revolutionary/Common
School Eras and Religion
Protestants
outnumbered other
immigrants
Jefferson’s Bill for Religious
Freedom
Demographic changes with increases
in Irish Catholic immigration
Religion in Textbooks
Catholicism
Catholics need the
pope while Protestants
rely on bible as guide
A danger to the state
Sample texts
Judaism
A religion or a race?
Associated with greed
(contrast with
Franklin)
College admissions
becomes HUGE issue
Court cases
State
1925
v. John Scopes (Monkey Trial) (TN),
Evolution
v. creationism
Science in the classroom
Inherit the Wind, 1960
Pierce
v. Society of Sisters (OR), 1925
Compulsory
education=public education
Anti-Catholic intentions
Questions for Discussion
How
does religion fit in today’s public schools?
What do you think of the use of school property
for religious purposes?
How should science classes be handled
(evolution/creationism/ punctuated equilibrium)?
Education for Liberation
Paulo Freire
Worked
with rural
poor adults
Professor, government
employee, and
community worker
Wanted to extend
literacy and
democracy
Quic kT i me™ and a
T IFF (Unc ompres s ed) dec ompres s or
are needed t o s ee thi s pi c ture.
Highlander Folk School,
Miles Horton
Founded
as adult
education center; aim
was to build a
progressive labor
movement
Changed focus in 1953
to Civil Rights
Movement and voting
rights
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Early Desegregation Decisions
Gaines
v. Canada (MO), 1938
Sipuel v. Board of Regents (OK),
1948
McLaurin v. Board of Regents (OK),
1950
Sweatt v. Painter (TX), 1950
The Brown Decision, 1954
Briggs
v. Elliott (SC), 1950
Belton v. Gebhart; Bulah v. Gebhart
(DE), 1951
Brown v. Board (KS), 1951
Davis v. Prince Edward County SB
(VA), 1951
Bowling v. Sharpe (DC), 1952
Brief Mississippi History
Black
statistics
White reaction to
Brown decision
(SNCC and sit-ins)
Summer 1964:
Freedom Summer
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Questions for Discussion
What
do you make of Freire and SNCC in
light of previous authors with regard to
the purpose of education?
Would working within the system or
outside the system be best?
Does this influence your opinion on who is
“qualified” to teach?
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Who Should Control Education Revisited:
The 1960s and 1970s
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompress ed) dec ompres sor
are needed to s ee this pic ture.
Quick Time™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Unc ompressed) decompres sor
are needed to see this picture.
What is Black Power
The
launching of a movement (1966)
Carmichael and Hamilton, Black
Power: The Politics of Liberation in
America
Black Access to Higher Ed
Civil
Rights Act of 1964
Higher Education Act of 1965
Campus-based affirmative action
Numbers in colleges
Curricular Changes
Black
Studies
Community control
Multicultural/Afro-centric Education
Questions for Discussion
How
much control should a
community have?
Hiring teachers?
Curriculum?
Educational policy?
What
is a ‘qualified’ teacher?
Contemporary Debates over
the Curriculum in a
Multicultural Society
Questions for Discussion
Where
do hyphenated Americans (a
la Sekhon) fit in today’s discussion?
When is it acceptable to use race as
an identifying characteristic and
when is it not?
Textbooks and Culture
Wars:
How Should We Teach
History?
Questions for Discussion
What
are the consequences of the way we
shape/interpret history?
Is there a certain age at which student
should be exposed to history as
interpretation?
How should we teach patriotism in schools?
And how should patriotism be defined?
0
